Fundamentals on Renewable Energy Sources - Juan Manuel Gers

Table of Contents

Introduction

General information

Types of Renewable Sources

Integration

Basic Principles of Electrical Systems

GENERATION

DISTRIBUTION

SUPPLY

TRANSMISSIONGenerator

Transformer

Grid

SupplyPoint

Power Station

Large Factories,

Heavy IndustryMedium Factories,

Light Industry

To Small Factories,

Commercial and Residential Areas

Transformer

11-23 kV 400-500 kV

115-275 kV

23-34.5 kV 11-13.8 kV 120-480 V

Energy Balance

Table of Contents

Introduction

General information


Integration

World Consumption

Source: IEA Key Stats 2013

USA General Information

Power installed USA

USA General Information

Energy produced USA

ENERGY FLOW IN THE USA

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, May 2014

USA Consumption

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

Table of Contents

Introduction

General information


Integration

Photovoltaic

Source: http://zolushka4earth.wordpress.com/

Photovoltaic

Source: Breyer & Knies, 2009 based on DNI data from DLR-ISIS (Lohmann, et al. 2006).

Photovoltaic

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA

Photovoltaic

Source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/solarcell/ - please click to the animation!

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/solarcell/

Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic

Source: Diploma Thesis Kandler, TU München, 2010

Solar Thermal

Parabolic trough Parabolic dish

Solar Thermal

Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) Solar Tower

Solar Thermal

Scheme of solar thermal energy in residential buildings

Source: Dena

Solar Thermal

Solar thermal energy and PV system on a pitched roof

Source: BSW

Solar Thermal

General cycle parabolic (ng back up)

Solar Thermal

Tower solar (565°C)

Solar Thermal

Tower solar operational cycle

Solar Thermal

Variability of renewable energy generation – wind

Wind Energy

Source: IEA – Key statistics 2013

Source: GWEC

Wind Energy

Wind Energy

Source: GWEC

Wind Power Development in the USA

Location of wind power development in the United States

Source: NREL

Wind Energy

Wind Energy

Variable-SpeedOperation-DFIG

Wind Energy

Trends: Off-Shore Wind

Reasons for going off-shore:

Huge available resources

Social acceptability

Environmental impacts (e.g. noise)

Scale / logistics

Potential for reduced LCOE

Great potential resources, but great

technological problems ▶ (logistics,

maintenance, harsh environment)

… great opportunities

Biomass

Biomass type

Biomass

Biomass

Biomass cogeneration plant Bergkamen

Geothermal

Geothermal

US subsurface temperature at a depth of 6.5 km

Source: MIT (2006, The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal systems (EGS) on the

United States in the 21st Century)

Geothermal

Binary-cycle geothermal power

Source: Brown (1996, Renewable Energy, Power for a Sustainable Future,

Oxford University Press, Oxford)

air and water

vapourgenerator

iso-butane(vapour)

iso-butane

turbine

condenser

air

cooling tower

air

water

hot brine

injection well

heat exchanger

production well

(c) binary cycle power plant

geothermal zone

Hydro Power

Hydro Power

• Electricity for

Central-grids

Isolated-grids

Remote power supplies

…but also…

Reliability

Very low operating costs

Reduced exposure to

energy price volatility

Small Hydro Power

Hydro Power

“Small” is not universally defined

Size of project related not just to electrical capacity but also to whether low or high head

Wave Energy

Global Wave Energy Resource Distribution

Wave Energy

Source: Oceanlinx

Wave Energy

Tidal Energy

Source translated: dena

Tidal Energy

Second-generation tidal power plants

Table of Contents

Introduction

General information


Integration

Challenges on the Integration

Renewable Energy Integration focuses in incorporating into the electric

distribution and transmission system the following:

Renewable energy

Distributed generation

Energy storage

Thermally activated

technologies

Demand response.

In addition, the integration establishes viable business models for incorporating these

technologies into capacity planning, grid operations, and demand-side management.


The following barriers are addressed:

A systems approach has to be used to conduct integration development

and demonstrations to fully addressing operational issues.

Technical, Economic, Regulatory Institutional


Objectives

on

Integration

Challenges

Objective onIntegrationChallenges

Physical integration:

• Increasing the possible share of renewable energies

• Avoiding surplus generation

System Integration:

• Secure and reliable operation of the power system

• Compensating the services of the decreasing number of conventional power plants

Market integration:

• Integrating the renewable energies in the power market

• Implementing a market design, which leads to a cost-effectiv integration and a proceeding extension of renewable energy generation

Measure onIntegrationChallenges

Physical integration:

• Adapting the renewable generation to the demand

• Adapting the demand to the renewable generation

• Using flexibility technologies to uncouple demand and generation temporally and regionally

System Integration:

• Technical measures

• Adapting the market design

Market integration:

• New market components or products

• Adapting the market design focusing an increasing participation of renewable energies

• Checking laws and regulations

System Integration

What is necessary for a reliable electricity system?

System Integration Illustration

Voltage control

System Integration Illustration

Voltage control

Substation RTUVolt Meter or

AMR

Voltage Control

Processor

Comm

Interface

Comm

Interface

LTC

Controller

LTC

LTC Raise/Lower Commands Feeder measurements

Reactive Power (MVAR)

Real Power (MW)End of

Feeder

Substation

Transformer

Capacitor Bank

Controller

Radio

Capacitor Bank

(deenergized)

VAR Dispatch

Processor

Radio

Market Integration

Source: Energy Information Administration

Applicable IEEE Standards

Fundamentals on Renewable Energy Sources - Juan Manuel Gers

Economy & Finance

Transcript of Fundamentals on Renewable Energy Sources - Juan Manuel Gers