FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY UNIT-2 ORIGIN OF … Unit... · 2020. 5. 13. · 2.4.2 Nebular...
26
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY UNIT-2 ORIGIN OF THE EARTH Dr. Ranju J Pandey Department of Geography Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani
Transcript of FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY UNIT-2 ORIGIN OF … Unit... · 2020. 5. 13. · 2.4.2 Nebular...
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHYUNIT-2 ORIGIN OF THE EARTH
Dr Ranju J PandeyDepartment of Geography
Uttarakhand Open UniversityHaldwani
COURSE OUTLINE
21 OBJECTIVES22 INTRODUCTION23 THE EARTH A MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES
241 GASEOUS HYPOTHESIS OF EMMANUEL KANT242 NABULAR HYPOTHESIS OF LAPLACE243 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC THEORY OF ALFVEN
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES251 TIDAL THEORIES OF JEANS AND JEFFREY252 NOVA STAR HYPOTHESIS OF HOYLE AND LYTTLETON253 INTERSTELLAR DUST HYPOTHESIS OF OTTO SCHIMIDT254 BIG BANG THEORY
21 OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit you will be able tounderstand the following
bull Our solar system
bull Evolutionary theories
22 INTRODUCTION
bull As you know about Geography is the oldestearth science
bull In this unit our major aim is to introducestudents with the formation of solar system ampthe different types of evolutionary theoriesprovided through different Geographers
bull Mainly how did the earth originate
23 THE EARTH A MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
bull Solar system is a group of stars and planets Itconsists of a sun and 8 planets eg (MercuryVenus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus andNeptune) which are round and shape like discSun is also a star in our solar system
bull The luminous bodies are stars and non-luminousbodies are Planets Except Venus and Uranus theother 6 planets rotate in the same direction andtheir revolution around the sun
OUR SOLAR SYSTEMSourcehttpsintsearchmywaycomsearchAJimagejhtmlampn=7866f1d7ampp2=5ECRB5Exdm4615ETTAB035EINamppg=AJimageamppn=1ampptb=533F1695-92D9-47D3-8DFF-5A0BC0580C16ampqs=ampsi=XXXXXXXXXXampss=subampst=tabamptrs=wttampsearchfor=image+solar+systemamptpr=jrel2ampots=1588257277670ampimgs=1pampfilter=onampimgDetail=true
bull The distance between sun and the earth isabout 149 600000 km (1496x108 km)
bull The diameter of the earth is 12742 km
bull The average density of the earth is 552respectively
bull The ninth planet of the solar system is Plutoand discovered in 1930 but IAU (InternationalAstronomical Union) relegated Pluto andrecognised it as a ldquodwarf planetrdquo as 134340Pluto in month of September year 2006
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
COURSE OUTLINE
21 OBJECTIVES22 INTRODUCTION23 THE EARTH A MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES
241 GASEOUS HYPOTHESIS OF EMMANUEL KANT242 NABULAR HYPOTHESIS OF LAPLACE243 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC THEORY OF ALFVEN
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES251 TIDAL THEORIES OF JEANS AND JEFFREY252 NOVA STAR HYPOTHESIS OF HOYLE AND LYTTLETON253 INTERSTELLAR DUST HYPOTHESIS OF OTTO SCHIMIDT254 BIG BANG THEORY
21 OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit you will be able tounderstand the following
bull Our solar system
bull Evolutionary theories
22 INTRODUCTION
bull As you know about Geography is the oldestearth science
bull In this unit our major aim is to introducestudents with the formation of solar system ampthe different types of evolutionary theoriesprovided through different Geographers
bull Mainly how did the earth originate
23 THE EARTH A MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
bull Solar system is a group of stars and planets Itconsists of a sun and 8 planets eg (MercuryVenus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus andNeptune) which are round and shape like discSun is also a star in our solar system
bull The luminous bodies are stars and non-luminousbodies are Planets Except Venus and Uranus theother 6 planets rotate in the same direction andtheir revolution around the sun
OUR SOLAR SYSTEMSourcehttpsintsearchmywaycomsearchAJimagejhtmlampn=7866f1d7ampp2=5ECRB5Exdm4615ETTAB035EINamppg=AJimageamppn=1ampptb=533F1695-92D9-47D3-8DFF-5A0BC0580C16ampqs=ampsi=XXXXXXXXXXampss=subampst=tabamptrs=wttampsearchfor=image+solar+systemamptpr=jrel2ampots=1588257277670ampimgs=1pampfilter=onampimgDetail=true
bull The distance between sun and the earth isabout 149 600000 km (1496x108 km)
bull The diameter of the earth is 12742 km
bull The average density of the earth is 552respectively
bull The ninth planet of the solar system is Plutoand discovered in 1930 but IAU (InternationalAstronomical Union) relegated Pluto andrecognised it as a ldquodwarf planetrdquo as 134340Pluto in month of September year 2006
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
21 OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit you will be able tounderstand the following
bull Our solar system
bull Evolutionary theories
22 INTRODUCTION
bull As you know about Geography is the oldestearth science
bull In this unit our major aim is to introducestudents with the formation of solar system ampthe different types of evolutionary theoriesprovided through different Geographers
bull Mainly how did the earth originate
23 THE EARTH A MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
bull Solar system is a group of stars and planets Itconsists of a sun and 8 planets eg (MercuryVenus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus andNeptune) which are round and shape like discSun is also a star in our solar system
bull The luminous bodies are stars and non-luminousbodies are Planets Except Venus and Uranus theother 6 planets rotate in the same direction andtheir revolution around the sun
OUR SOLAR SYSTEMSourcehttpsintsearchmywaycomsearchAJimagejhtmlampn=7866f1d7ampp2=5ECRB5Exdm4615ETTAB035EINamppg=AJimageamppn=1ampptb=533F1695-92D9-47D3-8DFF-5A0BC0580C16ampqs=ampsi=XXXXXXXXXXampss=subampst=tabamptrs=wttampsearchfor=image+solar+systemamptpr=jrel2ampots=1588257277670ampimgs=1pampfilter=onampimgDetail=true
bull The distance between sun and the earth isabout 149 600000 km (1496x108 km)
bull The diameter of the earth is 12742 km
bull The average density of the earth is 552respectively
bull The ninth planet of the solar system is Plutoand discovered in 1930 but IAU (InternationalAstronomical Union) relegated Pluto andrecognised it as a ldquodwarf planetrdquo as 134340Pluto in month of September year 2006
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
22 INTRODUCTION
bull As you know about Geography is the oldestearth science
bull In this unit our major aim is to introducestudents with the formation of solar system ampthe different types of evolutionary theoriesprovided through different Geographers
bull Mainly how did the earth originate
23 THE EARTH A MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
bull Solar system is a group of stars and planets Itconsists of a sun and 8 planets eg (MercuryVenus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus andNeptune) which are round and shape like discSun is also a star in our solar system
bull The luminous bodies are stars and non-luminousbodies are Planets Except Venus and Uranus theother 6 planets rotate in the same direction andtheir revolution around the sun
OUR SOLAR SYSTEMSourcehttpsintsearchmywaycomsearchAJimagejhtmlampn=7866f1d7ampp2=5ECRB5Exdm4615ETTAB035EINamppg=AJimageamppn=1ampptb=533F1695-92D9-47D3-8DFF-5A0BC0580C16ampqs=ampsi=XXXXXXXXXXampss=subampst=tabamptrs=wttampsearchfor=image+solar+systemamptpr=jrel2ampots=1588257277670ampimgs=1pampfilter=onampimgDetail=true
bull The distance between sun and the earth isabout 149 600000 km (1496x108 km)
bull The diameter of the earth is 12742 km
bull The average density of the earth is 552respectively
bull The ninth planet of the solar system is Plutoand discovered in 1930 but IAU (InternationalAstronomical Union) relegated Pluto andrecognised it as a ldquodwarf planetrdquo as 134340Pluto in month of September year 2006
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
23 THE EARTH A MEMBER OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
bull Solar system is a group of stars and planets Itconsists of a sun and 8 planets eg (MercuryVenus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus andNeptune) which are round and shape like discSun is also a star in our solar system
bull The luminous bodies are stars and non-luminousbodies are Planets Except Venus and Uranus theother 6 planets rotate in the same direction andtheir revolution around the sun
OUR SOLAR SYSTEMSourcehttpsintsearchmywaycomsearchAJimagejhtmlampn=7866f1d7ampp2=5ECRB5Exdm4615ETTAB035EINamppg=AJimageamppn=1ampptb=533F1695-92D9-47D3-8DFF-5A0BC0580C16ampqs=ampsi=XXXXXXXXXXampss=subampst=tabamptrs=wttampsearchfor=image+solar+systemamptpr=jrel2ampots=1588257277670ampimgs=1pampfilter=onampimgDetail=true
bull The distance between sun and the earth isabout 149 600000 km (1496x108 km)
bull The diameter of the earth is 12742 km
bull The average density of the earth is 552respectively
bull The ninth planet of the solar system is Plutoand discovered in 1930 but IAU (InternationalAstronomical Union) relegated Pluto andrecognised it as a ldquodwarf planetrdquo as 134340Pluto in month of September year 2006
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
OUR SOLAR SYSTEMSourcehttpsintsearchmywaycomsearchAJimagejhtmlampn=7866f1d7ampp2=5ECRB5Exdm4615ETTAB035EINamppg=AJimageamppn=1ampptb=533F1695-92D9-47D3-8DFF-5A0BC0580C16ampqs=ampsi=XXXXXXXXXXampss=subampst=tabamptrs=wttampsearchfor=image+solar+systemamptpr=jrel2ampots=1588257277670ampimgs=1pampfilter=onampimgDetail=true
bull The distance between sun and the earth isabout 149 600000 km (1496x108 km)
bull The diameter of the earth is 12742 km
bull The average density of the earth is 552respectively
bull The ninth planet of the solar system is Plutoand discovered in 1930 but IAU (InternationalAstronomical Union) relegated Pluto andrecognised it as a ldquodwarf planetrdquo as 134340Pluto in month of September year 2006
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
bull The distance between sun and the earth isabout 149 600000 km (1496x108 km)
bull The diameter of the earth is 12742 km
bull The average density of the earth is 552respectively
bull The ninth planet of the solar system is Plutoand discovered in 1930 but IAU (InternationalAstronomical Union) relegated Pluto andrecognised it as a ldquodwarf planetrdquo as 134340Pluto in month of September year 2006
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
The planets of our solar system are divided in twogroups
bull 1-The inner circle planets or the lsquoterrestrialplanetsrsquo for example Mercury Venus Earth andMars
bull 2-lsquoGiant planetsrsquo or the planets of the outer circlefor example Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune
Our solar system is a small part of the systemof stars known as the galaxy The diameter of ourgalaxy or the Milky Way is about 105 light years
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Characteristics of Solar System(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Sun and its
Family
average
distances from
the sun in
million
kilometre
Orbital period Rotation
period
Radius with
reference to
the earthrsquos
radius (6731
km)
Average
density with
reference to
the density of
water (103
kgm-3)
No of
Satellites
Angle of
inclination of
axis
Sun hellip hellip 254 days 109 times 140 hellip hellip
Mercury 58 88 days 59 days 038 ldquo 550 0 7
Venus 108 225 days 243 days 096 ldquo 527 0 35
Earth 150 36526 days 23 h 56 m 100 ldquo 552 1 235
Mars 228 188 years 24 h 37 m 053 ldquo 395 2 2
Jupiter 779 119 years 5 h 59 m 1123 ldquo 133 61 1
Saturn 1434 2950 years 10 h 39 m 950 ldquo 069 31 25
Uranus 2873 8400 years 17 h 14 m 370 ldquo 170 21 0
Neptune 4495 16480 years 16 h 7 m 390 ldquo 160 11 2
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
24 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES241 Gaseous Hypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull Article entitled lsquoThe General Natural History and Theory of the Heaven or theEssay on the Working and Mechanical Origin of the Entire Universersquo was presentedin 1755 by the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant
bull Newtonrsquos Lawrsquo of gravitation and rotatory motion is the base of the article ofEmmanuel Kant
bull In the opinion of Emmanuel Kant the hard particles were supernaturally formedand then collided with one another
bull Further he considered that the collisions between particles took place because ofthe mutual gravitational attraction
bull Heat was generated due to this process and the original static and cold matterwas converted into a rotating nebula characterised by a strong centrifugal forceabout its equatorial plane
bull From that day forward the successive rings of matter were thrown off which incourse of time condensed to form the planets
bull The planets underwent similar spinning and throwing the matter away in the formof rings then to form the satellites
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Evaluation of Emmanuel Kant theory
bull His hypothesis was criticised by the scientists and considered itbaseless As he was not able to explain the source of the origin ofthe primordial matter so at last it was disapproved
bull Kant did not explain the source of energy to cause the randommotion of cold matter which was motionless in the initial stageThe rotatory motion can never be generated in the collision amongthe particles of the primordial matter
bull So it is an incorrectwrong statement of mechanism EmmanuelKant consideration was against the law of conservation of angularmomentum that the rotatory speed of the nebula increased withthe increased of its size
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
242 Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace
bull Solar system was formed from spinning cloud of gases(nebula) is a famous concept of a French mathematicianMarquis de Laplace (1796) It is only updated version ofhypothesis of Emmanuel Kant
bull He told that with gradual cooling the nebula shrank andstarted spinning even more rapidly The motion of spinningcaused nebula to flatten like a disk shape
bull Originally sun was a giant cloud of gases (nebula) thatrotate even was a firm belief by him Then due to gravityand cooling the gas getrsquos contracted which forced gas torotate faster It threw off- a rim of gas ring of materialseparate which condenses later Several times this processwould be repeated to produce all planets The remainingball of gas left in centre and became the sun
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Evaluation of Laplace hypothesis
bull The source of origin of nebula was not describedby Marquis de Laplace and also he was not ableto explain the following formation of fixednumber of planets ie nine planets
bull As stated by all the satellites should revolve inthe direction of their father planet but differentlyto this satellites of Saturn and Jupiter revolve inopposite direction of their father planets
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
25 CATACLYSMIC OR CATASTROPHIC THEORIES
251 Tidal theories of Jeans and Jeffrey
bull British scientist Sir James Jeans proposed hislsquotidal hypothesisrsquo to explain the origin of theearth in the year 1919 while Harold Jeffreysanother British scientist gave an idea ofmodifications in the lsquotidal hypothesisrsquo
bull As said by sir James Jeans the solar systemwas formed from the sun and anotherintruding star
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
bull In the beginning the sun was a big incandescent gaseous mass of matter Besidesthe sun there was another star named as lsquointruding starrsquo in the universe
bull Primitive sun is smaller in size than intruding star The primitive sun was stationaryRotate on its axis
bull Along such a path the lsquointruding starrsquo was moving in such a way that it is destinedto come nearer to the primitive sun
bull There was a great impact of the tidal force of the intruding star on primitive sunrsquossurface
bull When the lsquointruding starrsquo was near about the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo its gravitational forcemaximized with a giant cigar-shaped tide length in thousands of kilometres as aresult was created on the outer surface of the lsquoprimitive sunrsquo and ultimate hugemass of matter cigar shaped got ejected from the primitive sun Filament namedgiven by Jeans to the cigar-shaped matter
bull Filament was much thicker in the centre and thinner and at the end it was sharper9 planets of our solar system were formed due to cooling and condensation of theincandescent mass of gaseous matter of the filament was a hypothesis given byJames Jeans
bull The contraction of the filament led its break down in several pieces Every piecewas condensed to form one separate planet 9 planets were formed due to thisprocess The filament of incandescent gaseous matter allowed bigger planets toform in its middle portion Smaller one towards its tapering ends The restremaining parts of the primitive sun became our sun (hot ball of glowing gases)
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Formation of planets according to tidal hypothesis
(Source Physical Geography Savindra Singh 2011)
Star
SunStar
Sun
Filament
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Modification by Jeffreys
bulllsquoCollision hypothesesrsquo a concept of British scientist Harold Jeffrey presented bythe modification of the original tidal hypothesis of James Jeans in 1929 He saidthat before the origin of the solar system there were 3 stars in the Universe
bullThe 3 stars namely of which Harold Jeffrey was talking about are1-Primitive sun2-Companion star3-Intruding star (moving towards the companion star)
bullAs a result the intruding star collided against the lsquocompanion starrsquoCompanion star was completely smashed and shattered due to head-oncollision Some shattered portions were scattered in the sky Remaining debrisstarted revolving around the primitive sun From the remaining debris of thecompanion star the planets were formed of our solar system
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Evaluation of Jeans and Jeffrey theories
bull The explanation of where about and density of theintruding star was not explained by James Jeans whichcaused tidal eruption on the surface of the primitive sun inthe form of filament As on the base of mathematicalcalculation the tidal hypothesis fails to explain the realdistances between the sun and the planets in our solarsystem
bull The planets of our solar system are largely formed of theelements having high atomic weight But the constituentelements of the sun are of lighter atomic weight Thehypothesis failed to offer convincing explanation for suchunusual situation Jeans was not able to elaborate theprocess and mechanism of the condensation of matterejected from the primitive sun
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
252 Nova star hypothesis of Hoyle and Lyttleton
bull In 1946 lsquosupernova hypothesesrsquo a theory waspresented by mathematician FHoylePrinciples of lsquonuclear physicsrsquo was base of hishypothesis and was described in his essayentitled lsquoNature of the Universersquo
bull Initially there were two stars in the universe astold by FHoyle They are
1-The primitive sun
2-The companion star
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
bull The size of companion star was of very large andlater on it became supernova due to nuclearreactions In the process of lsquonuclear fusionrsquo theatoms of elements that are lighter in the starcombined under intense heat and pressure toform atoms of heavier elements releasing energyin vast amount
bull The companion star was consumed and itcollapsed and exploded violently due to thisprocess Due to violent explosion the gaseousmatter come out of the companion supernovastar and changed it into a circular moving discwhich started revolving around the sun
bull Henceforth the disc matter became buildingmaterial for the formation of future planets
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Evaluation of Hoyle and Lyttleton theory
bull Hoylersquos lsquosupernova hypothesisrsquo attempts to solvethe problem of angular momentum of theplanets the problem faced due to great distancebetween the planets and the sun and also theproblem of heavier elements of the material ofthe planets than the sun
bull But it was not able to explain the peculiararrangement of the planets on the basis of theirsize the same direction of rotation as well as theplane of revolution and the path of the planetsand the lighter constituent elements of the outercircle planets of our solar system
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
253 Inter-stellar dust hypothesis of Otto Schimidt
bull lsquoInter-Stellar Dust Hypothesisrsquo was proposed by a Russian scientistOtto Schimidt in 1943 to explain the complex problems of theorigin and characteristics of the solar system and the earth
bull Ample evidences of the presence of lsquodark matterrsquo in the form oflsquogas and dust cloudrsquo (gas and dust particles) in the universe aregiven by the scientific researches about the universe
bull Though mode of origin of this dark matter was explained by OttoSchimidt but it may be safely assumed that these gaseous cloudsand dust particles might have been formed from the matter that iscoming out of the meteors and stars
bull As a thought of Otto Schimidt the sun during its lsquogalacticrevolutionrsquo captured the dark matter of the universe There is ownangular momentum of dark matter of gaseous cloud and dustparticles The dark matter after being attracted by the sun during itslsquogalactic revolutionrsquo started revolving around the primitive rotatingsun
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
bull Otto Schimidt called these dark matters lsquointer-stellar dustsrsquo After the combination andcondensed of dust particles were changedinto a flat disc of captured dark matter startedrevolving around the sun and under thecombined impacts of 3 types of motions
1- Gravitational force exerted by the sun onthe dark matter disc
2-The rotational motion of the sun itself
3-The angular momentum of dark matter ofthe disc
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Evaluation of Otto Schimidt theory
bull Almost all of the problems of the peculiar characteristicfeatures of the solar system are solved by thishypothesis They are
1-Near circular and alike planes of orbits of the planets
2-Revolution in the sunrsquos equatorial plane closelymatching with the orbital planes of the planets
3-Planets placement according to their size on the basisof well-founded laws
4-In the outer circle of the solar system high densityplanets
5-Large and peculiar distribution of angularmomentum among the planets of solar system
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
254 Big Bang theory
bull In 1950rsquos and 1960rsquos the Big Bang theory was postulated Big Bang theory wasvalidated in 1972 through considerable evidences got from Cosmic Back-groundExplorer (COBE) explains the universersquos origin and everything in it includingourselves on the basis that the universe contained many galaxies in millions ofnumbers Each one galaxy having thousands of millions of stars and each starhaving numerous planets around it
bull The galaxies moved apart from one another The empty space between themexpanded In the beginning there was less space between the galaxies so theuniverse was much small In one instant at a fixed moment in time all of the matterin universe was created
bull ldquoFor fifteen billion years as universe expanded the hot radiation in the originalfireball also expanded with it and cooled as a resultrdquo Some 15 billion years ago itwas summarised that there was a single fireball lsquoWispy clouds of matter werealready there stretching across vast distances upwards five hundred million lightyears across
bull As by collapse of those clouds collapsed in upon themselves pulled together bytheir own gravity they would have broken up and formed clusters of galaxies withthe galaxies themselves breaking up into stars like those in Milky Wayrsquo The starsmust have been broken up to form their planets as our earth
Thank-you
Thank-you
