Fundamentals of Trademark Law in the Global...

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Fundamentals of Trademark Law in the

Global Marketplace 2016

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYCourse Handbook Series

Number G-1278

Co-ChairsLynn S. Fruchter

Jeffery A. HandelmanAnne Hiaring Hocking


3

Fundamentals of Trademark Law in the Global Marketplace

Adam D. Resnick

Mosaic Legal Group, PLLC

If you find this article helpful, you can learn more about the subject by going to www.pli.edu to view the on demand program or segment for which it was written.

115


116


Pres

ented

by:

Adam

D. R

esni

ckMo

saic

Lega

l Gro

up, P

LLC

Was

hing

ton,

DC

[email protected]

Date

: Jul

y 12,

2016

FUN

DA

MEN

TALS

OF

TRA

DEM

AR

K L

AW IN

TH

E G

LOB

AL

MA

RK

ETPL

AC

E

Prac

tisin

g La

w In

stitu

te®

117


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

2

Wha

t is

a Tr

adem

ark?

Trad

emar

ks a

re w

ords

, nam

es, s

ymbo

ls,

desi

gns,

or o

ther

dis

tinct

ive

item

s w

hich

se

rve

to id

entif

y th

e so

urce

of g

oods

or

serv

ices

and

dis

tingu

ish

them

from

thos

e so

ld

by o

ther

s.

118


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

3

Wha

t is

a Tr

adem

ark?

Trad

emar

ks s

ymbo

lize

good

will

Trad

emar

ks a

re im

porta

nt a

dver

tisin

g to

ols

Trad

emar

ks a

id c

onsu

mer

sTr

adem

arks

are

exc

lusi

ve ri

ghts

119


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

4

Item

s W

hich

Can

Ser

ve a

s Tr

adem

arks

Wor

dsN

ames

Sym

bols

Com

bina

tions

of w

ords

and

des

igns

(i.e

., lo

gos)

120


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

5

Item

s W

hich

Can

Ser

ve a

s Tr

adem

arks

Trad

e dr

ess,

e.g

., pa

ckag

e de

sign

s an

d pr

oduc

t con

figur

atio

nsS

ound

sS

cent

sC

olor

s

121


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

6

122


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

7

123


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

8

124


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

9

Type

s of

Mar

ks

Trad

emar

ksS

ervi

ce m

arks

Cer

tific

atio

n m

arks

Col

lect

ive

mar

ks

125


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

10

126


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

11

127


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

12

128


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

13

129


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

14

Cre

atio

n of

Tra

dem

ark

Rig

hts

Trad

emar

k rig

hts

can

be b

ased

on

com

mon

la

w, s

tate

sta

tute

, or t

he fe

dera

l Tra

dem

ark

Act

of 1

946

(as

amen

ded)

, als

o kn

own

as th

e La

nham

Act

Fede

ral r

egis

tratio

n is

not

a p

rere

quis

ite fo

r tra

dem

ark

right

s, a

lthou

gh re

gist

ratio

n co

nfer

s ke

y be

nefit

s an

d rig

hts

130


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

15

Cre

atio

n of

Tra

dem

ark

Rig

hts

Trad

emar

k rig

hts

can

be a

cqui

red

with

out

regi

stra

tion,

und

er th

e co

mm

on la

w a

nd

Sec

tion

43(a

) of t

he L

anha

m A

ct (w

hich

dea

ls

with

unf

air c

ompe

titio

n), b

y us

ing

a m

ark

in

com

mer

ceas

a tr

adem

ark

However…

Geo

grap

hic

limita

tions

Lack

of f

eder

al s

tatu

tory

pre

sum

ptio

ns a

nd o

ther

be

nefit

s

131


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

16

Cre

atio

n of

Tra

dem

ark

Rig

hts

Fede

ral r

egis

tratio

n af

teru

se e

nhan

ces

com

mon

law

righ

ts a

lread

y ac

quire

d an

d pr

ovid

es a

dditi

onal

righ

ts, s

uch

as a

na

tionw

ide

right

of p

riorit

y as

of t

he fi

ling

date

C

ontin

gent

trad

emar

k rig

hts

can

be a

cqui

red

prio

rto

use

by fi

ling

an a

pplic

atio

n to

fe

dera

lly re

gist

er th

e m

ark

stat

ing

an in

tent

to

use

the

mar

k

132


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

17

Cre

atio

n of

Tra

dem

ark

Rig

hts

The

filin

g of

the

appl

icat

ion

cons

titut

es

cons

truct

ive

use

and

conf

ers

a na

tionw

ide

right

of p

riorit

yTh

e ap

plic

ant m

ust h

ave

a bo

na fi

de in

tent

to

use

the

mar

k in

com

mer

ceTh

e ap

plic

atio

n m

ust b

e fo

llow

ed b

y us

e in

co

mm

erce

, unl

ess

regi

stra

tion

is b

ased

on

a fo

reig

n or

Inte

rnat

iona

l Reg

istra

tion

133


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

18

Cre

atio

n of

Tra

dem

ark

Rig

hts

Rig

hts

base

d on

an

inte

nt-to

-use

app

licat

ion

cann

ot b

e en

forc

ed u

ntil

the

mar

k is

re

gist

ered

, exc

ept t

o bl

ock

or o

ppos

e re

gist

ratio

n of

a la

ter-f

iled

mar

kR

ight

s ar

e ex

tingu

ishe

d if

the

appl

icat

ion

does

not

mat

ure

to re

gist

ratio

n, e

xcep

t tha

t an

y co

mm

on la

w u

se-b

ased

righ

ts w

ill re

mai

n

134


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

19

US

Rig

hts

Bas

ed O

n Fo

reig

n R

ight

s –

The

Paris

Con

vent

ion

Trad

emar

k rig

hts

(and

a re

gist

ratio

n) c

an b

e ac

quire

d w

ithou

t use

by

basi

ng a

US

ap

plic

atio

n on

a p

revi

ousl

y fil

ed fo

reig

n ap

plic

atio

n or

regi

stra

tion

unde

r Sec

tion

44 o

f th

e La

nham

Act

, whi

ch im

plem

ents

the

Par

is

Con

vent

ion

trade

mar

k tre

aty.

A fo

reig

n ap

plic

ant c

an b

ase

a U

.S.

appl

icat

ion

on a

pen

ding

app

licat

ion

in a

fo

reig

n co

untry

, pro

vide

d th

e U

.S. a

pplic

atio

n is

file

d w

ithin

six

mon

ths

of th

e fil

ing

of th

e fo

reig

n ap

plic

atio

n.

135


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

20

US

Rig

hts

Bas

ed O

n Fo

reig

n R

ight

s –

The

Paris

Con

vent

ion

The

fore

ign

filin

g da

te b

ecom

es th

e ef

fect

ive

U.S

. filin

g da

te, r

athe

r tha

n th

e ac

tual

, lat

er

U.S

. fili

ng d

ate.

An

appl

icat

ion

can

also

be

base

d on

a fo

reig

n re

gist

ratio

n th

at h

as a

lread

y is

sued

.In

bot

h ca

ses,

the

appl

icat

ion

mus

t alle

ge a

bo

na fi

de in

tent

to u

se th

e m

ark

in th

e U

.S.,

how

ever

, no

use

of th

e m

ark

in th

e U

.S. i

s ne

cess

ary

in o

rder

for t

he a

pplic

atio

n to

m

atur

e in

to a

regi

stra

tion

(alth

ough

it w

ill b

e vu

lner

able

to la

ter a

ttack

on

grou

nds

of

aban

donm

ent a

nd/o

r non

use)

.

136


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

21

US

Rig

hts

Bas

ed O

n Fo

reig

n R

ight

s –

The

Mad

rid P

roto

col

U.S

. tra

dem

ark

right

s ca

n al

so b

e ac

quire

d ba

sed

on a

n In

tern

atio

nal R

egis

tratio

n pu

rsua

nt to

the

Mad

rid P

roto

col,

unde

r S

ectio

n 66

of t

he L

anha

m A

ct.

A fo

reig

n ap

plic

ant c

an u

tiliz

e th

e M

adrid

P

roto

col i

n th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s if

the

appl

ican

t is

dom

icile

d in

a c

ount

ry w

hich

is a

mem

ber

of th

e P

roto

col.

137


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

22

Det

erm

inin

g Pr

iorit

y

In g

ener

al, t

he fi

rst t

o fil

e a

fede

ral t

rade

mar

k ap

plic

atio

n in

goo

d fa

ith a

chie

ves

natio

nwid

e pr

iorit

y ov

er a

ll ex

cept

a p

rior u

ser i

n its

re

gion

of u

se a

nd a

ntic

ipat

ed re

gion

of

expa

nsio

n.A

filin

g ba

sed

sole

ly o

n an

inte

nt to

use

mus

t be

perfe

cted

via

use

and

regi

stra

tion

to m

aint

ain

and

enfo

rce

the

prio

rity

right

s.If

neith

er p

arty

has

file

d, a

nd b

oth

rely

upo

n th

e co

mm

on la

w, t

hen

ther

e w

ill be

a c

ompa

rison

of t

he

date

s of

firs

t use

.

138


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

23

Det

erm

inin

g Pr

iorit

y

A fi

ling

base

d on

a p

endi

ng fo

reig

n ap

plic

atio

n un

der t

he P

aris

Con

vent

ion,

or o

n a

com

bina

tion

of th

e P

aris

Con

vent

ion

and

the

Mad

rid P

roto

col,

may

ach

ieve

a p

riorit

yda

te u

p to

six

mon

ths

earli

er th

an th

e ac

tual

U

.S. f

iling

date

. If

the

hom

e co

untry

or b

asic

ap

plic

atio

n m

atur

es in

to a

regi

stra

tion,

the

appl

ican

t doe

s no

tnee

d to

use

the

mar

k in

th

e U

.S. i

n or

der t

o ob

tain

a U

.S. r

egis

tratio

n.

139


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

24

Det

erm

inin

g Pr

iorit

y

Eve

n if

the

fore

ign

appl

icat

ion

does

not

m

atur

e in

to a

regi

stra

tion,

if th

e ap

plic

ant

asse

rts a

n ad

ditio

nal b

asis

for r

egis

tratio

n,

such

as

inte

nt-to

-use

in th

e U

.S.,

and

fulfi

lls

that

bas

is, t

he a

pplic

ant c

an d

rop

the

fore

ign

basi

s fo

r the

app

licat

ion

and

the

regi

stra

tion

will

issu

e w

ith th

e pr

iorit

y fil

ing

date

pr

eser

ved.

140


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

25

Det

erm

inin

g Pr

iorit

y

Exa

mpl

e I:

Com

pany

X fi

les

for a

mar

k on

Ja

nuar

y 1,

201

6, b

ased

on

inte

nt to

use

. C

ompa

ny Y

beg

ins

usin

g a

conf

usin

gly

sim

ilar m

ark

on F

ebru

ary

1, 2

016.

Com

pany

X

then

beg

ins

usin

g its

mar

k on

Mar

ch 1

, 20

16.

Who

has

prio

rity?

141


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

26

Det

erm

inin

g Pr

iorit

y

Com

pany

X.

How

ever

, if,

for s

ome

reas

on, X

can

not p

erfe

ct it

s pr

iorit

y da

te

by g

ettin

g a

regi

stra

tion,

then

Y w

ill

prev

ail,

beca

use

it ha

s pr

ior u

se.

142


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

27

Det

erm

inin

g Pr

iorit

y

Exa

mpl

e II:

Com

pany

X b

egin

s us

ing

a m

ark

on J

anua

ry 1

, 201

6, a

nd fi

les

an a

pplic

atio

n th

e sa

me

day.

Com

pany

Y, a

n Ita

lian

com

pany

, file

s an

app

licat

ion

for a

co

nfus

ingl

y si

mila

r mar

k on

Feb

ruar

y 1,

201

6,

base

d on

inte

nt to

use

, and

als

o ba

sed

on a

n ap

plic

atio

n fil

ed in

Ital

y on

Dec

embe

r 31,

20

15.

Com

pany

Y b

egin

s us

ing

its m

ark

on

Janu

ary

1, 2

016,

dro

ps it

s Ita

lian

appl

icat

ion

as a

bas

is fo

r U.S

. reg

istra

tion,

and

now

se

eks

a U

.S. r

egis

tratio

n ba

sed

sole

ly o

n us

e.

Who

has

prio

rity?

143


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

28

Det

erm

inin

g Pr

iorit

y

Com

pany

Y, b

y on

e da

y. T

he P

aris

C

onve

ntio

n af

ford

s Y

a c

onst

ruct

ive

U.S

. fil

ing

date

of D

ecem

ber 3

1, 2

015,

bas

ed o

n th

e Ita

lian

filin

g da

te.

Eve

n th

ough

Y

even

tual

ly d

ropp

ed th

e C

onve

ntio

n as

a b

asis

fo

r U.S

. reg

istra

tion,

the

prio

rity

date

sur

vive

s.S

erio

us im

plic

atio

ns w

hen

eval

uatin

g tra

dem

ark

clea

ranc

e se

arch

es

144


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

29

Trad

emar

k Pr

otec

tion

Und

er S

tate

Law

Com

mon

Law

Reg

istra

tion

145


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

30

Trad

emar

k Pr

otec

tion

in F

orei

gn C

ount

ries

Trad

emar

k rig

hts

are

terr

itoria

lN

o si

ngle

inte

rnat

iona

l pro

tect

ion

or

regi

stra

tion

syst

emE

ach

syst

em h

as it

s ow

n la

ws

and

regi

stra

tion

syst

emIn

mos

t cou

ntrie

s, u

nlik

e th

e U

.S.,

right

s ar

e he

avily

dep

ende

nt u

pon

regi

stra

tion,

and

use

pr

ior t

o re

gist

ratio

n is

not

requ

ired

146


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

31

Trad

emar

k Pr

otec

tion

in F

orei

gn C

ount

ries

Par

is C

onve

ntio

nM

adrid

Pro

toco

l, M

adrid

Agr

eem

ent

Eur

opea

n U

nion

“EU

TM” s

yste

m

147


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

32

Ben

efits

of F

eder

al R

egis

trat

ion

Nat

ionw

ide

right

of p

riorit

y as

of t

he

appl

icat

ion

filin

g da

teC

onst

ruct

ive

notic

e of

trad

emar

k rig

hts

as o

f th

e re

gist

ratio

n da

teR

egis

tratio

n ce

rtific

ate

is e

vide

nce

of th

e re

gist

rant

’s ri

ghts

Inco

ntes

tabi

lity

148


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

33

Ben

efits

of F

eder

al R

egis

trat

ion

Use

of t

he “®

” sym

bol

Blo

cks

impo

rtatio

n of

goo

ds b

earin

g in

fring

ing/

coun

terfe

it tra

dem

arks

via

re

cord

atio

n w

ith th

e U

.S. C

usto

ms

Ser

vice

Bas

is fo

r for

eign

regi

stra

tion

unde

r the

Par

is

Con

vent

ion

and

the

Mad

rid P

roto

col

149


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

34

Stre

ngth

of M

arks

:Th

e Sp

ectr

um o

f Dis

tinct

iven

ess

Coi

ned

or fa

ncifu

l mar

ksA

rbitr

ary

mar

ksS

ugge

stiv

e m

arks

Des

crip

tive

mar

ksC

an b

e pr

otec

ted

upon

acq

uisi

tion

of d

istin

ctiv

enes

s

Gen

eric

term

s

150


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

35

Stre

ngth

of M

arks

:Th

e Sp

ectr

um o

f Dis

tinct

iven

ess

Acq

uisi

tion

of d

istin

ctiv

enes

s (“

seco

ndar

y m

eani

ng”)

for d

escr

iptiv

e m

arks

via

use

and

pr

omot

ion

Pre

sum

ptio

n of

dis

tinct

iven

ess

if us

ed s

ubst

antia

lly

excl

usiv

ely

and

cont

inuo

usly

for f

ive

year

s -L

anha

m A

ct

Sec

tion

2(f)

Dis

tinct

iven

ess

can

be a

cqui

red

earli

er in

cer

tain

cas

esD

ecla

ratio

ns a

s to

use

, pro

mot

ion,

adv

ertis

ing,

sal

es, w

ebsi

te

hits

, etc

.C

onsu

mer

dec

lara

tions

Rec

ogni

tion

in p

ress

Abi

lity

to d

ate

the

acqu

isiti

on o

f dis

tinct

iven

ess

can

be

criti

cal i

n pr

iorit

y ba

ttles

Rig

hts

may

be

geog

raph

ical

ly li

mite

d if

only

com

mon

la

w-b

ased

151


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

36

Prod

uct C

onfig

urat

ions

and

Tra

de D

ress

Mus

t be

dist

inct

ive

and

nonf

unct

iona

lA

des

ign

feat

ure

is fu

nctio

nal i

f it h

as a

util

itaria

n pu

rpos

e,

i.e.,

a pu

rpos

e ot

her t

han

to id

entif

y th

e so

urce

of th

e ite

m.

Und

er tw

o ke

y S

upre

me

Cou

rt ca

ses

in th

is a

rea,

i f th

e tra

de d

ress

is th

e co

nfig

urat

ion

of th

e pr

oduc

t its

elf:

The

clai

man

t mus

t sho

w th

at is

has

acq

uire

ddi

stin

ctiv

enes

s.

It ca

nnot

be

cons

ider

ed in

here

ntly

dist

inct

ive.

If th

e de

sign

feat

ure

was

onc

e th

e su

bjec

t of a

util

ity p

aten

t, th

ere

will

be

a st

rong

pre

sum

ptio

n th

at th

e fe

atur

e is

func

tiona

l an

d no

t pro

tect

able

trad

e dr

ess.

152


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

37

Spec

ial T

rade

mar

k Sp

ecie

s

Col

ors

Sou

nds

Sce

nts

Inte

rnet

Dom

ain

Nam

esP

rone

to in

fring

emen

t pro

blem

s be

caus

e na

mes

co

nfus

ingl

y si

mila

r to

trade

mar

ks a

re n

ot a

utom

atic

ally

bl

ocke

dP

robl

em is

like

ly to

be

exac

erba

ted

due

to n

ewly

in

trodu

ced

gTLD

s

153


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

38

154


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

39

155


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

40

156


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

41

157


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

42

158


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

43

159


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

44

160


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

45

161


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

46

162


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

47

163


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

48

Trad

emar

k C

onfli

cts

Infri

ngem

ent o

ccur

s w

hen

som

eone

use

s a

nam

e or

mar

k w

hich

is s

o si

mila

r to

the

trade

mar

k of

a s

enio

r tra

dem

ark

owne

r for

re

late

d go

ods

so a

s to

cau

se a

like

lihoo

d of

con

fusi

on, m

ista

ke o

r dec

eptio

n as

to

the

sour

ce o

f goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s

164


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

49

Trad

emar

k C

onfli

cts

Act

iona

ble

in:

The

U.S

. Pat

ent a

nd T

rade

mar

k O

ffice

The

Cou

rtsA

DR Fo

r int

erne

t dom

ain

nam

es:

The

Uni

form

Dom

ain

Nam

e D

ispu

te

Res

olut

ion

Pol

icy

(UD

RP

) of t

he In

tern

et C

orpo

ratio

n fo

r A

ssig

ned

Nam

es a

nd N

umbe

rs (I

CA

NN

)

165


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

50

Trad

emar

k C

onfli

cts

Sim

ilarit

y of

Mar

ksS

treng

th o

f Mar

ksR

elat

edne

ss o

f Goo

ds o

r Ser

vice

sC

hann

els

of T

rade

Like

lihoo

d of

Con

fusi

on F

acto

rs

166


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

51

Trad

emar

k C

onfli

cts

Type

of C

onsu

mer

sC

ost o

f Goo

ds o

r Ser

vice

sIn

tent

Act

ual C

onfu

sion

Like

lihoo

d of

Con

fusi

on F

acto

rs

167


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

52

Dilu

tion

of fa

mou

s m

arks

is a

ctio

nabl

e

Fam

ous

trade

mar

ks a

re p

rote

cted

from

dilu

tion

(wea

keni

ng) u

nder

Sec

tion

43(c

) of t

he L

anha

m A

ct

(this

sec

tion

was

sub

stan

tially

ove

rhau

led

in O

ctob

er,

2006

)Th

e m

eani

ng o

f “di

lutio

n:”

Dilu

tion

by b

lurr

ing

Dilu

tion

by ta

rnis

hmen

tR

elie

f is

avai

labl

e if

ther

e is

a li

kelih

ood

of d

ilutio

n of

th

e pl

aint

iff’s

mar

kA

like

lihoo

d of

con

fusi

onne

ed n

ot b

e sh

own

168


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

53

Dilu

tion

of fa

mou

s m

arks

is a

ctio

nabl

e

The

mar

k m

ust b

e “fa

mou

s” to

qua

lify

“Fam

e” m

eans

“wid

ely

reco

gniz

ed b

y th

e ge

nera

l co

nsum

ing

publ

ic o

f the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

as a

des

igna

tion

of s

ourc

e of

the

good

s or

ser

vice

s of

the

mar

k’s

owne

r”Fa

ctor

s fo

r det

erm

inin

g “fa

me”

are

list

ed in

the

stat

ute

Fede

ral r

egis

tratio

n no

t req

uire

d (b

ut h

elpf

ul)

169


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

54

170


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

55

171


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

56

172


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

57

173


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

58

174


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

59

Dilu

tion

of fa

mou

s m

arks

is a

ctio

nabl

e

Inju

nctiv

e re

lief a

vaila

ble;

dam

ages

ava

ilabl

e on

ly if

will

fuln

ess

is p

rove

dU

SP

TO w

ill d

eny

or c

ance

l reg

istra

tion

of a

m

ark

likel

y to

cau

se d

ilutio

n of

a fa

mou

s m

ark

upon

suc

cess

ful c

halle

nge

by th

e ow

ner o

f the

fam

ous

mar

k in

an

oppo

sitio

n or

can

cella

tion

proc

eedi

ng.

Fair

use,

use

in n

ews

repo

rting

or

com

men

tary

, and

non

com

mer

cial

use

of a

fa

mou

s m

ark

are

not a

ctio

nabl

e

175


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

60

Dilu

tion

of fa

mou

s m

arks

is a

ctio

nabl

e

Sta

te d

ilutio

n st

atut

esA

vaila

ble

in a

ppro

xim

atel

y 38

sta

tes

Sta

te re

gist

ratio

n us

ually

not

requ

ired

Dis

tinct

iven

ess

usua

lly re

quire

d, b

ut “f

ame”

requ

ired

in

only

abo

ut 1

2 st

ates

176


Fund

amen

tals

of Tr

adem

ark L

aw in

the G

loba

l Mar

ketp

lace

61

Loss

of T

rade

mar

k R

ight

s

Dur

atio

n of

righ

tsA

band

onm

ent

Failu

re to

pro

secu

te in

fring

ers

Lice

nsin

g w

ithou

t qua

lity

cont

rol

Gen

eric

ide

e.g.

, AS

PIR

IN (B

ayer

AG

), E

SC

ALA

TOR

(Otis

E

leva

tor),

TH

ER

MO

S (T

herm

os G

mbH

), Y

O-Y

O

(Dun

can

Yo-

Yo)

, and

oth

ers.

177


NOTES

178

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