Fundamentals of Periodic Table

Pictures, Notes

Symbol And Element Name that are NOT related to beginning letters

• K• Potassium• Mn• Manganese• Fe• iron• Cu• copper• As• arsenic• Mg• Magnesium

Symbol And Element Name that are NOT related to beginning letters

• Ag• Silver• Sn• Tin• Sb• Antimony• Au• Gold• Pb• Lead• Na• Sodium• Hg• Mercury

Grouped by State of Matter

• Defined state of matter (phase) the element exists in at room temperature

Solids (Symbol in Black)Liquids (Symbol in Blue) Hg, Ga, BrGas (Symbol in Red)

The periodic table

Organization of elements

• Elements can also be divided up into:– Metals– Nonmetals– Metalloids

Metals

• Found on left side of table and in bottom extensions

• Most are shiny solids that can be stretched and bent (main exception, Mercury)

• Good conductors of heat and electricity– Transfers energy easily

Non metals

• All nonmetals, except hydrogen are found on right side of table

• Can be solids, liquids, or gases

• Typically dull and brittle

• Poor conductors of heat and electricity

How do metals differ from non-metals

They are bright and shiny

They are malleable

Conduct electricity

Make up the majority of elements

Metalloids• They are semi conductors

• They have some properties in common with both metals and non-metals

• Ex: Some Metalloids can conduct electricity, but only under certain conditions and in certain directions

• B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At

Identification of element in PT

• The location of any element in the Periodic table can be found by listing its group and period numbers

Period

• Periods = Rows 1. Rows2. The separate two rows

actually are part of the bottom 2 rows in the main body, removed for ease of drawing.

3. Period Numbers increase as you move down the table (hydrogen is in period 1, lithium is in period 2…)

Rows or Periods that have Names

• Lanthanides (part of row 6)– Rare earths

• Actinides (part of row 7)– Natural vs synthetic– transuranium

Group1. Names for the Columns in

the table2. Also called Families3. Some groups have Family

Names ( But not all groups have names)

4. The colored groups are numbered 1A-8A from left to right

5. Roman numbers can be used

6. Other # are used for the uncolored

Families

• Sets of elements that have similar chemical characteristics

• Alkali metals• Alkaline earths• Halogens• Noble gases• Transition metals

Transition metals

Transition metals (the largest group)

• Located in the middle of the periodic table

• Groups 3 through 12 and all elements in the lowest 2 rows

• Includes most of the material we call metal outside of class (Fe, Cu, Ag, Au…)

• Much less reactive, in general, than Alkali, and Alkaline metals and the Halogens

Noble gases

• He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Noble gases (The disinterested)

• The far right column• Unreactive to any other materials (Inert)

• All gases, can exist in single atoms

Halogen group

• F, Cl, Br, I, At

Halogens (The Needy, Hooligans)

• 2nd column from right

• Very reactive with hydrogen, or the Alkali metals

• Contains elements in all 3 states of matter at room temp.

Alkali metals

• Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Alkali Metals (The Rich)

• The left-most column, except Hydrogen (though hydrogen acts like the members of this family)

• Soft, shiny

• Reacts violently with water

• All solids at room temp

Alkaline Earth metals

• Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

Alkaline earth metals

• 2nd column on the left

• Reactive, but not as much as alkalis

Lanthanides• Period 6 • Also called the Rare-earth

elements because they used to be hard to find/refine a large quantity of the element

• They are considered transition metals

• The Lanthanide series can be found naturally on Earth. Only one element in the series is radioactive (Promethium).

Actinides

• Period 7 • All elements in this group are radioactive and some are not found in nature.

• They are considered transition metals

• Some of the elements with higher atomic numbers have only been made in labs.

Group Numbers for Lanthanides and Actinides:

• There is none, they are considered separate from the main part of the periodic table

• Instead of group #, use their names

On the periodic table, be able to label:

– Alkali metals– Alkaline earth metals– Halogens– Noble gases– Lanthanides– Actinides– Transition metals