1.Columbus sailed in 1492.. TRUE This is one fact that the history books got correct.
Funded by Queen Isabella of Spain Sailed in August 1492 for Asia Purpose – TRADE = PROFIT First of...
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Funded by Queen Isabella of SpainSailed in August 1492 for Asia
Purpose – TRADE = PROFITFirst of four voyages landed at San Salvador
(Holy Savior)
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“The people of this island…are artless and generous with what they have, to such a degree as no one would believe….If it be asked for, they never say no, but rather invite the person to accept it, and show as much lovingness as though they would give their hearts.”
- Christopher Columbus
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English Beginnings in AmericaRoanoke Island – “The Lost Colony”
1585 – Sir Walter Raleigh settled about 100 men; forced to return a year later
1587 – Another group arrives but fails to receive supplies1590 – supplies arrive…but everyone was GONE
Raleigh lost a large amount of money on these ventures
Joint-stock companies emerge to reduce risk of financial loss
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English Beginnings in America
King James I licenses colonization of VirginiaVirginia CompanyPlymouth Company
God, Gold, & Glory (3 G’s)Spread of ChristianitySearch for wealthExpand the glory of the
Crown
Joint-stock companies
Seal of Virginia Company
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English Beginnings in America
“A plaine soldier who can use a pickaxe and a spade is better than five knights,…”
- John Smith
JamestownFounded in 1607 in
the name of King James ICame ashore in May
London merchants made up a majority of settlersNot used to labor
Attention given to search for wealth (gold)
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English Beginnings in AmericaCaptain John Smith
Urged for focus on building houses and raising food
Became expert forager and Indian trader
Powhatan Indians played a large role in colonists early survivalProvided foodIntroduced colonists to
forestCultivation of corn and
yamsClear timber
1610 – “starving time”
1607-1625Over 6,000 settled in
JamestownRoughly 1,300 survived
Deaths resulted from:DiseaseStarvationIndian attacks
V
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“they are firmly convinced that I have come from the sky”
“with fifty men they could all be subjected and made to do all that one wished”
“Why should you take by force from us that which you can obtain by love?”
Native American Relations
Christopher Columbus
Powhatan
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English Beginnings in AmericaHeadright system
Established in 1618 by VA Company
Each “head” issued 50 acres of landMark boundaryPlant cropConstruct home
Led to great expansion of colonyPlantations developUse of indentured
servants
House of Burgesses Established in 1619
1st legislative body in America
Each district chose delegateDelegates met to
advise governor at Jamestown
1st self-government in colonies
Who elected these delegates?
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English Beginnings in America
1624 - Virginia becomes a royal colonyColony that is
under the direct control of the king
King James felt colony was being mismanagedRevoked charter
Cultivation of tobaccoDiscouraged at first
John Rolfe cultivates a mild strain
Tobacco’s becomes popular and more importantly PROFITABLE
Led to great expansion of colony of VirginiaNeed for indentured
servants…and later, slaves
• Indentured servant• One who
exchanges passage to New World, food, and shelter for limited term of service
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Puritans wanted “purer” churchExperience God directly through faith,
prayer, and study of the Bible
Some wanted reform from within some wanted to go their own way
SeparatistsThose that separated from the Church of
England to form their own congregationsThose that fled England became known as
Pilgrims
Landing at Plymouth
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1620 - Mayflower lands at Plymouth RockEstablishment of
Plymouth Colony in 1620 (Mass.)
½ the profits had been promised to Plymouth Company
Mayflower CompactSociety should be
based on a set of rules agreed upon by allRule of law
Landing at Plymouth
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SquantoNative American who spoke EnglishAssisted English colonists with:
InterpretingWhat to plantHow to cultivateWhere to fish
Prosperity of Plymouth led to 1st ThanksgivingCelebrated first successful harvest with the
Wampanoag Indians – Autumn 1621
Creation of a “New England”Plymouth Colony
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French SettlementSamuel de Champlain
Founded 1st French colony in 1608 – Quebec North of St. Lawrence River
French became involved in fur trade with Native Americans
1565 – St. Augustine, FL
Oldest European settlement in the United States
Other SettlementSpanish Settlement
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Why did the Jamestown colonists settle in America?
Why did the settlers of Jamestown initially have a great deal of trouble?
Who is credited with saving the Jamestown colony?
Why did the colonists who founded Plymouth choose to leave England?
What was the first attempt at self-government in the colonies?
Early Settlement Review
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1629 – Puritans get charter for Massachusetts Bay CompanyBeginning of a Great Migration
Began with PuritansWhy did this migration occur?
Established colony in area that became Boston, Mass.Good planning and increased migration led to a successful
start for colony
“A City on a Hill”Colony was divinely inspired John Winthrop served as governor
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay would later merge
Massachusetts Bay Colony
religious persecution
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“Godly and Zealous”Anne Hutchinson
Arrived in Boston in 1631
Supported a covenant of divine grace instead of one of “good works”
Received revelation from God
Moved to Rhode Island with her followers
Roger WilliamsExtreme separatist
Developed differing interpretation of scriptures
Opposed marriage of church and state
1636 – Departs Mass. BaySettles in Providence
1644 – Obtains charter for Rhode Island
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Half-Way CovenantPuritan views:
Church membership was agreement between members and would-be members
English Civil War (1642-1651)Led to decrease in
settlement
1650s – Less than ½ of New Englanders were church membersCreated issue over
baptism
Half-Way CovenantLimited membershipRequirements:
Non-sinnerAccept church provisions
In return:Baptism for children and
grandchildren of original Puritans Participation in governing of
colony
…howeverNo communionNo voice in church
operations
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New England:• Puritan• Except for Rhode Island
Mid-Atlantic:• Baptists• Jews• Lutherans• Quakers• Anglicans• Methodist• Presbyterian
Southern:• Anglican
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Salem WitchTrials
Salem, Mass.1692 – three young girls become
“bewitched”Accuse several women of witchcraft
Over coming months 150 more are accusedFear spreads to neighboring towns
where others are accused
28 convicted; 19 hangedCauses:
Religious faithDeteriorating relations
with Native AmericansPopulation growthRole of women in Puritan
society
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Expansion of New England Colonies
ConnecticutReverand Thomas Hooker
Founded Hartford – 1636Obtains royal charter - 1662
Did not limit voting to church members
New Hampshire - 1680Founders:
Captain John MasonDavid Thomson
Spread from Massachusetts BayResult of population growth
and Puritan intolerance
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Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)Henry Hudson
Explored Hudson Valley in 1609
New Amsterdam formed in 1626 by the Dutch
Dutch West India Company purchased for 60 guilders
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Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)New York
King Charles II grants his brother (Duke of York) area between Connecticut and Maryland
1664 – English capture New AmsterdamOnly 1,500 occupied
townNo fight put up
Renamed New York
New JerseyDuke of York gifts
land to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George CarteretLater given to
Quakers
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Middle Coloniescont’d
PennsylvaniaWilliam Penn – son of a
wealthy English admiralQuaker missionaryOwed debt by King
Charles IIPaid with land grant
Treated Indians fairly
Quaker principles:EqualityCooperationReligious toleration
Attracted many GermansPennsylvania Dutch
“the best poor man’s country in the world”
500 acres granted to families for small annual payment
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Middle Colonies cont’dDelaware
Peter Minuit (Sweden)Under grant from New Sweden
CompanyIntroduction of log cabin
1655 – Dutch gain control
1664 – English defeat Dutch
1682 – Delaware awarded to William PennPenn wanted access to portColonies shared governor, but would
eventually split
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Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, & Georgia
MarylandCharles I made land
grant to George Calvert and Lord Baltimore
1st settlers arrived in 1634
Benefited from close proximity to Virginia
CarolinasSettled by those from
surrounding areas
Charleston settled in 1680
Gap in expansion/settlement result of English Civil War
North and South Carolina did not separate until 1712
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Southern Colonies cont’dGeorgia
1722 - Received charter
1733 - Savannah is founded by James Oglethorpe
1752 - Became royal colony
Colony’s Purpose:Haven for those in
debtor’s prison
Buffer between the Carolina’s and Spanish controlled Florida
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Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676Sir William Berkeley
(governor) ignores planters request for defense against Indian attacks
Bacon forms army of 500Attacks Indian group
Marches on Jamestown forcing Berkeley to legitimize his authority
Continues attacking Indians
Returns to Jamestown and burns it to the ground
Causes:Economic
Falling tobacco pricesHigher taxes
SocialShift from indentured
servants to slavesNative American conflict
PoliticalGovernor Berkeley’s failure
to represent the interest of the “small planters”
Consequences:Furthered shift in colony
from use of indentured servants to slaves
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WAS BACON’S REBELLION A JUSTIFIABLE ATTEMPT TO
OVERTHROW AN UNRESPONSIVE GOVERNMENT…
OR
A LAWLESS UPRISING AGAINST AN ESTABLISHED GOVERNMENT?
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King Philip’s War (1675-1676)Growth of English colonies = Growth in tension between Puritans and Native Americans
Puritan communities expanded outward from Boston Surrounding tribes began to
adopt English rules/laws
Chief Metacom – Wampanoag Indians Referred to as King Philip by
English
Casualties were heavy for both Indians and English settlers
Food shortages, disease, and casualties led to Indian retreat from areaNative American
power in New England had been eliminated
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MercantilismTheory based upon the
following views:There are a limited
supply of natural resources
Those who acquire the most wealth will increase the prosperity and power of their nation
Self-sufficient countries will prosperExport more than you
importSell more than you buy
Navigation ActsEmerged in the
1650s
Channeled colonial goods to England
Transporting of goods must be done on English ships
Goods going to American colonies must depart through England
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Transatlantic Trade
Goal:Acquire goods
for England
Greater Parliamentary control over trade led to smuggling by American colonists
Triangular TradeBritish ships sailed to
AfricaCarried rum, cloth, and
other manufactured goods
Slaves would then be transported to AmericaMiddle Passage
American goods would be shipped back to BritainSugar, Molasses, Tobacco
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The Great AwakeningBeginning of 18th century
saw a slackening in religious fervor
1730s – “Awakening” beginsInspired by similar
movements in Europe
Emphasis on individual religious experiences
Response to EnlightenmentEmphasis on logic and
reasoning
Focus of movement:Urge for emotional
involvement in Christianity
Emphasis on individual prayer and study of the Bible
Newer denominations grew:BaptistsMethodistsPresbyterians