Fusion devices history
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Transcript of Fusion devices history
![Page 1: Fusion devices history](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/559cd1171a28ab667f8b45e0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fusion devices and the history of fusion research
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Early concepts: The pinch device• Toroidal chamber
enclosing a hot plasma, with an electric current ‘pinching’ the plasma and keeping it away from the wall
• Developed by Peter Thonemann (Australia) and Sir George Thomson (UK)
R=25cm a=3cm
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ZETA experiment at Harwell, UK (1950s). USA and USSR also built early pinch devices
Early concepts: The pinch device
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The tokamak• Evolution of the pinch device,
but using two sets of magnetic field (toroidal and poloidal) to confine the plasma, allowing fusion reactions to take place
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The tokamak• Pioneered in the
Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s
• Landmark T3 device at Kurchatov Institute, Moscow achieved breakthrough in fusion performance – 1968
• Joint European Torus (Culham, UK) now the largest tokamak operating (since 1983)
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EAST – China
KSTAR – South Korea
Tokamaks past and present
JT-60U – Japan
JET – Europe
TFTR – U.S.
ASDEX – Germany
DIIID – U.S.
Tore Supra – France
START – U.K.
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ITER – the future of tokamaks
• Global project sited in Cadarache, France
• Forecast to produce net energy gain of 10
• 500MW output power• Scheduled to operate
from early 2020s
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Stellarator
Alternative magnetic fusion concept, dating from 1950s. Similar to tokamak but with helical magnetic
field generated by ‘figure of 8’ shaped coils
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Stellarator
Difficult to engineer but has more stable plasma. W 7-X device being built by EU in Greifswald, Germany
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Inertial confinement fusion (ICF)
Uses lasers to heat and compress pellets of fuel to induce fusion reactions. Either ‘direct drive’ (laser fired directly at pellet – a), or ‘indirect drive’ (laser
fired at a cylinder around the pellet – b)
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Inertial confinement fusion (ICF)
National Ignition Facility (NIF, California, U.S.) – leading experiments in indirect drive ICF research
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Cold fusion• In 1989, Fleischmann and
Pons claimed to have produced fusion neutrons at room temperature
• Research not peer-reviewed and has never been replicated by other scientists
• Not thought to have been nuclear fusion – and not enough heat produced for a useful source of energy