FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER · NCEC INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL 1 FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER...

NCEC INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

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FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

Unit- I

Computer ,d Electronic Device gS] tks User ls Data ysdj ml ij dksbZ fØ;k laié djrk gS] rFkk egRoiw.kZ Information rS;kj

djrk gSA nlwjs 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd Computer ,d ,slh Electronic Machine gS] ftlesa fuEufyf[kr {kerk,sa gksrh gSa & • User }kjk çnÙk Data dks Lohdkj djukA

• Input Store djds funsZ'kksa dks fØ;kfUor djukA • xf.krh; fØ;kvksa o rkÆdd fØ;kvksa dks fØ;kfUor djukA • User dh vko';drkuqlkj Output çnku djukA Brief History of Development of Computers Computer dk bfrgkl yxHkx 3000 o"kZ iqjkuk gS] tc phu esa ,d x.kuk ;=a Abacus dk vfo"kdkj gqvkA çkjaHk esa Abacus dks

O;kikfjd x.kuk djus ds dk;Z esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA Computer ds bfrgkl esa 18oha 'krkCnh dk çkjafHkd le; LoÆ.ke ;qx ekuk tkrk gSA lu~ 1801 esa Ýklahlh cqudj ÞtkslsQ tSdkMZÞ us

diM+s cquus ds ,sls Loom dk vfo"dkj fd;k tks diMk+sa esa Design ;k Pettern Lor% nsrk FkkA bldh fo'ks"krk ;g FkhA fd ;g diMs+

ds Pattern dks dkMZcksMZ ds fNnz;qDr iapdkMksZ ls fu;af=r djrk FkkA tsdkMZ ds bl Loom us nks fopkj/kkjk,sa nha tks vkxs Computer ds fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gqbZ& • lwpukvksa dks iapdkMZ ij (Coded) laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA • iapdkMZ ij lwpuk] funsZ'kksa dk lewg gS] ftlls iapdkMZ dk Device tc Hkh dke esa fy;k tk,sxk rks funsZ'kksa dk ;g lewg ,d

izksxzke ds :i esa dke djsxkA vaxzst xf.krK pkYlZ cScst us lu~ 1822 esa ,d e'khu dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl e'khu dk uke Difference Engine j[kk x;kA bl e'khu

esa fx;j vkSj 'kk¶V yxs FksA vkSj ;g Hkki ls pyrh FkhA lu~ 1833 esa pkYlZ cScst us Difference Engine dk fodflr :i ,d 'kfDr'kkyh e'khu ,ukfyfVdy baftu (Analytical Engine) rS;kj fd;kA cScst dk dEI;wVj ds fodkl esa cgqr cMk+ ;ksxnku jgkA cScst dk Analyltical Engine vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk vk/kkj cuk vkSj ;gh dkj.k

gS fd pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;wVj foKku dk tud dgk tkrk gSA Computer System Concept ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, dk;Zjr bdkb;ksa ds lewg dks ,d ç.kkyh (System) dgrs gSaA Example : vLirky

,d System gS] ftldh bZdkb;k¡ gSa & MkWDVj] ulZ] fpfdRlk ds midj.k] vkWijs'ku fFk;sVj] ejht+ vkfnA bldk y{; gS ejhtk+sa dh lsok

o fpfdRlkA blh çdkj Computer ,d System ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ftlds fuEufyf[kr bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSa Computer Hardware : Computer ds ;kaf=d (Mechanical), oS|qr (Electrical) rFkk (Electronic) Hkkx] Computer Hardware dgykrs gSaA Computer Software : ;s os izksxzke gSa] tks Computer dks ;g funsZ'k nsrs gSa fd fdl izdkj Data Process fd;k tk;sA Computer User : os yksx tks dEI;wVjhdr Data rS;kj djrs gS] izksxzke fy[krs gS] Computer dks pykrs gS vkSj Output ikzIr djrs gS] Computer Personnel

;k User dgykrs gSaA Characteristics of Computer : vkt ds ;qx esa Computer dk mi;ksx gj {ks= esa gks jgk gSA bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk,sa fuEufyf[kr gSa %& • Speed : Computer ds dk;Z djus dh xfr fdlh Hkh ekuo dh vis{kk dbZ yk[k xquk vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g cgqr de le; esa cgqr

vf/kd Data laxzfgr dj izkslsl dj djrk gSA rFkk Information rS;kj dj ldrk gSA • Automatic : Computer viuk lHkh dk;Z yxHkx Lopfyr :i ls djrk gS] ysfdu Lopkyu 'kCn dk Computer ds fy, ,d

fof'k"V vFkZ gS] x.kuk,a djrs le; Computer dqN rkfdZd fØ;k,a Hkh djrk gSA ,d ckj Computer esa Data , Input djk fn;k tk,

vkSj ,d izksxzke nsdj mlls dbZ izdkj ds dk;Z Automatic djok,a tk ldrs gSA • Accuracy : Computer viuk dk;Z fcuk fdlh xyrh ds djrk gSA ;fn vkidks 10 vadks dh 2 vyx&vyx la[;kvksa dks xq.kk

djus ds fy, dgk tk, rks blesa vki cgqr lkjh xyfr;k djsaxsA ysfdu lk/kkj.kr% lHkh Computer fdlh Hkh izfØ;k dks fcuk fdlh

xyrh ds ijwk dj ldrs gSA Computer }kjk xyrh fd;s tkus ds mnkgj.k lkeus vkrs gSa ysfdu bu lHkh xyfr;ksa esa ;k rks xyrh

Computer esa Data Mkyus ds oDr dh xbZ gksrh gS ;k izksxzke nsrs le;A Computer Lo;a dHkh xyrh ugha djrk gSA


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• Versatility : Computer vius lkoZHkkSfedrk okys xq.k ds dkj.k cgqr rsth ls viuk opZLo LFkkfir fd;k gS] Computer fdlh ;a=

dk uke u jgdj Automatic Machine dk uke gks x;k gS] Computer dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZ dks lEiUu djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k

FkkA • High Storage Capabilities : ,d Computer System dh Data laxzfgr djus dh {kerk cgrq mPp gksrh gSA Computer yk[kksa

'kCnksa dks cgqr de txg esa laxzfgr djds j[k ldrk gSA ;g lHkh izdkj ds Data, Picture, Program, Games rFkk vkokt dks dbZ o"kksZ

rd laxzfgr djds j[k ldrk gSA ge dHkh ;g lwpuk dqN lsds.M esa izkIr dj ldrs gSA rFkk vius mi;ksx esa yk ldrs gSA • Power Of Memory : ,d O;fDr vius thou esa cgqr lkjh ckrs djrk gSA vkSj og dsoy egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh /;ku esa j[krk

gSA ysfdu Computer lkjh ckrsa] pkgs og egRoiw.kZ gks ;k u gks] laxzfgr djds j[krk gS rFkk ckn esa dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh lwpuk dks

vko';drk iM+us ij miyC/k djkrk gSA rFkk ;g lwpuk cgqr o"kksZ ds ckn Hkh mruh gh 'kq) jgrh gSA ftruh fd igys fnuA • Reliability : Computer dh ;kn j[kus dh 'kfDr vkSj 'kq)rk cgqr mPp dksfV dh gksrh gSA blh dkj.k Computer ls tqM+h gqbZ

leLr fØ;k,a fo'oluh; gksrh gSA

Capabilities and Limitation Of Computer : Computer us tgk¡ ,d vksj dh ;kn j[kus dh cgqr vf/kd 'kfDr ds ek/;e ls laiw.kZ fo'o esa viuk opLZo LFkkfir fd;k gSA ogh nwljh

vksj Computer dh dqN lhek,a Hkh gSA tks fuEufyf[kr gS %& • Lack Of Logical Capability : Computer esa rkfdZd {kerk dk vHkko gS] ;fn Computer esa funsZ'k lgh ugha fn;s x;s gSA rks

Computer xyr ifj.kke Hkh nsrk gSA og Lo;a funsZ'kksa dks lgh djus l{ke ugha gksrk gSA • Computer esa vuqHko dh {kerk dk vHkko gksrk gSA rks og xyr ifj.kke vFkkZr~ ;fn fdlh izfØ;k dks lEiUu djus ds i'pkr~

;fn gesa xyr ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSA rks mUgha funsZ'kks dks iqu% izlkfjr djus ij og gesa xyr ifj.kke gh nsrk gSA • Computer esa fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, pj.kc) funsZ'kks dks fn;k tkuk vfuok;Z gA iw.kZ funsZ'kksa ds vHkko esa Computer

fdlh Hkh Data dks Process djds lgh ifj.kke nsus esa l{ke ugha gksrk gSA • Computer esa ;|fi cgqr vf/kd Data vFkok Information dks laxzfgr djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA fdUrq ok;jl dk izHkko gksus ij

;g Data vFkok Information v'kq) gks tkrs gSA vFkok u"V gks tkrs gSA Types of Computer Computer vius dk;Z] ç;kstu ;k mís'; rFkk :i&vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij fofHké çdkj ds gksrs gSaA bUgsa fuEufyf[kr rhu vk/kkjksa ij

oxhZ—r dj ldrs gSa & • dk;Zç.kkyh (Mechanism) • mís'; (Purpose)

• vkdkj (Size) Mechanism dk;Zç.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds çdkj & • Analog Computer : Analog Computer os Computer gksrs gSa tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa] Example : nkc] rkieku] yEckbZ vkfn dks

ekidj muds ifjeki dks vadksa esa O;ä djrs gSaA Computer fdlh jkf'k dk ifjeki rqyuk ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSaA tSls fd ,d FkekZehVj

dksbZ x.kuk ugha djrk gS vfirq ;g ikjs ds lEcf/kr çlkj dh rqyuk djds 'kjhj ds rkieku dks ekirk gSA Analog Computer eq[; :i ls foKku vkSj bathfu;fjax ds {ks= esa ç;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA • Digital Computer : Digital Computer og Computer gksrk gS tks vadks dh x.kuk djrk gSA Digital Computer os Computer gSa tks O;kikj dks pykrs gSa] ?kj dk ctV rS;kj djrs gSa] vkSj vU; lHkh dk;Z] tks Computer dj ldrk gS] djrs gSaA Digital Computer

Data dks 0 vkSj 1 esa ifjoÆrr djds mudks Electronic :i esa ys vkrk gSA • Hybrid Computer : Hybrid dk vFkZ gS ladfjrA vFkkZr vusd xq.k&/keZ ;qä gksukA os Computer ftuesa Analog Computer vkSj

Digital Computer nksuksa ds fefJr xq.k gksrs gksa] Hybrid Computer dgykrs gSaA mís'; (Purpose) sa ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds çdkj • General Purpose Computer : ;g ,sls dEi;wVj gSa] ftuesa vusd izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA tSls Word Processing,

Data Base cukuk ,oa fizaV djuk] Data Processing djuk bR;kfnA budh dher Hkh de gksrh gSA ijUrq ge fdlh fof'k"V vuqiz;ksx gsrq

budk mi;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSa D;kasfd budk {kerk lhfer gksrh gSA • Special Purpose Computer : bUgsa fo'ks"k dk;Z gsrq rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA vko';drkuqlkj buesa ,d ls vf/kd izkslslj Hkh gks

ldrs gSA ;s fuEu {ks= esa mi;ksx gksrs gSaA vrafj{k foKku] ekSle foKku] ;q) esa iz{ksikL=kas dk fu;a=.k] mixzg lapkyu] vuqla/kku ,oa

'kkS/k] fpfdRlk] ;krk;kr fu;a=.k] leqnz foKku] df"k foKku] bathfu;fjaxA vkdkj (Size) ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVjksa ds çdkj • Micro Computers : 1970 esa Micro Processor ds Økafrdkjh vfo"dkj dh otg ls lLrs Micro compter system cukuk laHko

gqvk] ftUgsa Desk ij ;k Briefcase esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA lLrs vkSj vkdkj esa NksVs gksus dh otg ls bUgsa Personal Computers Hkh dgrs

gSaA orZeku esa Micro Computer dk fodkl rsth ls gks jgk gSA Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Palmtop, Tablet PC vkfn blh ds mnkgj.k

gSaA • Mini Computers : Micro Computer ls vf/kd dk;Z{kerk okys bu dEI;wVlZ esa ,d ls vf/kd CPU gksrs gSA budh eseksjh vkSj

LihM vkSj dher Micro ls vf/kd ,oa Mainframe ls de gksr gSA lcls igyk Mini Computer PD P-8, ,d Refrigerator ds vkdkj

dk Fkk] ftls DEC us 1965 esa rS;kj fd;k FkkA


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• Mainframe Computers : ;s dEI;wVj vkdkj esa cMs+ gksrs gSaA laxzg {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA vf/kd MkVk dh Fast Processing djus

dh {kerk gksrh gS] blfy, cMh dEifu;ksa] cSad rFk ljdkjh foHkkx ,d dsUnzh; dEI;wVj ds :Ik esa bldk mi;ksx djrs gSA Mainframe

Computer dks ,d Network Micro Computer ls ijLij tksMk+ tk ldsA IBM 4381, ICL 39 series vkSj CDC Cyser series, Mainframe Computer ds mnkgj.k gSA

• Super Computer : vU; lHkh dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk cgqr vf/kd dher okys gksrs gSaA Hkkjr esa dsoy ,d Super Computer ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftldk uke ije (Param) gSA ;g Computer Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa }kjk gh rS;kj fd;k x;k

gSA Param—1000 bldk gh fodflr :i gSA Super Computer ds vU; mnkgj.k gSa & CRAY-2, CRAY XMP-24, vkSj NEC 500.

• Work Station : Micro Computer ls vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gksus dh otg ls tfVy dk;ksZa ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA fdUrq

Micro Computer esa ogn Lrj ij foLrkj ds dkj.k vc budk izpyu de gqvk gS rFkk Micro Computer ds mUur mRIkkn esa budk

LFkku ysuk izkjaHk dj fn;k gSA

Generations Of Computer Ist Generation Of Computer Ist Generation esa Computer lu~ 1946 ls lu~ 1956 rd iz;ksx fd;s x;sA buds xq.k fuEukuqlkj gSa %& • Vacuum Tubes : izFke ih<h+ ds dEI;wVjksa ds vkrafjd ifjiFk esa eq[; rkfdZd iqtkZ Vacuum Tubes yxk;k tkrk FkkA ;s yxkrkj

fo|qr ds loagu ls xje gksus ds dkj.k tYnh [kjkc gks tkrs FksA vr% izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dks okrkuqdwfyr bdkbZ esa j[kk tkrk FkkA

Vacuum Tubes cM+h gksrh gSa blfy, izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dk vkdkj cMk+ gksrk FkkA • Based On Punch Card : izkFkfed Input rFkk Output ds fy, iapdkMksZa dk Computer System esa mi;ksx gksrk FkkA iapdkMksZa

dh dk;Zdkjh xfr /kheh FkhA

• Magnetic Drum Internal Memory : izFke ih<+h ds dbZ dEI;wVjksa esa vkrafjd Lefr ds :i esa Magnetic Drum dke esa fy,

tkrs FksA iapdkMZ ls izkIr Data o Program bl pqEcdh; Drum ij pqEcdh; :i esa laxzfgr fd;s tkrs FksA • Limited Applications : izFke ih<h+ ds Computer okf.kfT;d dk;Z] tSls & osrui= rS;kj djuk] Billing ,oa Accounting ds dk;Z

gh djrs FksA bu dk;ksZ dks ekuoh; 'kfDrls djuk lLrk Fkk D;ksafd ml le; Computer cgqr gh eg¡xs FksA

• Programming in Machine and Assembly Language : dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy, fn;s x;s funsZ'kksa ds lewg

dks Program dgrs gSaA Computer ds le>us ;ksX; Hkk"kk ftlesa Program fy[kk tk;s Computer Programming Language dgrs gSaA

çFke ih<h+ ds dEI;wVjksa esa nks Computer Hkk"kk,sa çpfyr Fkha] igyh Machine Language rFkk nlwjh Assembly LanguageA • Mainframe Computers : ;s dEI;wVj vkdkj esa cMs+ gksrs gSaA laxzg {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA vf/kd MkVk dh Fast Processing djus

dh {kerk gksrh gS] blfy, cMh dEifu;ksa] cSad rFk ljdkjh foHkkx ,d dsUnzh; dEI;wVj ds :Ik esa bldk mi;ksx djrs gSA Mainframe Computer dks ,d Network Micro Computer ls ijLij tksMk+ tk ldsA IBM 4381, ICL 39 series vkSj CDC Cyser series, Mainframe Computer ds mnkgj.k gSA • Super Computer : vU; lHkh dEI;wVjksa dh vis{kk cgqr vf/kd dher okys gksrs gSaA Hkkjr esa dsoy ,d Super Computer ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ftldk uke ije (Param) gSA ;g Computer Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa }kjk gh rS;kj fd;k x;k

gSA Param—1000 bldk gh fodflr :i gSA Super Computer ds vU; mnkgj.k gSa & CRAY-2, CRAY XMP-24, vkSj NEC 500. • Work Station : Micro Computer ls vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gksus dh otg ls tfVy dk;ksZa ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA fdUrq

Micro Computer esa ogn Lrj ij foLrkj ds dkj.k vc budk izpyu de gqvk gS rFkk Micro Computer ds mUur mRIkkn esa budk

LFkku ysuk izkjaHk dj fn;k gSA Generations Of Computer

Ist Generation Of Computer Ist Generation esa Computer lu~ 1946 ls lu~ 1956 rd iz;ksx fd;s x;sA buds xq.k fuEukuqlkj gSa %& • Vacuum Tubes : izFke ih<h+ ds dEI;wVjksa ds vkrafjd ifjiFk esa eq[; rkfdZd iqtkZ Vacuum Tubes yxk;k tkrk FkkA ;s yxkrkj

fo|qr ds loagu ls xje gksus ds dkj.k tYnh [kjkc gks tkrs FksA vr% izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dks okrkuqdwfyr bdkbZ esa j[kk tkrk FkkA

Vacuum Tubes cM+h gksrh gSa blfy, izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjksa dk vkdkj cMk+ gksrk FkkA • Based On Punch Card : izkFkfed Input rFkk Output ds fy, iapdkMksZa dk Computer System esa mi;ksx gksrk FkkA iapdkMksZa

dh dk;Zdkjh xfr /kheh FkhA

• Magnetic Drum Internal Memory : izFke ih<+h ds dbZ dEI;wVjksa esa vkrafjd Lefr ds :i esa Magnetic Drum dke esa fy,

tkrs FksA iapdkMZ ls izkIr Data o Program bl pqEcdh; Drum ij pqEcdh; :i esa laxzfgr fd;s tkrs FksA


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• Limited Applications : izFke ih<h+ ds Computer okf.kfT;d dk;Z] tSls & osrui= rS;kj djuk] Billing ,oa Accounting ds dk;Z

gh djrs FksA bu dk;ksZ dks ekuoh; 'kfDrls djuk lLrk Fkk D;ksafd ml le; Computer cgqr gh eg¡xs FksA • Programming in Machine and Assembly Language : dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy, fn;s x;s funsZ'kksa ds lewg dks Program

dgrs gSaA Computer ds le>us ;ksX; Hkk"kk ftlesa Program fy[kk tk;s Computer Programming Language dgrs gSaA çFke ih<h+ ds

dEI;wVjksa esa nks Computer Hkk"kk,sa çpfyr Fkha] igyh Machine Language rFkk nlwjh Assembly LanguageA

Ind Genration Computer ;g Computer lu~ 1956-1964 rd ç;ksx fd;s x;sA blds xq.k fuEukuqlkj gSa &

• Transistor : f}rh; ih<+h ds Computer esa Vacume Tubes ds LFkku ij Transistor dk ç;ksx fd;k tkus yxk] ftls 'William Shockley' us lu~ 1948 esa fodflr fd;kA Transistor dk dk;Z Vacume Tubes ds leku Fkk] fdUrq blds dk;Z djus dh xfr vf/kd

FkhA ;g vkdkj esa NksVk rFkk vf/kd fo'oluh; FkkA blesa fo|qr dh [kir Hkh vis{kk—r de gksrh FkhA

• Tap and Disk Secondary Storage : laxzg ek/;e ds :i esa iapdkMZ ds vykok Magnetic Tape vkSj Disk dk ç;ksx gqvkA • Magnetic Core Internal Memory : Magnetic Drum ds LFkku ij Magnetic Core Memory dk mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA • Modular Hardware Element ¼gkMoZs;j “kxkas dk lewghdj.k½ : çkjafHkd dEI;wVjksa esa buds j[kj[kko dh tfVyrk FkhA Computer

dk Modular Design rS;kj fd;k x;k ftlesa ,d leku Hkkxksa dks vyx cksMZ ij lewgh—r fd;k x;k ftlls fdlh Hkkx ds [kjkc gksus

ij cksMZ dks gh cnyk tk ldsA

• Programming in High Level Language : Machine vkSj Assembly Hkk"kk dh tfVyrk ls cpus ds fy, ljy dEI;wVj Hkk"kk

vFkkZr High Level Language dk fodkl gqvkA Example : FORTRAN (Formula Translation), COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) vkfnA

• New Computer Applications u;s dEI;wVj vuqç;ksx : f}rh; ih<+h eas rhu eq[; ?kVuk,sa gqbZa, os Fkha& ok;q;ku ds ;kf=;ksa ds fy,

vkj{k.k ç.kkyh] VsyLVkj (Telestar) dh LFkkiuk vkSj çca/k lwpuk ç.kkyh (MIS - Management Information System) dk mn;A IIIrd Genration Computer Computer dh rrh; ih<+h lu~ 1964 ls lu~ 1971 ds e/; ekuh tkrh gSA ;g ih<h+ lu~ 1964 ds e/; çkjaHk gqbZ tc IBM us Computer

dk ,sfrgkfld mRikn~ cukdj çLrqr fd;sA bl daiuh us Ng dEI;wVjksa dk ifjokj rS;kj fd;k ftldk uke Fkk& System-1360 line.

bl ih<h+ ds dEI;wVjksa esa rkÆdd Hkkx ds :i esa IC (Integrated Circuit) yxk;k tkrk Fkk] ftls lu~ 1953 esa H. Johnson }kjk Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) dk ç;ksx djds cuk;k

x;k FkkA bl ih<h+ ds xq.k fuEukuqlkj gSa &

• Computer Ja[kyk ;k ifjokj dh fopkj/kkjk dk tUe blh ih<h+ esa gqvkA • Computer dh lHkh fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, fu;a=.k çksxzkeksa dk ,d lewg Operating System cuk;k x;kA bl

Operating System ls Computer ds lHkh dk;Z Automatic gks x;sA • Improvements in Software &rrh; ih<+h esa ubZ mPpLrjh; Computer Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA Example : BASIC (Bignners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) vkfn] tks lh[kus esa cgqr ljy FkhaA

• Mini Computer dk mn; & Computer ds vkdkj dks NksVk fd;k x;k vkSj bls Mini Computer dk uke fn;k x;kA lcls

igyk Mini Computer PDP-8 ,d jsfÝtjsVj ds vkdkj dk FkkA bls DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) uked daiuh us rS;kj fd;k FkkA IVth Generation Computer ;g ih<+h lu~ 1971 ls çkjaHk gksdj lu~ 1981 rd jghA bl ih<h+ ds Computer esa lu~ 1970 esa ek'kZu gkWQ (Marcian Hoff) us IC (Integrated Circuit) dk ç;ksx fd;kA bl fpi dk uke Intel 4004 Fkk vkSj bl NksVs ls fpi dks MicroProcessor

Chip dgk tkus yxkA bl ih<h+ ds xq.k bl çdkj gSa & • MicroComputer ds vkdkj dks U;wure djuk & bl ih<+h esa Computer ds Electronic ifjiFk dks de&ls&de txg esa rS;kj

djus ds fy, LSIC (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) rFkk VLSIC (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA vc ,d gh Silicon Chip tks ,d maxyh ds uk[kwu ds cjkcj gksrh gS] ij yk[kksa ifjiFk gksrs gSaA • Semiconductor Integrated Memory & iowZ dh ih<h+ esa ç;qä Core Memory ds LFkku ij vc Semiconductor Memory dk

ç;ksx gksus yxkA blls Memory dh xfr rst+ gqbZ rFkk ;g vkdkj esa NksVh vkSj lLrh FkhA

• Software esa lq/kkj & bl ih<h+ esa vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds fy;s vyx&vyx Software cuk;s tkus yxsA Example : Spread Sheet,

Word Processing, DataBase vkfn dk;Z djus ds fy, Software rS;kj gq,A buesa dk;Z djuk BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL vkfn dh vis{kk

ljy FkkA

• Design Support System (DSS) & çca/kdksa ds Computer ls fudV lEidZ LFkkfir djus ds fy, DSS ç.kkyh rS;kj dh xbZA


5

Vth Generation Computer Computer dh ik¡poh ih<+h orZeku esa py jgh gS blesa Computer dks lHkh {ks=ksa esa dk;Z djus ;ksX; cuk;k tk jgk gSA bl ih<+h ds

çkjaHk esa dEI;wVjksa dks vkil esa tksMk+ x;k rkfd lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku gks ldsAblesa VLSIC ds LFkku ij ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale

Integrated Circuit) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kAblds çeq[k xq.k bl çdkj gS • Different Size of Computers : vko';drkuqlkj dEI;wVj ds vkdkj vkSj ljapuk dks rS;kj fd;k x;kA vkt fofHké ekWMyksa&

Desk-Top, Lap-Top, Palm-Top vkfn esa Computers miyC/k gSaA

• Internet : ;g Computer dk ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; latky gSA nqfu;k Hkj ds Computer Network Internet ls tqM+s gksrs gSa] vkSj bl

rjg ge dgha ls Hkh lHkh fo"k;ksa ij fofo/k lkexzh dks çkIr dj ldrs gSaA • Multimedia : Sound, Graphics vkSj Text ds lEefyr :i] eYVhehfM;k dk bl ih<h+ esa fodkl gqvkA • New Applications : Computer dh rduhd vfrfodflr gksus ds dkj.k blds vuqç;ksxksa esa of) gqbZ gSA Example : fQYe fuekZ.k]

;krk;kr fu;a=.k] m|ksx] O;kikj ,oa 'kks/k vkfn ds {ks=ksa esaA Personal Computers (PCs) Personal Computer rFkk Micro Computer lekukFkZd :i ls tkus tkus okyh ,slh Computer ç.kkyh gS tks fo'ks"k :i ls O;fäxr

mi;ksx vFkok NksVs lewg ds }kjk ç;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA bu dEI;wVjksa dks cukus esa MicroProcessor eq[; :i ls lgk;d gksrs gSaA

Personal Computers dk fodkl igyk Micro Processor cuus ds o"kksZa ckn 8086 Processor ds lkFk 'kq: gqvkA igys Personal Computer ds lHkh dk;Z ,d ¶ykih ij gksrs FksA fQj gkMZfMLd dk vfo"dkj gqvk tks ¶ykih fMLd rqyuk esa vf/kd fVdkm vkSj vf/kd ek=k esa

MkVk dks laxzfgr dj ldrh FkhA Personal Computer dk fuekZ.k fo'ks"k {ks= rFkk dk;ksZa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA Example : ?kjsyw dEI;wVj rFkk dk;kZy; esa

ç;ksx gksus okys ComputerA cktk+j esa NksVs Lrj dh daiuh;k¡ vius dk;kZa ds fy;s Personal Computer dks gh çkFkfedrk nsrh gSaA Evolution of PC (PC dk fodkl Øe)

• PC : izFke IBM PC esa 8086 Processor yxk gqvk FkkA lEiw.kZ dk;Z ¶ykih ij gksrk FkkA eseksjh 640 KB FkhA • PC XT : blesa 8088 Micro Processor yxk gqvk FkkA ¶ykih ds lkFk&lkFk gkMZfMLd ij Hkh dke gksrk FkkA Memory 1 MB, speed 10-12 MHZ FkhA • PC AT : blesa 80286 Processor yxk gksrk Fkk] eseksjh 1 MB ls 2 MB rd gksrh Fkh] tks vf/kdre 16 MB rd gks ldrh FkhA buesa

gkMZfMLd gksrh Fkh vkSj speed 16-20 MHZ FkhA buesa le;≤ ij 80286 ds ckn 80386] 80486] Pentium vkfn Processor cnyrs

jgs ,oa mlh vuq:Ik budh eseksjh {kerk ,oa LihM c<+rh jghA Configurations le; ds lkFk&lkFk fuEu Companies ds Processors ds ilZuy dEI;wVlZ ekdsZV esa miyC/k jgsA Intel : 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, celron, pentiun-II, Pentium-III, Pentium-IV, Dual core,Core 2 Due, Atom, Core I-3,Core I- 5, Core I -7. AMD : 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, Sempron, Turion, Phenon. fdlh Computer dk Configuration mles iz;qDr fuEu Peripherals ds ek/;e ls tkuk tkrk gS & Microprocessor, Motherboard, RAM, HDD, Optical Drive, Key Board, Mouse, Sereen Size mnkgj.k ds fy;s Intel Pentium 200MHz/32MB RAM/40GB HDD/CD Writer /15" Color Monitor Or Intel Dual cour 3.06 GHz/2 GB RAM/500 GB HDD/DVD Writer/18.5 " LED 8

IInd Genration Computer ;g Computer lu~ 1956-1964 rd ç;ksx fd;s x;sA blds xq.k fuEukuqlkj gSa & • Transistor : f}rh; ih<+h ds Computer esa Vacume Tubes ds LFkku ij Transistor dk ç;ksx fd;k tkus yxk] ftls 'William

Shockley' us lu~ 1948 esa fodflr fd;kA Transistor dk dk;Z Vacume Tubes ds leku Fkk] fdUrq blds dk;Z djus dh xfr vf/kd

FkhA ;g vkdkj esa NksVk rFkk vf/kd fo'oluh; FkkA blesa fo|qr dh [kir Hkh vis{kk—r de gksrh FkhA • Tap and Disk Secondary Storage : laxzg ek/;e ds :i esa iapdkMZ ds vykok Magnetic Tape vkSj Disk dk ç;ksx gqvkA • Magnetic Core Internal Memory : Magnetic Drum ds LFkku ij Magnetic Core Memory dk mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA

• Modular Hardware Element ¼gkMoZs;j “kxkas dk lewghdj.k½ : çkjafHkd dEI;wVjksa esa buds j[kj[kko dh tfVyrk FkhA Computer

dk Modular Design rS;kj fd;k x;k ftlesa ,d leku Hkkxksa dks vyx cksMZ ij lewgh—r fd;k x;k ftlls fdlh Hkkx ds [kjkc gksus

ij cksMZ dks gh cnyk tk ldsA • Programming in High Level Language : Machine vkSj Assembly Hkk"kk dh tfVyrk ls cpus ds fy, ljy dEI;wVj Hkk"kk

vFkkZr High Level Language dk fodkl gqvkA Example : FORTRAN


6

(Formula Translation), COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) vkfnA • New Computer Applications u;s dEI;wVj vuqç;ksx : f}rh; ih<+h eas rhu eq[; ?kVuk,sa gqbZa, os Fkha& ok;q;ku ds ;kf=;ksa ds fy,

vkj{k.k ç.kkyh] VsyLVkj (Telestar) dh LFkkiuk vkSj çca/k lwpuk ç.kkyh (MIS - Management Information System) dk mn;A IIIrd Genration Computer Computer dh rrh; ih<+h lu~ 1964 ls lu~ 1971 ds e/; ekuh tkrh gSA ;g ih<h+ lu~ 1964 ds e/; çkjaHk gqbZ tc IBM us Computer

dk ,sfrgkfld mRikn~ cukdj çLrqr fd;sA bl daiuh us Ng dEI;wVjksa dk ifjokj rS;kj fd;k ftldk uke Fkk& System-1360 line. bl ih<h+ ds dEI;wVjksa esa rkÆdd Hkkx ds :i esa IC (Integrated Circuit) yxk;k tkrk Fkk] ftls lu~ 1953 esa H. Johnson }kjk Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) dk ç;ksx djds cuk;k

x;k FkkA bl ih<h+ ds xq.k fuEukuqlkj gSa & • Computer Ja[kyk ;k ifjokj dh fopkj/kkjk dk tUe blh ih<h+ esa gqvkA • Computer dh lHkh fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, fu;a=.k çksxzkeksa dk ,d lewg Operating System cuk;k x;kA bl

Operating System ls Computer ds lHkh dk;Z Automatic gks x;sA

• Improvements in Software &rrh; ih<+h esa ubZ mPpLrjh; Computer Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA Example : BASIC (Bignners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) vkfn] tks lh[kus esa cgqr ljy FkhaA 6

• Mini Computer dk mn; & Computer ds vkdkj dks NksVk fd;k x;k vkSj bls Mini Computer dk uke fn;k x;kA lcls

igyk Mini Computer PDP-8 ,d jsfÝtjsVj ds vkdkj dk FkkA bls DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) uked daiuh us rS;kj fd;k FkkA IVth Generation Computer ;g ih<+h lu~ 1971 ls çkjaHk gksdj lu~ 1981 rd jghA bl ih<h+ ds Computer esa lu~ 1970 esa ek'kZu gkWQ (Marcian Hoff) us IC (Integrated Circuit) dk ç;ksx fd;kA bl fpi dk uke Intel 4004 Fkk vkSj bl NksVs ls fpi dks MicroProcessor

Chip dgk tkus yxkA bl ih<h+ ds xq.k bl çdkj gSa & • MicroComputer ds vkdkj dks U;wure djuk & bl ih<+h esa Computer ds Electronic ifjiFk dks de&ls&de txg esa rS;kj

djus ds fy, LSIC (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) rFkk VLSIC (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA vc ,d gh Silicon Chip tks ,d maxyh ds uk[kwu ds cjkcj gksrh gS] ij yk[kksa ifjiFk gksrs gSaA • Semiconductor Integrated Memory & iowZ dh ih<h+ esa ç;qä Core Memory ds LFkku ij vc Semiconductor Memory dk

ç;ksx gksus yxkA blls Memory dh xfr rst+ gqbZ rFkk ;g vkdkj esa NksVh vkSj lLrh FkhA

• Software esa lq/kkj & bl ih<h+ esa vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds fy;s vyx&vyx Software cuk;s tkus yxsA Example : Spread Sheet, Word Processing, DataBase vkfn dk;Z djus ds fy, Software rS;kj gq,A buesa dk;Z djuk BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL vkfn dh vis{kk

ljy FkkA

• Design Support System (DSS) & çca/kdksa ds Computer ls fudV lEidZ LFkkfir djus ds fy, DSS ç.kkyh rS;kj dh xbZA

Vth Generation Computer Computer dh ik¡poh ih<+h orZeku esa py jgh gS blesa Computer dks lHkh {ks=ksa esa dk;Z djus ;ksX; cuk;k tk jgk gSA bl ih<+h ds

çkjaHk esa dEI;wVjksa dks vkil esa tksMk+ x;k rkfd lwpukvksa dk vknku&çnku gks ldsAblesa VLSIC ds LFkku ij ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale

Integrated Circuit) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kAblds çeq[k xq.k bl çdkj gS • Different Size of Computers : vko';drkuqlkj dEI;wVj ds vkdkj vkSj ljapuk dks rS;kj fd;k x;kA vkt fofHké ekWMyksa&

Desk-Top, Lap-Top, Palm-Top vkfn esa Computers miyC/k gSaA

• Internet : ;g Computer dk ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; latky gSA nqfu;k Hkj ds Computer Network Internet ls tqM+s gksrs gSa] vkSj bl

rjg ge dgha ls Hkh lHkh fo"k;ksa ij fofo/k lkexzh dks çkIr dj ldrs gSaA • Multimedia : Sound, Graphics vkSj Text ds lEefyr :i] eYVhehfM;k dk bl ih<h+ esa fodkl gqvkA • New Applications : Computer dh rduhd vfrfodflr gksus ds dkj.k blds vuqç;ksxksa esa of) gqbZ gSA Example : fQYe fuekZ.k]

;krk;kr fu;a=.k] m|ksx] O;kikj ,oa 'kks/k vkfn ds {ks=ksa esaA 7 Personal Computers (PCs) Personal Computer rFkk Micro Computer lekukFkZd :i ls tkus tkus okyh ,slh Computer ç.kkyh gS tks fo'ks"k :i ls O;fäxr

mi;ksx vFkok NksVs lewg ds }kjk ç;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA bu dEI;wVjksa dks cukus esa MicroProcessor eq[; :i ls lgk;d gksrs gSaA

Personal Computers dk fodkl igyk Micro Processor cuus ds o"kksZa ckn 8086 Processor ds lkFk 'kq: gqvkA igys Personal Computer ds lHkh dk;Z ,d ¶ykih ij gksrs FksA fQj gkMZfMLd dk vfo"dkj gqvk tks ¶ykih fMLd rqyuk esa vf/kd fVdkm vkSj vf/kd ek=k esa

MkVk dks laxzfgr dj ldrh FkhA


7

Personal Computer dk fuekZ.k fo'ks"k {ks= rFkk dk;ksZa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA Example : ?kjsyw dEI;wVj rFkk dk;kZy; esa

ç;ksx gksus okys ComputerA cktk+j esa NksVs Lrj dh daiuh;k¡ vius dk;kZa ds fy;s Personal Computer dks gh çkFkfedrk nsrh gSaA Evolution of PC (PC dk fodkl Øe)

• PC : izFke IBM PC esa 8086 Processor yxk gqvk FkkA lEiw.kZ dk;Z ¶ykih ij gksrk FkkA eseksjh 640 KB FkhA • PC XT : blesa 8088 Micro Processor yxk gqvk FkkA ¶ykih ds lkFk&lkFk gkMZfMLd ij Hkh dke gksrk FkkA Memory 1 MB, speed 10-12 MHZ FkhA

• PC AT : blesa 80286 Processor yxk gksrk Fkk] eseksjh 1 MB ls 2 MB rd gksrh Fkh] tks vf/kdre 16 MB rd gks ldrh FkhA buesa

gkMZfMLd gksrh Fkh vkSj speed 16-20 MHZ FkhA buesa le;≤ ij 80286 ds ckn 80386] 80486] Pentium vkfn Processor cnyrs

jgs ,oa mlh vuq:Ik budh eseksjh {kerk ,oa LihM c<+rh jghA Configurations le; ds lkFk&lkFk fuEu Companies ds Processors ds ilZuy dEI;wVlZ ekdsZV esa miyC/k jgsA Intel : 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, celron, pentiun-II, Pentium-III, Pentium-IV, Dual core,Core 2 Due, Atom, Core I-3,Core I- 5, Core I -7. AMD : 8086, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, Sempron, Turion, Phenon. fdlh Computer dk Configuration mles iz;qDr fuEu Peripherals ds ek/;e ls tkuk tkrk gS & Microprocessor, Motherboard, RAM, HDD, Optical Drive, Key Board, Mouse, Sereen Size mnkgj.k ds fy;s Intel Pentium 200MHz/32MB RAM/40GB HDD/CD Writer /15" Color Monitor Or Intel Dual cour 3.06 GHz/2 GB RAM/500 GB HDD/DVD Writer/18.5 " LED 8

Pentium and New Processors with their Characterstics 1970 ls MicroProcessor ds fodkl ds 'kq:vkr ds lkFk gh cktk+j esa u;s&u;s mRiknksa dh ck<+ vk x;h rFkk fnu xqt+jrs gh Personal

Computer u;s&u;s xq.kksa dks lekfgr djrs gq, rFkk vf/kd xfr ds lkFk miyC/k gksrs x;sA u;s Processors dh fo'ks"krk,sa &

• u;s&MicroProcessor dh vf/kd xfr gksrh gSA • ;g ,d ckj esa ,d ls vf/kd funsZ'kksa dks le> ldrk gSA blesa Multiple A.L.U. gksrs gSaA • buesa Cache Memory vf/kd gksrh gSaA • buesa 64 Bit rd ds Processor gksrk gSA Types of PCs : 1. Desk Top PC : vf/kdrj fo|ky;ksa] ?kjksa vkSj O;olk;ksa esa mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys PCs Desk Top PC gksrs gSaA Desk Top PCs dks

ge nks Js.kh;ksa es foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa & • Single User System : ;g ,d ckj esa ,d O;fDr }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk PC ;k System gksrs gSaA • Multi User System : Muti User System os PCs gSa ftUgsa vusd O;fDr ,d ckj esa ç;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ,sls PCs Netwok ij yxk;s tkrs gSaA çR;sd O;fDr vyx&vyx Computer ij dk;Z djrk gS] ysfdu ;s lHkh Computer ijLij tqMs+ jgrs gSaA 2. Portable PC : blds vUrZxr ,sls PCs vkrs gSa lqfo/kktud rjhds ls ,d LFkku ls nlwjs LFkku rd LFkkUrfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

Portable PCs eq[;r% nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa & • Lap Top : Lap Top PC dks Note Book Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ,sls PC ftudk ot+u cgqr gh de gksrk gS vkSj ,d O;fDr bUgsa viuh

xksn (Lap) esa j[kdj dk;Z dj ldrk gS] Lap Top PC dgykrs gSaA budh cukoV bruh lqxe gksrh gS fd ;s czhQdsl dh rjg ,d LFkku

ls nlwjs LFkku yk;s rFkk ystk;s tk ldrs gSaA bUgsa cSVjh ls pyk;k tk ldrk gSA • PamTop : gFksyh (Palm) ds vkdkj ds PC dks Palm Top PC dgrs gSaA ;g NksVk lk PC O;fDr dh Pocket esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA

vktdy Cellular Phone esa PC dks lekfgr djds bldk mi;ksx cgqvk;keh dj fn;k gSA ;g Palm Top PC gesa Electronic Dairy ds

:i esa fofHké lwpuk,sa ,df=r djds nsrk gSA bl PC esa dSYdqysVj ds leku NksVs cVuksa okyk Key board gksrk gS] ,d NksVh lh Screen gksrh gSA bls cSVjh ls pyk;k tkrk gSA Computer Organisation and Working Basic Component of a Computer System Control Unit : ;g Hkkx Computer dh vkarfjd fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu djrk gSA ;g Input- Output fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r djrk gS]

lkFk gh Memory vkSj A.L.U. ds e/; Data ds vknku&Ánku gsrq vko';d funsZ'k Álkfjr djrk gSA

Arithmetical & Logical Unit (A.L.U.) :


8

;g Unit fdlh Data esa vadxf.krh; fØ;k,sa ¼tksM+]?kVko]xq.kk]Hkkx]vkfn½ vkSj rkfdZd fØ;k,sa djrs gSaA buesa ,d ,slk fo|qrh; ifjiFk

gksrk gS] tks Binary Number dh x.kuk,sa djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA A.L.U lHkh x.kukvksa dks igys ljy vadxf.krh; fØ;kvksa esa ck¡V ysrk

gS] ckn esa bUgsa fo|qrh; ldsrksa esa cnydj ifjiFk esa vkxs lapkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA Memory : ;g Computer dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS] tgk¡ Data, lwpuk ,oa Program, Processing ds nkSjku vko';drk iM+us ij

rRdky miyC/k jgrs gSaA Memory esa laxzg djus ds fy;s fuf'pr~ LFkku gksrk gS]aA ;g Memory dh {kerk ;k Memory dk vkdkj

dgykrh gS] Example : 256KB, 630MB, 1.2GB, 2.1GB, 4GB vkfnA Computer dh Memory nks Ádkj dh gksrh gS &

• RAM : bldk foLrr uke Random Access Memory gSaA ;g Computer dh vLFkkbZ Memory gksrh gSaA dksbZ Hkh Input fd;k x;k

Data, Processing ls igys RAM esa vLFkkbZ :i ls laxzfgr gksrk gSaA Computer dks can djus ;k fo|qr vkirwhZ can gks tkus ij RAM esa

laxzfgr Data feV tkrk gSaA bl dkj.k bls Computer dh vLFkkbZ Memory ;k Volatile Memory Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g ÁkFkfed Memory

dgykrh gSaA • ROM : bldk foLrr uke Read Only Memory gSaA ;g LFkkbZ Memory gS] ftlesa Computer ds fuekZ.k ds le; Program

laxzfgr dj fn;s tkrs gSaA bl Memory esa laxzfgr Program dks ifjofrZr vFkok u"V ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ROM esa mifLFkr ;s LFkkbZ Program BIOS ( Basic Input-Output System) ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA Hardware vkSj Software dh la;ksftr rduhd Firmware

dgykrh gSA ROM ,d Firmware gSaA ROM ;k Firmware ds vU; Ádkj fuEufyf[kr gSa & 10 o PROM : bldk foLrr uke Programable Read Only Memory gSaA ;g ,d ,slk Read Only Memory gS] ftlesa vko';drk gksus ij

fo'ks"k midj.kksa }kjk Program laxzfgr fd;s tk ldrs gSa] vkSj ,d ckj laxzfgr gksus ds ckn bUgsa feVk;k tk ldrk gSaA 11

Unit- II

Input Devices

Input Unit, Data vkSj funsZ'kksa dks Input djds mUgsa le>us ;ksX; fo|rq ladsrksa esa cnydj C.P.U. dks Hkstrh gSA Input Unit ds :i esa

fuEufyf[kr midj.kksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS &


9

Key Board : Key Board eq[; vkSj lqxe Input Device gSA Data vkSj Program, Key Board ds }kjk gh Input fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g

Computer rFkk User ds e/; Interface LFkkfir djrk gSA Data dks 0 vkSj 1 esa cnydj Key Board nks çdkj ls C.P.U. esa Data

Intput dj ldrk gS& ¼1½ Js.kh (Serial) Øe esa ¼2½ lekraj (Parallel) Øe esa Key Board dh lHkh dq¡ft;ksa dks ge pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs

gSa & (1) Alphanumeric Keys (2) Numeric Keys (3) Function Keys (4) Special Purpose Keys Mouse : ;g ,d Input Device gS] ftls ge vius gkFkksa ls idM+dj dke esa ysrs gSaA ;g ,d Pointer Device gS] tks fdlh Option dks Point djds dksbZ Data rFkk funsZ'k çnku djrk gSA Trackball : ;g Joystick ds leku gh dk;Z djrh gSA bldh Åijh lrg ij ,d Ball yxh gksrh gS] ftldks fgykus ij Screen ij mifLFkr vk—fr dks Cursur }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA Trackball dk dk;Z Joystick ds leku gh gksrk gS] fdUrq bldh vk—fr xksy gksrh

gSA Trackball Mouse ds leku gh gksrk gS] fdUrq ;g Mouse dh Hkk¡fr tfVy ugh gksrk gSA Joystick : ;g [ksyus ds dke es vkuh okyh Input Device gSA Joystick ds ek/;e ls Screen ij mifLFkr vk—fr dks blds Handle ls

idM+dj pyk;k tkrk gSA bldk ç;ksx çk;% Computer Games ds fy, gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g çkFkfed Lrj ij Computer fl[kkus dk

vklku rjhdk gSA Digitizing Tablet or Graphic Tablet : Graphic Tablet ,d Drawing lrg gksrh gSA blds Åij ,d Pen ;k Mouse gksrk gSA Drawing lrg esa irys rkjksa dk tky gksrk gS] ftl ij Pen ;k Mouse pykus ij ladsr Computer esa pys tkrs gSaA bldk ç;ksx

gkFkksa }kjk Printed Characters dks lh/ks Computer esa Hkstus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk bldk fuekZ.k dqN MicroProcessor vk/kkfjr

Tabletsds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd ,d fof'k"V Design ds fy, dke esa vkrk gSA bl ij ,d Scanning Head dk ç;ksx okafNr

fLFkfr dks çkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk fLFkfr çkIr gks tkus ij cVu nck fn;k tkrk gSA Scanner : ;g Hkh ,d çdkj dh Input Device gS] ftlds ek/;e ls Paper ij miyC/k fdlh vk—fr vFkok fp= vkfn dks Computer

ij çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Photocopy Machine ds leku gh dk;Z djrk gS] fdUrq blesa Paper ij fy[kk x;k Data Computer ij Store gksrk gSA

Digital Camera : Digital Video Camera ,d ,slk Mobile Input Device gS] tks fdlh Hkh n'; ;k pyfp= vkfn dks laxzfgr djus ds

dke vkrk gSA blds ek/;e ls n'; dks laxzfgr djrs le; ml n'; dks dSejs dh Screen ij Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA Digital Video

Cemera cgqr NksVs vkdkj dh Input Device gS] ftls vklkuh ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij yk;k o ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) : MICR cSafdx ds {ks= esa vf/kd mi;ksx dh tkus okyh rduhd gS] tgk¡ vf/kd la[;k

eas pSd tk¡psa tkrs gSaA MICR rduhd esa pSd ij fo'ks"k pqEcdh; L;kgh }kjk Character Nis gksrs gSaA MICR Reader pSd ij Nis Charater dks pqEcd ds loasnu ls i<r+k gSA blesa çdk'kh; fof/k ls dksbZ çdk'k Character ij ugh Mkyk tkrk gSA OCR (Optical Character Reader) : OCR ,d ,slh rduhd gS] ftlesa igys ls Nis Characters ds vUrj dks ns[kdj OCR Standard

Characters ls igpku dh tkrh gSA OCR dS'k jftLVj ds Characters rFkk Credit Card ds Character dks i<+ ysrk gSA ,d Optical Reader, QksVks bySfDVªd fMokbl ds }kjk Characters dks Scan djrk gS vkSj ijkoÆrr çdk'k ds Data dks Binary Data (0 vkSj 1) esa cnydj Computer esa Input dj nsrk gSA

Computer esa bldh igpku OCR Standard Font ls dh tkrh gSA OMR (Optical Mark Reader) : ;g ,d ,slk Device gS tks fdlh dkxt+ ij Pencil ;k Pen ds fpºu dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqifLFkfr

dks tk¡prk gSA blesa fpfºur dkxt+ ij çdk'k Mkyk tkrk gS vkSj ijkoÆrr çdk'k dks tk¡pk tkrk gSA tgk¡ fpºu mifLFkr gksxk dkxt+

ds ml Hkkx ls ijkoÆrr çdk'k dh rhozrk de gksxhA OMR dh çfØ;k /kheh gksrh gS] bldh xfr 200 ls 250 i"B çfr feuV gksrh gSA

bldk ç;ksx eq[;r% oSdfYid ç'uksa okyh mÙkjiqfLrdkvksa dks tk¡pus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA BCR (Bar Code Reader) : BCR dk eq[; dk;Z Vertical Bars ¼dkyh&lQsn NM+½] tks fd vyx&vyx Data ds fy, fuf'pr~ gksrs gSa]

dks Scan djuk gksrk gSA BCR }kjk Bar Text dks i<+k tkrk gS] tks fd eq[;r% LVksj] esfMdy fjdkWMZ rFkk iqLrdky; dh fdrkcksa esa

gksrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk Device gS tks fd gLr lapkfyr gksrk gSA Voice Recognition : Computer esa rduhd dk lcls u;k mnkgj.k Voice Recognizer ds :i esa lkeus vk;k gSA Computer rduhd

ds fodkl ls ge Computer esa Data fcuk Type fd;s lh/ks cksydj Hkh Input djk ldrs gSaA bl rduhd ds ek/;e ls Data Input esa

gksus okyh ijs'kkfu;ksa dks njw fd;k tk ldrk gS] rFkk ;g rduhd Computer User dks Input esa lgk;rkçnku djrh gSA Voice Recognizer esa vU; cgqr lh rduhd gSa ftuds ek/;e ls Voice Signal dks mfpr 'kCnksa esa ifjoÆrr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Light Pen : Light Pen dk ç;ksx Computer Screen ij dksbZ Hkh vk—fr cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Light Pen esa ,d QksVks lsy

gksrk gSA Light Pen dh fVi ls tc Computer Screen ij dksbZ vk—fr cuk;h tkrh gS] rks bldh Pulse Screen ls xqt+jdj Processor

ds vUnj ços'k dj tkrh gSA Light Pen dk iz;ksx Menu esa fn;s x;s Options dks pquus] vk—fr cukus rFkk bldks Memory esa Save djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 13 Touch Screen : lkjs Touch Terminal ,d Sensitive ¼loasnu'khy½ LØhu j[krs gSa ftuesa ,d Key board gksrk gS rFkk og Data dks

Input djkus dh vuqefr çnku djrk gSA Screen ds i"B ij cgqr lkjs fcUnqvksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS] ftUgsa Touch Point dgrs gSaA çR;sd

fcUnq ,d vyx çof"V dks Lohdkj djrk gS] tc User mu fcUnqvksa dks pqurk gSA


10

Output Devices

Output Device çfØ;k ds i'pkr~ ifj.kke dks User dks çLrqr djrs gSaA eq[; Output Unit, Monitor gS ftls Visual Display Unit (V.D.U.) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blds vfrfjä Printer vkfn dks Hkh Output Unit ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Monitors Monitor ,d ,slh Output Device gS tks T.V. tSlh Screen ij Output dks Display djrh gSA eq[;r;k Monitor nks izdkj ds gksrs

gS – monocrome vkSj Color. Mono dk vFkZ gS ,dy vkSj crome dk vFkZ gS jaxA blfy, MonocROM e Display Device , Single Colour ds Monitor gksrs gSaA Colour Monitor Red, Green, Blue (RGB) çdkj dk gksrk gSA RGB ds dkj.k mPp Resolution dk Output Display gks ldrk gSA

Computer esa i;kZIr Display RAM ds miyC/k gksus ij Monitor, 1 djksM+ 60 yk[k rd jaxksa dk Display dj ldrs gSaA Types of Monitors rduhdh :i ls Monitor nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa CRT Monitor vkSj Flat Panel Monitor CRT Monitor : bu Monitors esa Picture Tube Element - CRT gksrk gSA CRT rduhd, Raster Graphics ds Principal ij dk;Z djrh gSA Flat Panel Monitor : Display Device dh ;g ubZ fodflr rduhd gS ftlesa vkosf’kr jlk;uksa vkSj xSlksa dks dkap dh Plate ds chp la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA

;s Display Device otu esa gYdh vkSj fo|qr dh de [kir okyh gksrh gSA orZeku esa Desktop vkSj Laptop lfgr lHkh System esa ;gh

display izpyu esa gSA blesa Hkh rduhdh :i ls mUur Technology, LED Technology gSA Digital monitor : bu Monitors esa Voltage dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqifLFkfr Pixle dks On / Off djrh gSA Anlog monitor : bu Monitors esa Pixle dh Brightness dks Electron dh fujraj Beam ls fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA 14 Characteristics Of Monitor 1. Size: eq[;r;k CRT Monitor, 14", 15" ,oa 17" esa Ok Flat Panel Monitor 14", 15",17", 18.5", 20", 22" 23" vkfn esa miyC/k gksrs gS A 2. Resolution : Resolution Display Device dk egRoiw.kZ y{k.k gksrk gS] vf/kdrj Display Device esa fp= Screen ds NksVs&NksVs

Dots (Pixels) ds pedus ls curs gSaA ;g Pixel 'kCn Picture Element dk laf{kIr :i gSA Screen ij bdkbZ {ks=Qy esa Pixel dh la[;k

Resolution dks O;ä djrh gSA Screen ij ftrus vf/kd Pixels gksaxs] Screen dk Resolution mruk gh vf/kd gksxk vFkkZr fp= mruk

gh Li"V cusxkA 2. Refresh Rate : Computer Monitor yxkrkj dk;Z djrk jgrk gSA ;|fi bldk vuqHko ge lk/kkj.k vk¡[kksa ls ugh dj ikrs gSaA

Computer Screen esa Image, ck¡,sa ls nk,sa rFkk Åij ls uhps Electron Gun }kjk LFkkarfjr gksrh gS] ijarq bldk vuqHko ge rc dj ikrs

gSa] tc Screen Flicker djrh gSA çk;% Clear Screen (Refresh) dk vuqHko ge rHkh dj ikrs gSa tc Screen rsth+ ls ifjoÆrr ugh gksrh gSA Monitor ds Refresh Rate dks gVZ~t esa ukik

tkrk gSA iqjkus ekinaMksa ds vuqlkj Monitor dh Refresh Rate 60Hz Fkh] ijraq u;s ekinaMksa esa bldk eki 75Hz dj fn;k x;k gSA

bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Monitor esa Display ,d lsdsaM esa 75 ckj ifjoÆrr gksrk gSA bl çdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd ftruk vf/kd

Refresh Rate gksxk Monitor mruk de Flick djsxkA 3. Interlaced / Non Interlaced : Non Interlacing ,d ,slh Display rduhd gS] tks ,d Monitor dks bl ;ksX; cukrh gS fd og Display gksus okys Resolution dh xq.koÙkk esa vkSj vf/kd of) dj ldsA Interlacing Monitor ds lkFk Electron Gun dsoy vk/kh ykbZu [khaprh Fkh] D;ksafd Interlaced Monitor ,d le; esa dsoy vk/kh ykbZu dks Refresh djrk gSA ;g Monitor

çR;sd Refresh Cycle ij nks ls vf/kd ykbZuksa dks çnÆ'kr djrk FkkA nwljh rjQ Interlacing ogh Resolution çnku djrk gS] tks Non

Interlacing çnku djrk gS fdUrq ;g de [kphZyk gksrk gSA Interlacing esa ;g deh gksrh gS fd bldk Response Time ¼ifj.kke vof/k½

/khek gksrk gS ftlls fd og Programs, tks rst+ Refresh Rate dh ek¡x djrs gSa ¼tSls Animation Video½ dh Flickering dks de djuk

iMr+k gSA bu nksuksa çdkj ds Monitors esa ns[kk tk;s rks nksuksa gh ,d leku Resolution çnku djrs gSa] ijraq Non Interlacing Monitor T+;knk vPNk gksrk gSA 4. Dot Pitch : Dot Pitch ,d çdkj dh ekiu rduhd gS tks fd ;g n'kkZrh gS fd Pixels ds e/; fdruk Vertical vUrj gSA Dot Pitch dk ekiu Millimetre esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk xq.k ;k fo'ks"krk gS tks fd Display Monitor dh xq.koÙkk dks Li"V djrk

gSA ,d Colour Monitor tks fd Personal Computer esa ç;ksx gksrk gS] mldh Dot Pitch dh Range 0.15mm ls 0.30mm rd gksrh

gSA Dot Pitch dks Phosphor Pitch Hkh dgrs gSaA Video Standards or Display Modes Personal Computer dh Video rduhd esa fnu&çfrfnu lq/kkj vkrk tk jgk gSA Video Standard ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa & 15


11

• CGA (Cloour Graphics Adapter) • EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) • VGA (Video Graphics Array) • SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) • XGA (Extended Graphics Array) VGA : VGA Display System dk fuekZ.k IBM (International Business Machine) Company us lu~ 1987 esa fd;k FkkA orZeku le; esa VGA Monitor gh ç;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs gSaA VGA Monitor dk Resolution blesa ç;ksx gksus okys jaxksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ge 16 jax 640 X

480 Pixel ij Nk¡V ldrs gSaA SVGA : orZeku le; esa vf/kdka'k PC SVGA Graphics System ds :i esa pyu esa gSaA okLro esa SVGA dk vFkZ VGA ls fHké gS fdUrq

;g ,d Single Standard ugh gSA u;s ;qx esa Video Standard Electronic Association }kjk ,d Standard Programming Interface dk

fuekZ.k fd;k x;k] tks fd SVGA Display esa enn djrk gSA NksVs vkdkj ds SVGA Monitor 800 X 600 Pixel rFkk cMs+ vkdkj ds SVGA

Monitor 1280 X 1024 vFkok 1600 X 1200 Pixel Resolution çnku djrs gSaA XGA : XGA Display System dk fuekZ.k IBM us lu~ 1990 esa fd;k FkkA ;g Display System ,d mÙkjkf/kdkjh ds :i esa] tks 4814 / A Display FkkA bldk vxyk lLadj.k XGA-2, 16 yk[k jaxksa esa 800 X 600 Pixels dk Resloution rFkk 65536 fefy;u jaxksa esa 1024 X 768 Pixels dk Resolution çnÆ'kr djrk gSA

Printers Display Devices esa Output Device ds :i esa nks dfe;k¡ gksrh gS& • ,d ckj esa lhfer Data gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

• Screen ij Output dh Soft Copy LFkkukUrj.kh; ugha gksrh gS] ftlls bls dkxt+ ij ugh fy;k tk ldrkA mijksä nksuksa dfe;k¡ Output Device ds :i esa Printer ijwh djrk gS] tks Output dks dkxt+ ij Nkidj çLrqr djrk gSA dkxt+ ij

Output dh ;g çfrfyfi Hard Copy dgykrh gSA Types of Printer : 1. Daisy Wheel : ;g Bksl eqnzk v{kj okyk Impact Printer gSA bldk uke Daisy Wheel blfy, fn;k x;k D;ksafd blds Print Head dh vk—fr ,d iq"i xqycgkj (Daisy) ds leku gksrh gSA Daisy Wheel Printer /kheh xfr dk Printer gS fdUrq blds Output dh

Li"Vrk mPp gksrh gSA blfy, ;g Letter Quality Printer dgykrk gSA blds Print Head esa ,d pØ gksrk gS ftldh çR;sd rku

(Spoke) esa ,d Bksl Character mHkjk jgrk gSA Wheel dkxt+ dh {kSfrt fn'kk esa xfr djrk gS vkSj Nius ;ksX; Character dk Spoke Wheel ds ?kweus ls

Print Position esa vk tkrk gSA ,d NksVs Hammer dh lgk;rk ls Spoke, dkxt+ vkSj Ribbon ij Vdjkrk gS] ftlls v{kj dkxt+ ij

Ni tkrk gSA blesa vyx&vyx Hkk"kk dh Printing ds fy, vyx&vyx Wheel dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA bl Printer dh xfr 90CPS

(Character Per Second) gksrh gSA 2. Dot Matrix Printer (DMP) : ;g ,d Impact Printer gSA blds Print Head esa vusd fiuksa dk ,d Matrix gksrk gS vkSj çR;sd fiu ds Ribbon vkSj dkxt+ ij Li'kZ ls ,d Dot Nirk gSA vusd Dots feydj ,d Character cukrs gSaA Print Head esa 7, 9, 14, 18 ;k 24 fiuksa dk m/okZ/kj lewg gksrk gSA ,d ckj esa ,d dkWye dk Print Head ckgj fudydj Dots Nkirk

gS] ftlls Character vusd pj.kksa esa curk gS vkSj ykbZu dh fn'kk esa Print Head vkxs c<r+k tkrk gSA Dot Matrix esa Printer Speed

300 ls 600 Character Per Second gksrh gSA 3. Ink-Jet Printer : Ink-Jet Printer ,d Non-Impact Printer gS ftlesa ,d ukst+y (Nozel) ls dkxt+ ij L;kgh dh cw¡nksa dh ckSNkj

djds Character vkSj vk—fr;k¡ Nkih tkrh gSaA Print Head ds ukst+y esa L;kgh dh cw¡nksa dks vkosf'kr (Charged) djds dkxt+ ij mfpr

fn'kk esa NksMk+ tkrk gSA bl Printer dk Output T+;knk Li"V gksrk gS] D;ksafd çR;sd Character ntZuksa Dots ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA 4. LASER (Light Amplification Stimulation Emission & Radiation) : LASER Printer Non-Impact Printer gSA LASER Printer dk mi;ksx Computer System esa 1970 ds n'kd ls gks jgk gSA 17 LASER Printer i"B ij vk—fr (Images) dks tsj+ksxzkQh (Xerography) rduhd ls Nkirk gSA Xerography rduhd dk fodkl Xerox Machine (Photocopier Machine) ds fy, gqvk FkkA Computer ls çkIr Output, yst+j&lzksr ls yst+j fdj.k ds :i esa mRlÆtr gksrk

gSA ;g fdj.k ysUlksa ls ,d ?kwers gq, cgqHkqtkdkj niZ.k ij Qksdl dh tkrh gS] tgk¡ ls ijkoÆrr gksdj Output dh ystj+&fdj.k ysUlksa

}kjk iqu% ,d vU; niZ.k ij Qksdl gksrh gqbZ ijkoÆrr gksdj QksVks loasfnr Mªe ij fxjrh gSA ?kweus okyk cgqHkqtkdkj niZ.k Output dh

yst+j&fdj.kksa dks laiw.kZ QksVks laosfnr Mªe ij Nius okyh ykbZuksa ds :i esa Mkyrk gSA tc og ?kwerk gS rks vkosf'kr LFkkuksa ij Vksuj

(Toner & ,d fo'ks"k L;kgh ikmMj) fpidk ysrk gSA blds ckn ;g Vksuj dkxt+ ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gS ftlls Output dkxt+


12

ij Ni tkrk gSA Vksuj dks LFkkbZ :i ls dkxt+ ij lhy djus ds fy, bls xje jksyj ls xqt+kjk tkrk gSA yxHkx 9 fefy;u Dots çR;sd Sheet ij 8 ls 100 Page çfr fefuV dh xfr ls Nkis tk ldrs gSaA 5. Line Printer : cM+s Computer ds fy, mPp xfr ds Printer dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mPp xfr ds Printer ,d ckj es ,d Character Nkius ds LFkku ij ,d Line vFkok ,d i"B Nkirs gSaA Line Printer Output dh laiw.kZ ykbZu ,d

ckj esa Nirh gSA Line Printer Impact Printing rduhd dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA budh Printing Speed 300 ls 3000 ykbZu çfr fefuV gksrh

gSA Line Printer ds fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k gSa & 1. Drum Printer 2. Chain Printer 3. Band Printer Plotter ;g ,d Output Device gS tks pkVZ (Chart), fp= (Drawings), uD'ks (Maps), f=foeh; js[kkfp= (Three dimensional illustrations) vkSj

vU; çdkj dh Hard Copy çLrqr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA Plotter lkekU;rk nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa & 1. Drum Pen Plotter 2. Flat Bed Plotter • Drum Pen Plotter : bl Plotter esa dkxt+ dks Drum ij p<k+ fn;k tkrk gS ogh Drum dkxt+ dks vkxs&ihNs ?kqekrk gS] ftlls

Horizontal Line dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bles ,d fLFkj Hkqtk ij ,d Pen yxk gksrk gSA ftls ml Hkqtk ij Åij ;k uhps Move fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls Vertical Line dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA • Flat Bed Plotter : bl Plotter esa dkxt+ fLFkj voLFkk esa ,d Bed ;k Tray esa j[kk tkrk gSA ,d Hkqtk esa Pen yxk gksrk gS tks

Motor ls dkxt+ ij Åij&uhps ¼Y&v{k½ vkSj nk;sa&ck;sa ¼X&v{k½ xfr'khy gksrk gSA Computer Pen dks X—Y v{k dh fn'kkvksa esa

fu;af=r djrk gS] vkSj dkxt+ ij vk—fr fpf=r djrk gSA Sound Card ,d Computer esa Sound Output dk ç;ksx blfy, fd;k tkrk gS fd og fdlh Program ;k Game esa vkus okys lans'kksa dks çkIr dj

ldsA ;g Device Sound Card dgykrk gS tks fd Computer esa Free, 18 Expansion Slot ds ek/;e ls tksM+k tkrk gSA bldk ,d lkekU; dkj.k gS Multimedia dk iw.kZ mi;ksx] tks fd Recording rFkk Play Back Digital Audio }kjk laHko cuk;k tkrk gSA Speakers Speaker ,d ,slk Device gS ftlds ek/;e ls ge ,d Multimedia System ds vUrZxr Programs ds Sound ,oa Music vkfn dks vklkuh ls çkIr dj ldrs gSaA Speaker Hkh ,d Output Device gS] tks fdlh Program ds Output dks Sound ds :i esa çnku djrk gSA Speaker ds ek/;e ls ge Music, Games rFkk Movies dh fofHké vkokt+ksa

dk vkuan çkIr dj ldrs gSaA Storage Devices Storage Devices ds }kjk ge Data dks yEcs le; ds fy, laxzfgr djds j[k ldrs gSaA Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Tape Disk, DAT vkfn Storage Device ds mnkgj.k gSaA • Primary Storage ¼çkFkfed laxzg.k½ : ;g Computer dk dk;Zdkjh laxzg (Working Storage) gSA ;g Computer dk lcls

egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS] tgk¡ Data, lwpuk vkSj çksxzke ds nkSjku fLFkj jgrs gSa vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij rRdky çkIr fd;s tkrs gSaA Memory dks çkFkfed ¼Primary½ ;k eq[; Storage Hkh dgrs gSaA blesa laxzg ds fy, vusd LFkku gksrs gSa] ftudh la[;k fuf'pr~ gksrh gSA ;g

eSeksjh dh {kerk ;k vkdkj dgykrk gSA

• Secondary Storage ¼f}rh;d laxzg.k½ : ;g ,d LFkk;h eSeksjh gSA blesa Data vFkok Programs dks LFkk;h :i ls lqjf{kr djds

j[kk tk ldrk gS ,oa Hkfo"; esa viuh vko';drkuqlkj bls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl Memory esa lqjf{kr Data vFkok Programs dks ,d LFkku ls nlwjs LFkku ij LFkkukurfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Data Storage and Retrival Methods: Data dks laxzfgr djus ,oa vko';drkuqlkj iqu% çkIr djus gsrq fuEu i)fr;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS & • Sequential Access Method ¼Øfed vkSj lh/kk vfHkxeu½ : tc ge Computer dks funsZ'k nsrs gS fd Data vkSj Programms tks

iowZ ls laxzfgr gS dk mi;ksx fd;k tk, rks ;g laxzfgr Data vkSj Programs dh ;g izfØ;k gh vfHkxeu ;k Access dgykrh gSA eq[;

:i ls nks izdkj dh Access ;k vfHkxeu fof/k;k¡ gSaA Øfed vfHkxeu (Serial Access) vkSj lh/kk vfHkxeu (Direct Access )A Øfed

vfHkxeu esa Qkby esa mifLFkr vk¡dMsa+ mlh Øe esa izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA ftl Øe esa os laxzfgr fd;s x;s FksA blds foifjr] lh/ks vfHkxeu

(Direct Access) esa vk¡dMk+sa dks fdlh Hkh Øe esa izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk¡dM+ksa dk dksbZ Hkh Øe gks mUgsa ge lh/ks vfHkxeu (Direct Access ) ls fdlh Hkh Øe esa ¼c<+rs ;k ?kVrs½ izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

• Direct and Index Sequential Method : tc fdlh Qkby esa LVksj fd;s x;s Data vFkokPrograms dh lwfp Index ds :i esa

j[kh tkrh gS vkSj vko';drkuqlkj bl Index ls fdlh 19 Data vFkok Program rd igq¡pk tkrk gS]rks bls ^lkj.kh Øfed vfHkxeu fof/k*(Index Sequential Access Method) dgrs gSA fdlh iqLrd

esa nh xbZ foojf.kdk vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSA


13

SIMM lhEe (SIMM) ;k flaxy buykbu esaeksjh ekWM~;wy (Single In-line Memory Module) ,d Ádkj dk eseksjh ekikad (Module) gSa ftls ilZuy

dEI;wVjksa esa jSa.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh ds fy, Á;ksax fd;k tkrk gSaA ;g MhEe (DIMM) ls fHkUu gksrk gS ¼ MhEe vktdy esaeksjh ekikad dk

lokZf/kd Ácy :i gS½A lhEe ij lEidZ (Contacts) ekikad ds nksuksa vksj vuko';d (Redundant) gksrs gSaA vf/kdrj iqjkus ilZuy dEI;wVjksa ds enjcksMZ ¼8088 vk/kkfjr ih-lh-

rFkk ,Dl- Vh-½ lkWdsV ;qDr (Socketed) Mh-vkbZ-ih- fpi (DIP chips) dk Á;ksax djrs FksA 80286 vk/kkfjr ih-lh-@,-Vh-(PC/ATs) ds lkFk

ftlesa eseksjh dh cM+h ek=k dk Á;ksx gks ldrk Fkk] eseksjh ekikad (modules) esa enjcksMZ LFkku dh cpr ls ysdj eseksjh foLrkj.k dh

lgtrk rd ds fodkl gq,A 8 ;k 9 flaxy MhjSe Mhi fpi~l (Single DRAM DIP chips) dks Iyx djus ds ctk; ,d vfrfjDr eseksjh

ekikad dh vko';drk dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks c<k+us esa gksrk FkkA dqN 80286 vk/kkfjr dEI;wVkjksa esa ¼ vDlj ukWu&LVS.MMZ½ lhIi esaeksjh

(SIPP-Single In-line Pin Package) tSls eseksjh ekikad dk Á;ksx gksrk Fkk½ 30 fiu okyk lhIi Ák;% bULVkWys'ku ds nkSjku eqM+ tkrk ;k

VwV tkrk Fkk vr% mUgsa rRdky lhEe ds }kjk cnyk tkrk ftlesa fiu ds LFkku ij dkWUVsDV IysV~l (contant plates) dk Á;ksx gksrk

FkkA lcls igyk lhEe 80 ds e/; esa PS/2 ij utj vk;k Fkk ftls fLdi dkWiksyk (Skip Coppola) us ÁLrkfor fd;k Fkk tks vkbZ- ch- ,e- esa

FksA QyLo:i ml le; dh dbZ leL;kvksa dk lek/kku gqvk ftlesa enjcksMZ ij de txg ysuk rFkk rsth ls fodflr eseksjh {kerkvksa

ds ÁHkko Hkh 'kkfey FksA blds dkj.k fuekZ.k ¼ml le; dk vkbZ-ch-,e-½ fofHkUu (vendors) ls jSe fpIl~ (RAM chips) dks fofHkUu iSdsftax esa iqjkuh ds cnys bls fn;k x;kA lhEel~

(SIMMs) ds igys oSfj,.V (variant) esa 20 fiusa gksrh gSa rFkk 8 fcV MsVk ¼iSfjVh laLdj.k esa 9 fcVl~ ½ Ánku djrs FksA vr% flLVe

ftlesa 30 fiu lhEe dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh dks 4 ds lsVksa esa LFkkfir (Install) djuk gksrk FkkA ¼D;ksafd 80486 tSlsa Ákslsljksa esa 32 fcV

MsVk ikFk gksrs Fks lhEe (SIMMs) ds nwljs :ikUrj (variant) esa 72fiusa gksrh gSa rFkk 32 fcV MsVk ¼iSfjVh lLadj.k esa 32 fcV½ Ánku

djrs gSaA 1997 ds djhc] 72 fiu lhEe us 30 fiu lhEe dks ÁfrLFkkfir dj fn;kA eseksjh ekikad rFkk dqN Ákslsljksa ds vyx&vyx MsVk cl dh pkSMk+bZ ds dkj.k dHkh&dHkh dbZ ekikadks dks eseksjh cSad (memory bank)

dks Hkjus gsrq leku tksM+ksa ;k pkj ds leku tksMk+sa esa LFkkfir (Install) fd;k tkrk gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] 80386 ;k 80486 Á.kkfy;ksa ¼32 fcV

pkSMk+bZ okys MsVk cl½ esa ;k rksa 30&fiu ds lhEe vFkok 72&fiu ds lhEe dh vko';drk gksrh gSaA 20 igys ds lhEe lkWdsV ikjEifjd iq'k&Ádkj (push-type) lkWdsV gksrs FksA budks tYnh gh ftQ (ZIP-Zero Insertion Force) lkWdsVksa

(sockets) us ÁfrLFkkfir dj fn;k ftlesa lhEe dks Áfo"V dj rc rd ?kqek;k tkrk tc rd fd ;g viuh txg ij can ugha gksa tkrkA lhEe dks bULVkWy djus ds fy, ekikad (module) dks lkWdsV esa ,d dks.k ij fLFkr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk mls mlh fLFkfr esa ?kqek;k

tkuk pkfg,A mls gVkus ds fy, nks /kkrq vFkok IykfLVd ds fDyiksa (clips) dks ÁR;sad Nksj ij mlh vksj [khapk tkuk pkfg, fQj lhEe

dks ihNs >qdkdj ckgj fudkyuk pkfg,A igys ds lkWdsVksa esa IykfLVd fjVsuj fDyi (retainer clips) dk Á;ksx gksrk gS tks vDlj Vjw

tkrk FkkA vra% LVhy ds fDyi Á;ksx esa vkus yxsaA 30fiu lhEe ds 256 fdyksckbV] 1 esxkckbV] 4 esxkckbV]16 esxkckbV ekud vkdkj miyC/k gSa ogha 72 fiu ds lkFk lhEe 1] 2] 4] 16]

32] 64] 1280 esxkckbV esa miyC/k gSaA Various Storage Device ¼fofHké laxzg ek/;e½ % Magnetic Tape: dbZ o"kkZs a ls Magnetic Tape ,d egRoiw.kZ laxzg ek/;e ds :i esa mi;ksxh Device gS] ;|fi ;g Disk dh rqyuk esa

de yksdfiz; gS fdUrq bldk mi;ksx vusd izdkj ds Computers esa gksrk gS blesa izk;% ½ ¼vk/kk½ bap pkSM+h ,d IykfLVd eksbyj inkFkZ

dk Vsi ftldh lrg ij pqacdh; ysiu jgrk gS] fdlh jhy ;k dkWVsZªt esa fyiVh gks ldrh gSA bl Vsi esa vf/kd laxzg {kerk vkSj mPp

xfr ls dk;Z djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA ,d pkSFkkbZ ¼ vkSj ,d gtkj QhV yackbZ dh Vsi esa 10] 20] 30] 40 ;k 60MB ¼esxkckbV½ Data dks ,d ehVj esa laxzghr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dkWVªsZt Vsi fo'ks"kr% Harddisk ls Data vkSj Programs dk Backup izkIr djus ds fy,

mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA Magnetic Disk: orZeku esa Magnetic Disk ,d mi;ksxh vkSj fufoZokn laxzg ek/;e gS] D;ksafd blesa lh/kh vfHkxeu fof/k ls Data dks

rst+ xfr ls izkIr o laxzg fd;k tk ldrk gSA Magnetic Disk ds eq[; nks izdkj gS& 1. Hard Disk 2. Diskette (Floppy Disk) Cartridge Tape : ;g ,d IykfLVd ds NksVs dsl esa gksrh gSA Micro Computers esa Hard Disk ls Data dk Backup çkIr djus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Vsi vf/kd {kerk vkSj mPp xfr ls dk;Z djus okyh gksrh gSA 1¼ ¼lok bap½ vkSj 1000 QhV yackbZ dh Vsi esa 10]

20] 40 ;k 60 MB Data dks ,d ehVj esa laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Cartridge Tape fo'ks"kr% Hard Disk ls Data vkSj Programs dk

Backup ysus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA 21


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Hard Disk % NksVs Computers tSls Micro Computers vkSj Mini Computers esa Hard Disk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Hard Disk /kkrq dh vusd Disk Plates dk lewg gksrk gSA izR;sd Disk dh lrg ij pqacdh; inkFkZ dk ysiu gksrk gSA lHkh Disk Plates ,d LikbMy esa fijks;h x;h gksrh gSA

'kh"kZ Disk dh Åijh lrg vkSj fuEu lrg ds vfrfjDr izR;sd Disk dh nksuksa lrgksa ij Data laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd lrg ds

fy, ,d Read-Write Head gksrk gSA Disk mPp xfr ls ?kwerh gSA mi;qä Vªsd rd xfr djus ds fy, ,d ckj esa ,d gh Read-Write Head C.P.U. }kjk xfreku gksrk gSA Read-Write Head vU; VªsDl dks Read-Write fd;s fcuk lh/ks mlh Vªsd ij fLFkr gks tkrk gS] ftlesa

Data mifLFkr gSA bl izdkj Data dks Read-Write djus dh fØ;k lh/kh gksrh gS] blfy, bls Hard Disk dks Direct Access Storage

Device dgrs gSaA Floppy Disks : Floppy Disk ;k Diskette ,d IykfLVd ds vkoj.k (Jacate) esa eksbyj inkFkZ dh oÙkkdkj pdrh gksrh gSA ftldh lrg ij pqacdh;

inkFkZ dk ysiu gksrk gSA HardDisk ds leku bldh Hkh nksuksa lrgksa ij ladsanzhr VªsDl gksrs gSaA Floppy Disk dk vkoj.k blesa fLFkj

Disk dks [kjksap (Scratch) ls cpkrk gSA bldh pdrh 5¼ bap vkSj 3½ bap ds dsl esa miyC/k gksrh gSA Optical Disks: bl Js.kh esa os lkjs midj.k vkrs gSa] ftuesa Data dks Read / Write djus gsrq çdk'k dh fdj.kksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk

gSA blds fofHké çdkj fuEu gSa & Compact Disk (CD) : ;g ,d Optical ROM gksrh gSA blesa iw.kZ laxzghr Data dsoy Read fd;k tk ldrk gSA 1990 ds n'kd esa bl izdk'kh; Disk dk

fuekZ.k gqvkA bl Disk esa ystj+ fdj.k dh lgk;rk ls Data dks Read vkSj Write fd;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k bls Optical Disk dgrs

gSA ;g Disk jsft+u (Resin) inkFkZ tSls Polycarbonate ls cuh gksrh gSA ftldh lrg ij Aluminium inkFkZ dk ysi gksrk gSA ftlls

;g ijkorZu dk xq.k j[krh gSA Video Compact Disk (VCD) : VCD dk iz;ksx Special CD Format ds fy, rFkk ohfM;ks lwpukvksa dks laxzfgr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rFkk MPEG Compression

dk ç;ksx djds 74 fefuV dh Full Motion ohfM;ks Picture dh ,d CD cuk;h tk ldrh gSA bl Format dh ohfM;ks CD dks VCD

dgk tkrk gSA Compact Disk-ROM (CD-R) : lu~ 1990 esa CD-ROM dh rduhd esa fodkl vk;kA bl o"kZ ,d ,slh Drive dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftldk ç;ksx Special CD-ROM Disk ij Data Write djus ds fy, fd;k tkus yxkA blesa bl CD-ROM ds ikl ,d rkieku laosfnr ijr (Temperature Sensing Layer)

gksrh gS tks fd ,d Writing Layer }kjk ifjoÆrr dh tk ldrh gSA ge dsoy ml fMLd esa fdlh ,d fgLls ij ,d ckj esa gh Data Write dj ldrs gSaA CD-R Disk dks WORM (Write Once Read Many) fMLd Hkh dgrs gSaA Compact Disk-Rewritable (CD-RW) : orZeku le; esa ,d vU; çdkj dh fMLd miyC/k gSa ftls CD-RW dgrs gSaA blesa ,d gh fMLd ij ,d ls vf/kd ckj Data Store

dj ldrs gSa] fdUrq bl çdkj dh fMLd dks lHkh CD Drives }kjk ugh i<+k tk ldrk gSA lkjh ubZ Drives tks fd orZeku ehfM;k }kjk

rS;kj Laser Beam dks Lohdkj djrh gSa] mls Multiread dgrs gSaA Zip Drive : ;g ,d mPPk {kerk okyh Flopy Disk Drive gSA tks I-Omega Corporation }kjk fodflr dh xbZ gSA Zip Drive iqjkuh Flopy Disk dh

vis{kk vkdkj es FkksMh+ cMh+ vkSj eksVkbZ esa yxHkx nksxquh gSA blesa 100 MB Data laxzg.k dh {kerk gS] D;ksafd ;g vis{kk—r vf/kd [kphZyh

rFkk fo'oluh; gSA ;g ,d izpfyr ehfM;k gSA bldk iz;ksx Hard Disk ls Backup çkIr djus rFkk cMh+ Qkbyksa dks Hkstus esa gksrk gSA (Flash Drive) ¶YkS'k Mªkbo : USB ¶yS'k Mªkbo NAND- Ádkj dk ¶yS'k eseksjh MkVk LVksjst fMokbt gS] ftls ,d USB ¼ ;wfuolZy lhfj;y cl] Universal Serial

Bus½ bUVjQsl ds lkFk ,dhd`r (Integrated) fd;k tkrk gSaA ;s lkekU;r% NksVs]gYds]gVk;s tk ldus okys (Removable) rFkk nksckjk fy[ks tkus ;ksX; (Rewritable) gksrs gSaA Market esa 32 esaxkckbVksa ls ysdj 64 xhxkckbV rd dh {kerk okys USB ¶yS'k Mªkbo miyC/k

gSA USB ¶yS'k Mªkbo esa vU; iksVsZcy LVksjst fMokblksa fo'ks"kdj ¶ykWih fMLd dh vis{kk laHkkfor ykHk gSaA ;s vf/kd dkWEiSDV] lkekU;r%

vf/kd rhoz] vf/kd MkVk j[kus okys rFkk buds pfyr vaxks (Moving Parts) ds vHkko ,oa vf/kd fVdkÅ fMtkbu ds dkj.k ¶ykWih

fMLdksa ls vf/kd fo'oluh; gksrs gSA Mªkboksa ds ;s Ádkj USB ekl LVksjst LVS.MMZ (USB Mass Storage Standard) dk mi;ksx djrs gSA vk/kqfud vkWijsfVax flLVeksa tSls ykbuDl] eSd vks ,l

,Dl] ;wfuDl rFkk fo.Mkst rFkk LoHkkfod :i ls lefFkZr (Supported) gksrk gSA ¶yS'k Mªkbo esa ,d NksVk fÁUV fd;k gqvk lfdZV cksMZ gksrk gS] ftls IykfLVd ;k /kkrq ds vkoj.k ls <dk tkrk gS vkSj ftlls Mªkbo

bruk etcrw gks tkrk gS fd mls pkHkh fjax esa ;k fQj Mksjh esa yxkdj ikWdsV esa j[kk tk ldrk gSaA dsoy USB dusDVj gh bl dop

ls ckgj fudyk gqvk gksrk gS vkSj tks lkekU;r% ,d gVk;s tk ldus okys dSi ls <dk gksrk gSaA vf/kdka'k ¶yS'k Mªkbo ,d ekud

izdkj ds A USB dusD'ku dk mi;ksx djrk gS] ftlls bls fdlh O;fDrxr dEI;wVj ds iksVZ ls lh/ks&lh/ks dusDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA 23 ¶yS'k Mªkbo esa laxzghr MkVk dks ,Dlsl djus ds fy,] Mªkbo dks dEI;wVj ls ;k dEI;wVj esa fufeZr USB gkWLV dUVªksyj (USB host controller) esa Iyx djds ;k USB gc esa Iyx djds dusDV fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¶yS'k Mªkbo rHkh lfØ; gksrk gS] tc bls USB


15

dusD'ku esa Iyx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g bl dusD'ku }kjk miyC/k djk;s x;h vkiwfrZ esa ls vko';d 'kfDr [khaprk gSA gkykafd] dqN

¶yS'k Mªkbo] fo'ks"kdj USB 2.0 LVS.MMZ dk mi;ksx djus okys mPp xfr ds Mªkboksa dks cl }kjk 'kfDr ÁnŸk USB gc (Bus-Powered

USB hub) ] tSls & dqN dEI;wVj dh & cksMksZa ;k ekWuhVjksa esa fufeZr] }kjk miyC/k djk;s x;h lhfer ek=k dh 'kfDr dh vis{kk vf/kd

'kfDr dh vko';drk iMr+h gSA ;s Mªkbo rc rd dk;Z ugha djsaxs]tc rd bUgsa lh/ks gkWLV dUVªksyj ¼vFkkZr~]Lo;a dEI;wVj esa ik;s tkus

okys iksVZ½ ;k Lor% 'kfDr ÁnŸk gc (self powered hub) ls Iyx ugha dj fn;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud ¶yS'k Mªkboksa esa USB 2.0 dusfDVfoVh yxh gksrh gS] rFkkfi NAND ¶yS'k esa vUrfuZfgr rduhdh lhekvksa ds dkj.k ;g orZeku

esa iwjs 480 Mbit/s ds LislhfQds'ku liksVZ (Specification Support) dk mi;ksx ugha djrh gSaA orZeku esa miyC/k rhozre Mªkbo ,d

nksgjs pSuy fu;U=d (Dual Channel Controller) dk mi;ksx djrh gSa] gkykafd ;g vHkh&Hkh orZeku ;qx ds gkMZ fMLd esa laHkkfor

LFkkukUrj.k nj (Transfer Rate) ;k egŸke xfr okys USB 2.0 ls dkQh gn rd de gSaA ,d lkekU; leLr Qkby ds LFkkukUrj.k dh xfr yxHkx 3mbps/s gksrh gSA orZeku esa egŸke leLr Qkby LFkkukUrj.k xfr yxHkx

10&25 mbps /s gSA iqjkus] "Full Speed" 12mbit/s okys fMokblksa dh lhek vf/kd ls vf/kd yxHkx 1mbps/s gksrh gSA (Blu Ray Disk) Cyw js fMLd: Cyw js]ftls Cyw&js fMLd (BD) Hkh dgk tkrk gS] Cyw&js fMLd ,lksfl,'ku (BDA) ] llakj dh vxz.kh miHkksDrk bysDVªksfuDl] dEI;wVj

rFkk ehfM;k fuekZrk dk ,d lewg ¼ ftlesa ,iy] Msy] fgVkph] ,p-ih-]ts-oh-lh-] ,yth-]feRlqfc'kh] iSuklksfud] ik;ksfu;j] fQfyIl]

lSelax] 'kkiZ] lksuh] Vh-Mh-ds rFkk VkWelu lfEefyr gSa½ }kjk laq;Dr :i ls fodflr fd;s vxyh ih<h+ ds vkWfIVdy fMLd QkWesZV dk

uke gSA bl QkWesZV dk fodkl fjdkWfMZax] fjjkbfVax rFkk gkbZ&fMfQus'ku fofM;ks+ (High-Definition, Video, HD) ds Iys cSad rFkk lkFk&gh

&lkFk MkVk ds ,d cM+h ek=k dks laxzghr djus ;ksX; cukus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ;g QkWesV ijEijkxr DVDs dh laxzgj.k {kerk

ik¡p xquk ls vf/kd dh {kerk j[krk gS rFkk ,dy Lrjh; fMLd es 25GB ,oa nksgjs Lrjh; fMLd esa 50 GB rd j[k ldrk gSA bl

vfrfjDr {kerk dks fodflr fofM;ks ,oa vkWfM;ks dksMsDl (Codecs) ds lkFk la;ksftr djus ij miHkksDrkvksa dks ,d vHkwriowZ vuqHko

izkIr gksrk gSA tgk¡ orZeku vkWfIVdy fMLd rduhdsa] Example : DVD , DVD+R , DV+RW rFkk DVD-RAM MkVk dks jhM jkbV djus

ds fy, yky yslj ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA ogha u;k QkWeZV blds LFkku ij uhyk&cSaxuh yslj dk mi;ksx djrk gSA blfy, bldk uke

Cyw&js gSA fofHké izdkj ds ysljksa ds mi;ksx ds ckotw+n Cyw&js mRikn dks BD/DVD/CD dkWEisfVcy vkWIfVdy fidvi ;wfuV ds iz;ksx

ds }kjk lQyrkiowZd CDS vkSj DVDS ds LFkku ij cSdokMZ dkWEisfVcy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA uhyk&cSaxuh ystj+ ¼405nm½ ds mi;ksx

dk YkkHk ;g 24 gS]fd bldk rjaxnS/;Z yky ysTk+j (650nm) dh vis{kk NksVk gksrk gSA ftlds YksTkj+ LikWV ij vkSj vf/kd 'kq)rk ds lkFk Qksdl djuk

laHko gks tkrk gSA blls MkVk dks vf/kd dl&dj Pack fd;k tk ldrk gS]vkSj de LFkku esa laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ,d

CD/DVD ds vkdkj ds leku gksus ds ckot+wn fMLd ij vf/kd MkVk dks fQV djuk laHko gks tkrk gSA blds vkSj Numerical Aperture dks 0-85 ls ifjofrZr ds dkj.k Cyw&js fMLd 25 GB,50 GB j[kus ;ksX; cu tkrk gSA Cyw&js orZeku esa nqfu;k¡ ds 180 ls vf/kd vxz.kh miHkksDrk bysDVªkWfuDl] O;fDrxr daI;wVj] fjdkWfMax ehfM;k] ohfM;ksxse rFkk laxhr

daifu;ksa }kjk lefFkZr gA bl QkWeZsV dks cMs+ eowh LVwfM;ks ls Hkh vkt ds DVD ds QkWesZV ds mRrjkf/kdkjh ds :i esa O;kid leFkZu izkIr

gSA okLro esa vkB cMs+ eowh LVwfM;ks esa ls lkr ¼fMTk+uh] QkWDl] ouZj] iWjkekmUV] lksuh]YkkW;UlxsV rFkk ,e lh ,e½ Cyw&js QkWe sZV dk

leFkZu djrs gSA rFkk muesa ls ik¡p ¼fMTk+uh] QkWDl] ouZj] iWjkekmUV] lksuh]YkkW;UlxsV rFkk ,e lh ,e½ viuh ewfo;ksa dks dsoy Cyw&js

QkWesZV esa gh fjyht+ djrs gSA dbZ LVwfM;ks us ;g ?kks"k.kk Hkh dh gS fd os dbZ Qhpj fQYeksa dks Cyw&js fMLdksa ij fjyht+ djuk vkjEHk

djsaxsa vkSj lkFk gh lkFk izR;sd ekg esa ,d yxkrkj VkbfVyksa dk dSVykWx Hkh yk,saxsA (SD Memory Card) ,l Mh eSeksjh dkMZ : ,l Mh dk vFkZ gS flD;ksj fMthVyA flD;ksj fMthVy (SD) ,d ¶yS'k (Non Voltile) eSeksjh dkMZ QkWesZV gSA ftldk fodkl ekRlqf'krk]

lsu fMLd rFkk rks'khck }kjk iksVsZcy fMokblksa ftuesa fMthVy dSejk] gkFk ij j[ks tk ldus okys daI;wVj PDAs rFkk GPS Unit lfEEkyhr

gS] esa mi;ksx ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk A ,d Mh dkMZ dh {kerk esa 8]16]64]128]256 rFkk 512 mb. 1,2,4,6,8 GB lfEeyhr gSA (MMC Memory Card) MMC eseksjh dkMZ : eYVhehfM;k dkMZ (MMC) ,d ¶yS'k eseksjh dkMZ dk ekud gSaA bldk vukoj.k 1997 esa lhesUl , th rFkk lSu fMLd }kjk fd;k x;k

rFkk ;g rks'khck ds NAND vk/kkfjr ¶yS'k eseksjh ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj blfy, ;g iwoZ ds flLVeksa] tks fd bUVsy ds NOR vk/kkfjr

eseksjh rFkk Compact Flash dh vis{kk dkQh NksVk gSaA MMC dk vkdkj ,d Mkd fVdV ds yxHkx cjkcj gS % 24mm* 32mm*1.4mm A MMC ewy :i ls ,d fcV ds lhfj;y bUVjQsl dk iz;ksx djrh gS] ijUrq u, :ikUrj.kksa ds fofunsZ'ku (specifications) esa ,d le;

esa 4 ;k dHkh&dHkh 8 Hkh LFkkukUrj.k gks ldrs gSaA budk LFkku djhc&djhc flD;ksj fMftVy dkMksaZ (SD Card) us ys fy;k gS] ijUrq

vHkh Hkh bldk egŸoiw.kZ mi;ksx gSa] D;ksafd MMC dkMksZa dk iz;ksx vf/kdka'k fMokblksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gS tks ,l dkMksZa dk leFkZu

djrs gSa rFkk ;s ,l Mh dkMksZa ls lLrs Hkh iM+rs gSA fof'k"Vr% ,d MMC dkMZ dk mi;ksx iksVsZcy fMokbl ds fy, LVksjst ehfM;k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] bl :i esa fd mls fdlh PC }kjk ,Dlsl djus ds fy, ljyrkiowZd gVk;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] ,d fMftVy dSejk best Qkbyksa dks laxzg djus ds fy,

,d MMC Card dk mi;ksx djrh gSaA ,d MMC 25 reader ¼lkekU;r% ,d NksVk cDlk tks USB ;k dqN vU; lhfj;y dusD'ku }kjk dusDV djrk gS] gkykafd dqN dks dEI;wVj ds lkFk

gh ,dh—r :i esa ik;k tk ldrk gSa½ ds lkFk] iz;ksDrk fMftVy dSejk }kjk fy, x, fp=ksa dks vius dEI;wVj esa dkWih dj ldrk gSaA


16

vk/kqfud dEI;wVjksa] ySiVkWi ,oa MsLdVkWi nksuksa]esa Ák;% ,l Mh LykWV gksrs gSa] tks vfrfjDr :i ls MMC Cards dks jhM dj ldrk gSA

;fn vkWijsfVax flLVe dk Mªkboj mls leFkZu nsrk gSaA orZeku esa MMC dkMZ 4GB] 8GB rFkk 16 GB Model esa miyC/k gSaA budk mi;ksax yxHkx izR;sd ml izdj.k esa gksrk gSa] ftlesa esaeksjh

dkMksZa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSa] tSls & lsY;wyj Qksu] fMftVy vkWfM;ks Iys;j] fMftVy dSejk rFkk PDAS A flD;ksj fMftVy dkMZ rFkk

SDIO ¼flD;ksj fMftVy buiqV@vkmViqV½ LykWV ds vkxeu ds le; ls gh dqN gh dEifu;k¡ vius fMokblksa esa MMC LykWVksa dk

fuekZ.k dj jgh gS] ysfdu gYds irys] fiu dkWEiSfVcy MMC Cards dks yxHkx fdlh Hkh mu fMokblksa esa mi;ksax fd;k tk ldrk gS

tks ,l Mh dkMksZa dk leFkZu djrh gSa] ;fn ml fMokbl ds lkW¶Vos;j@QeZos;j mudk leFkZu djrs gSaA bldk ,d viokn dqN

eksckby fMokbl tSls uksfd;k 9300 dE;wfudsVj gS] tgk¡ MMC Card ds NksVk vkdkj dk ,d ykHk gSaA ,l Mh rFkk ,e ,e lh esaeksjh dkMZ esa vUrj (Differences between SD and MMC Memory Card): ,l Mh dkMZ iqjkus eYVhehfM;k dkMZ (MMC) Ák:i ij vk/kkfjr gS] ysfdu buesa dbZ vUrj gS % ,l Mh dkMZ vlefer vkdkj (Asymmetrically Shaped) dk gksrk gS rkfd bls mYVk (Upside down) Áfo"V ugha djk;k tk ldrk]

tcfd ,e ,e lh dkMZ dbZ rjg ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ;fn bls mYVk (Inverted) dj fn;k tk;s rks] dkWUVsUV ugha cuk ik;sxkA vf/kdka'k ,l Mh dkMZ HkkSfrd :i ls ,e ,e lh dkMksZa dh vis{kk vf/kd eksVs gksrs gSaA ,l Mh dkMZ lkekU;r% 32mm*24mm*2.1mm

dh eki dk gksrk gS] ysfdu 1.4mm ds ftruk iryk Hkh gks ldrk gS] fcYdqy MMC dkMksZa dh rjgA ,l Mh LykWV okys fMokbl irys ,e ,e lh dkMksZa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS] ysfdu ekud ,l Mh dkMZ irys ,e ,e lh LykWVksa esa

fQV ugha vk;saxs ,l Mh dkMZ dkWEiSDV ¶yS'k ;k ih lh dkMZ LykWVksa esa ,d ,MsIVj ds lkFk iz;qDr gks ldrs gaA feuh ,l Mh rFkk

ekbØks ,l Mh dkMksZa dks ,d HkkSfrd bUVjQsl ,MsIVj }kjk lh/ks ,l Mh LykWV esa iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA USB dusDVj ds lkFk dqN ,l Mh dkMZ gksrs gSa] tks nksgjs mÌs'; gsrq mi;ksx gksrs gSa vkSj ,l dkMZ jhMj gksrs gSa] tks SD Card dks dksbZ

dusfDVfoVh iksVksZa ;Fkk USB, Qk;j ok;j rFkk lkekU; iSjsyy iksVZ] ds :i esa ,Dlsl djus dh vuqefr Ánku djrs gSA ,l Mh dkMZ dks

¶yS'k ikFk ,MsIVj (Flash Path Adapter) ds lkFk ,d ¶ykWih fMLd Mªkbo }kjk Hkh ,Dlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA DVD : DVD ¼tks fMftVy olsZVkby fMLd (Digital Versatile Disc) ;k xyr <+ax ls fMftVy fofM;ks fMLd ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSa½ ,d

vkWfIVdy fMLd LVksjst ehfM;k QkWesZV gS ftldk mi;ksx MkVk laxzg.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa mPPk fofM;ksa ,oa lkm.M DokfyVh

okys eowht 'kkfey gSaA DVDs dkWEiSDV fMLdksa ds leku fn[krs gSa D;ksafd muds O;kl leku gksrs gSa ¼120mm ;k 4-72 bap vFkok dHkh&dHkh

80mm ;k 3-15 bap½] ijUrq budks vyx QkWesZV ,oa mPprj ?kuRo (Higher density) ij ,udksM fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh Ready-only DVD fMLdksa] buds VkbZi ds ijokg ds fcuk] DVD-ROM fMLdsa gksrh gSA blesa fjfIydsVsM (Replicated) ¼QDVjh ÁsLM½] fjdkMsZM ¼cu~ZM½]fofM;ksa]

vkWfM;ksa rFkk MkVk DVDs lfEefyr gSaA mfpr :i ls QkWesZV fd;k gqvk rFkk lajpukRed fofM;ksa dkWUVsUV (Structured Video Content) okys DVD, DVD-Video Disc gksrh gSaA mfpr :i ls QkWesaV afd;k gqvk rFkk ljapukRed vkWfM;ksa okyk DVD, DVD Audio Disc gksrk gSA

blds vfrfjDr lHkh dqN ¼ fofM;ksa ds lkFk DVD Disc ds vU; Ádkj Hkh½ dks ,d DVD Data Disc ds :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gSA DVD in dks u, fofM;ks QkWesZVksa& Blu-Ray rFkk HD-DVD nksuksa dk o.kZu ,d lkekU; in (Generic Term) ds :i esa ykxw djus ds fy,

Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA rkfydk 6-3 esa DVD dks muds O;kl rFkk {kerk ds lkFk lwphc) fd;k x;k gSA HkkSfrd vkdkj ,dy Lrj {kerk ¼GB esa½ nksgjk Lrj {kerk ¼GB esa½ 12cm, ,dy lkbMsM 4-7 8-5 12cm, nksgjk lkbMsM 9-4 17-1 8cm, ,dy lkbMsM 1-4 2-6 8cm, nksgjk lkbMsM 2-8 5-2 DVD-RW: DVD-RW ,d nksckjk fy[kus ;ksX; vkWfIVdy fMLd gS ftldh laxzg.k {kerk DVD-R ds leku gksrh gS tks fd lkekU;r% 4-7GB gksrh

gSA QkWesZV dks ik;ksfu;j }kjk uoEcj 1999 esa fodflr fd;k x;k rFkk DVD QkWje }kjk vuqeksfnr fd;k x;k gSaA DVD- ROM ds

foijhr] ;g yxHkx 75% ijEijkxr DVD player ij pykus ;ksX; ¼Playable) gksrk gSADVD-RW dk izeq[k ykHk DVD-R dh vis{kk bls

gSA ;g feVk;k(ERASE) tk ldrk gS] rFkk nksckjk fy[kk (Re-Write) tk ldrk gSA ik;ksfu;j ds vuqlkj DVD-RW Disks dks cnys tkus

dh vko';drk ds iwoZ yxHkx ,d gtkj ckj fy[kk tk ldrk gS] vkSj bl izdkj ;g CD-RW ds ekud ds lkFk rqyuk djus ds ;ksX;

gks tkrk gSA DVD-RW Disks dk lkekU; mi;ksx lekIr gks tkus okys (Volatile) MkVk tSls cSdviksa ;k Qkbyksa ds lewgksa ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gSA budk mi;ksx ?kjsyw DVD Video Recorders ds fy, Hkh c<+ jgk gSA iqu% fy[kus ;ksX; fMLdksa ds iz;ksx djus dk ,d ykHk ;g

Hkh gS] fd ;fn MkVk dks 27 fjdkWMZ djus esa fy[kus dh =qfV;k¡ gksrh gSA rks Hkh fMLd cckZn ugha gksrk gSA rFkk =qVhiw.kZ MkVk dks feVkdj fQj ls MkVk dks laXkzg

fd;k tk ldrk gSA 28


17

Unit-III

Computer Softwares Computer esa rS;kj fd;s x, Programs ds lewg dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, ekuo }kjk funsZ'k nsus

dh fof/k 'Software' ds :i esa gksrh gSA Software ekuo vkSj Computer ds e/; ijLij lEidZ

LFkkfir djrk gSA Computer Softwares and its Need : Need eNyh ds fy;s ikuh dk egRo gksrk gS ogh egRo Computer System ds fy;s Software dk

gksrk gSA ,d fuf'pr~ dk;Z dks lEiUu djus ds fy, funsZ'kks dk lewg Program ;k Software dgykrk

gSA Program ds ek/;e ls fn;s x;s funsZ'k Computer dks Input fØ;k Data izfØ;k vkSj ifj.kkeksa

dks iznku djus dk funsZ'ku djrs gSA Software ds ek/;e ls gh Computer System ds lHkh miyC/k gkMZos;j llak/kuksa dk mi;ksx djuk

laHko gSA Software dbZ Programs ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA tks fofHkUu Functions dks Execute ¼fØ;kfUor½

djrs gSaA Types Of Software vyx&vyx mn~ns’;ksa ds fy;s vyx&vyx Softwares dh vko’;drk gksrh

gSA O;ogkfjd :i ls Softwares dks eq[; :i ls 3 eq[; oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS- System Softwares ;g dE;wVj flLVe dk ,d vko';d Hkkx gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dk izca/ku ,oa fu;=a.k

djrs gSaA rkfd Application Software vius dk;Z dks ijwk dj ldsA System Software dk mn~ns’;

dEI;wVj ds tfVy midj.kksa fo’ks"kdj Memory, Display, Keyboard, Printer vkfn dks Application Software ls njw j[kuk gSA Operating System bldk Li"V mnkgj.k gSA Device Drivers, Diagnostic tools, Utilities vkfn Hkh

System Software gh gSaA Application Softwares ;s Softwares, User }kjk bfPNr dke dks djus ds fy;s izR;{k :i ls dEI;wVj dh {kerkvka dks

fu;ksftr djrk gSA blds lkekU; mnkgj.k Word Processor, Spread sheet ,oa Media Player gSA dHkh&dHkh dbZ Applications dks ,d lkFk ,d Package ds :Ik esa caMy dj Application suite ds

:Ik esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA MS Office rFkk Open office.org blds mnkgj.k gS] tks Word Processor, spread sheet rFkk vU;

dbZ applications dks lek;ksftr djrs gSaA Programing Softwares ;s Softwares lkekU;r% fdlh Programmer dks fofHkUu Programming Languages dks vf/kd

lqfo/kk iwoZd rjhds ls mi;ksx djrs gq, dEI;wVj Program vkSj Software fy[kus esa lgk;rk gsrq

tools miyC/k djkrk gSA 29 bu tools esa text editor, compiller, interpretor, linker, debugger vkfn 'kkfey gSaA ,d Integrated

Develop ment Environment (IDE) bu lHkh tools dks ,d Software ds caMy esa merge dj nsrk

gSA lkekU;r% IDE ,d fodflr GUI gksrk gS] blfy;s Programs dks Compiling , Interpreting, debugging vkfn ds fy;s cgqr ls Commands dks type djus dh t:jr ugha iMr+hA Compiler, Interpreter & Aassembler Source code ds fuekZ.k ds ckn mls dEi;wVj ij execute djus ls igys Machine code ( 1 & 0 dh

,d series) esa ifjofrZr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g dk;Z nks izdkj ds Programmes dh

lgk;rk ls lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA Compiler executable file cukus ds fy;s source code dks Machine code esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA bl executable

file ds component, object code dgykrs gSaA Programme ,d ckj compile gks tkus ds ckn Lora=

:Ik ls (Stand alone) executable file cu tkrk gSA ftldks execute gksus ds fy;s Compiler dh

vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA fulansg izR;sd programming language dks Compiler dh vko';drk gksrh

gS tks code dks ifjofrZr djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s C Hkk"kk dks C Compiler ,o aPascal dks Pascal Compiler dh vko';drk gksrh gSA


18

Interpreter ;g ,d izksxzke gksrk gS tks High level language esa fy[ks izksxzke ds izR;sd instruction dks ckjh&ckjh

ls Machine language esa ifjofrZr djds execute djrk gSA ;g lHkh funsZ'kksa dks ,d lkFk Machine language esa ifjofrZr ugha djrk gSA ;g memory esa de LFkku ?ksjrk gSA ;g source programme dh eseksjh esa object programme Hkh ugha cukrk gSA D;ksafd izR;sd instruction dks interpret djus ds

lkFk gh ;g mls execute Hkh dj nsrk gSA ;fn fdlh instruction esa dskbZ error gS rks ;g mls rRdky

bafxr Hkh djrk gSA bl izdkj errors dks <wa<uk interpreters dh enn ls vklku gSA ysfdu pawfd

;g dksbZ object programme ugha cukrk gSA blfy;s High level language dk izksxzke tc Hkh ge iqu%

execute djsaxs rks bldk vuqokn Machine language eas interpreter iqu% djsxkA vr% interpreter dh

lnSo vko';drk jgrh gSA LISP, BASIC, PEARL dqN yksdfiz; interpreted programs gSaA Assembler ,d izksxzke tks Assebly language dks Machine language esa vuqokn djrk gSA ;g interpreter vkSj

Compiler dh Hkkafr High level language dks Machine language dks vuqokn djrk gSA ;g

Mneumonic code dks Binary code esa cnyrk gSA Utility Softwares Application software, Computer hardware, Operating system ds izca/ku esa lkeatL; fcBkus rFkk

,d ;k ,d vf/kd dk;ksZa dh NksVh Ja[kyk dks lEiUu djkus esa lgk;rk iznku djus ds fy;s bUgsa

fos'ks"k :Ik ls 30 fMtkbZu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls Disk difrgemetar, Virus scanner, compression utility, encryption

utility vkfnA • Batch Processing • Multi Programming 31 • Multi Processing • Single User System Single User Operating System esa ,d Program dks ,d ckj esa fØ;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA igys ds

le; esa Operating System Single User gksrs Fks] vkSj vkt ds vf/kdka'k Micro Computers esa Hkh Single User

Operating System dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl Operating System esa ,d ls vf/kd Programs ,d

ckj esa fØ;kfUor ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSA blfy, bl System esa Program ,d Line esa O;ofLFkr

jgrs gSaA • Batch Processing Batch Processing ,d cgqr iqjkuk rjhdk gSA ftlds ek/;e ls fofHké Data Processing Centers ij

dk;kasZ dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Operating System dh ;g rduhd Automatic Job ifjorZu ds fl)kar ij fuHkZj gSA ;gh fl)kar vf/kdka'k Operating System }kjk iznku fd;k

tkrk gSA Batch Processing dks ge Serial Sequecial Off Line vFkok Stacked Job Processing Hkh

dgrs gSA tc Computer bl rduhd ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks Input Data dks fØ;kfUor

djus ds fy, Operators dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA ;g dk;Z Lor% gh gks tkrk gA blesa cgqr ls

vyx&vyx dk;Z ,d gh le; esa ,d&,d djds fØ;kUo;u ds nkSjku fd;s tk ldrs gS] blesa

Operators ds gLr{ksi dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA • Multi Programming Operating System fo'ks"k Programs dk ,d lewg gSA tks Computer dh fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu djrs

gSa] vkSj Computer dh fØ;kvksa dks ,d Program ls nlwjs Program esa LFkkukrafjr djds xfr nsrk

gSA Operating System vusd dk;ksZa dks ,d lkFk djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSA ftls Multi Programming

dgrs gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Programs dk ,d gh le; esa Computer }kjk fØ;kfUor

gksuk Multi Programming dgykrk gSA dqN Multi Programming Systems esa dqN fuf'pr~ dk;Z gh

fØ;kfUor fd;s tkrs gSA mUgsa Multi Programming with Fixed Task dgrs gS] rFkk tgk¡ ij dk;kasZ dh

la[;k vfuf'pr~ gksrh gSA ogk¡ mUgsa Multi Programming with Variable Task dgrs gSA • Multi Processing


19

Multi Processing 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx] Processing 'kCnksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ nks

;k nks ls vf/kd Processer ,d&nwljs ls tqMs+ jgrs gSA blizdkj ds System esa fofHkUu rFkk Lora=

Programs ds funsZ'k ,d gh le; esa ,d ls vf/kd Processers }kjk fØ;kfUor fd;s tkrs gS ;k

Processers }kjk fofHké funsZ'kksa dk fØ;kUo;u ,d ds ckn ,d fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd ,d gh

Program ls izkIr gq, gks bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd Multi Processing dk iz;ksx vkil esa

tqM+s gq, Computer ftuesa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd C. P. U. yxs gksA rFkk muesa ;g {kerk gks fd og

fofHké Programs dk fØ;kUo;u ,d lkFk dj ldsA 32

Disk Operating System (DOS)

DOS Hardware o Software ds chp laca/k LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA MS-DOS Disk ij mifLFkr

fofHkUUk izdkj ds midj.kksa dks lapkfyr ,oa fu;af=r djus ds fy, vyx&vyx Commands miyC/k

djkrk gSA pwafd DOS Disk ls lEcaf/kr dk;Z djrk gS] bl dkj.k bls Disk Operation System dgk

tkrk gSA Disk ds Physical Structure ds varxZr vyx&vyx Files o Directories vkfn vkrs gSa] ftUgsa Store djus ds

fy;s fofHkUu çdkj ds Drives vkfn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Introduction History and Version of MS Dos MS DOS dk iwjk uke Microsoft Disk Operating System gSA bldk Use Micro Computer esa fd;k

tkrk gSA IBM Company us lu~ 1980&81 esa vius Computer ds fy, PC DOS uked Operating System Develop fd;kA blds ckn Bill Gates us viuh Company, Microsoft Corporation ds ek/;e

ls vxLr lu~ 1981 esa Microsoft DOS 1.0 Version dks Launch fd;k x;kA ;g OS flQZ 8 KB

Memory esa dk;Z dj ldrk FkkA blds ckn 1.1 Version 1982 esa Develop fd;k x;k tks fd 320

KB Memory esa dk;Z djus esa l{ke FkkA bu nksuks OS ds ckn Versions esa dbZ ifjorZu fd;s x, vkSj

bUgsa bl çdkj Upgrade fd;k x;k fd os 20 MB Hardisk vkSj 640 KB Memory ij dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA DOS ds vU; izeq[k Versions 2-0] 3-0] 4-0] 6-0] 6-22 vkfn gSaA DOS ds }kjk fuEu dk;Z fd;s tk ldrs gSa & • DOS esa ubZ File cukbZ tk ldrh gSA • iqjkuh File dks Delete fd;k tk ldrk gSA • File dks Rename ¼uke ifjofrZr½ fd;k tk ldrk gSA • Disk esa mifLFkr Files dh List dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA • ubZ Disk dks Format fd;k tk ldrk gSA • Virus dks Search vkSj Delete fd;k tk ldrk gSA

DOS Basics: Physical Structure of Disk Disk dks laxfBr djus gsrq DOS bUgsa nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrk gS System Area rFkk Data AreaA System Area yxHkx Disk esa 2 çfr'kr LFkku ?ksjrk gSA blesa Disk dh ewy lwpuk dk C;ksjk j[kk

tkrk gSA System Area dks DOS rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrk gS tks Boot, FAT (File Allocation Table) rFkk Root Directory gksrs gSaA Data Area og Hkkx gS ftlesa User }kjk fn;k x;k Data vFkok funsZ'k lqjf{kr

gksrs gSaA Drive Name Simple Hard Disk ij vyx&vyx&2 dk;ksZa dks ugha fd;k tk ldrk A bl dkj.k mifLFkr Disk ds

vyx&vyx Hkkx (Partition) rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA bu Hkkxksa dks gh Drive dgk tkrk gS rFkk bu Hkkxksa

dks cukrs le; fn;s tkus okys Name, Drive Name dgykrs gSaA 33 Drive dks DOS esa fdlh Alphabat vkSj Colon (:) fpUg ds }kjk O;ä fd;k tkrk gSA tSls &(A: C: o

D: Etc.) Computer esa fLFkr lHkh izdkj dh Disk ds fy, DOS ,d Drive fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA Micro Computers esa Floppy Disk, Compact Disk o Hard Disk vkfn iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA buds Drive Names dks A: C: o D: vkfn ls O;ä fd;k tkrk gSA FAT bls File Allocation Table dgk tkrk gSA bldk ç;ksx Hard Disk ea Data dks Table ds #i esa çnf'kZr

djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tc fdlh Hkh çdkj dh File ;k Directory dks cukdj Disk ij Save


20

fd;k tkrk gS] rks FAT bls Table ds #i esa cnydj Disk ij iznf'kZr djrk gSA blds fy, FAT ds

,d vU; çdkj FAT-32 dk iz;ksXk Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA File Computer esa Data vkSj Information dks Store djus ds fy, ,d bdkbZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS

ftls File dgrs gSaA ;g Electronic fof/k ls Store dh tkrh gSA bl dkj.k bls Electronic File Hkh

dgrs gSaA Electronic File dks eq[; #i ls Data vkSj Information dks Secondary Storage midj.kksa ij Store djus ds fy,

Use fd;k tkrk gSA File dqN rRoksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS tks fuEu gS & Character Field Record Character : Character ge mu v{kjksa dks dgrs gS tks fd fdlh Information dk fuekZ.k djus dk

dk;Z djrs gaSA Field : Field og LFkku gksrk gS tgk¡ ij Records dks Store djds j[kk tkrk gSA Record : Field es Store dh tkus okyh Informations dks Record dgk tkrk gSA Directory og LFkku tgk¡ ,d lkFk dbZ izdkj dh Files dks laxzfgr djds j[kk tkrk gS Directory

dgykrh gSA Directory esa vU; Directories dks Hkh cuk;k ;k Store fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftUgs Sub

Directories dgk tkrk gSA Sub Directory esa vusd Files ,oa Sub Directories dks j[kk tk ldrk gS A Rules For Naming Files : MS-DOS esa File ,oa Directory ds uke dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fuEu fu;e gSa & • File Name ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa & o Primary File Name : File dk Primary Name vf/kdre 8

Characters esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA o Extension Name : ;g vf/kdre rhu Characters esa fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g File ds

Nature, izdkj ;k fo'ks"krk dks O;ä djrk gSA 34 • Primary File Name ,oa Extension ds chp dot (.) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A • iwjs File Name esa Characters ds chp [kkyh Space ugha fn;k tk ldrkA • nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Files ds uke ,d leku ugha gks ldrsA • ,sls File ;k Directory Name ugha fn;s tk ldrs ftuds 'kCn MS-DOS esa fo'ks"k vFkZ j[krs gSaA

vFkkZr MS DOS dh Commands dks File ;k Directory Name ds #i esa iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

• File Name esa fo'k"k fpUgksa dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Booting Process Booting og Process gS ftlds }kjk Operating System, Computer dh Primary Memory esa Load gks

tkrk gSA tc Computer dks On fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g dbZ Steps ls gksdj xqtj+rk gS] ftlls User Computer ls laca/k LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA ;s Steps fuEufyf[kr gSa & • Computer ds ROM esa ,sls Instructions Store gksrs gSa tks Computer dks Start djus ds fy;s

vko';d gksrs gSaA ROM BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Out Put Service or System) blh

izdkj ds Instructions gksrs gSaA tc Computer dks On fd;k tkrk gS rks dqN fo'ks"k Instructions dk Set ftls POST (Power On Self Test) dgrs gSa] Computer ds çR;sd Function Area dks Check djrk

gSA ;fn dksbZ Error vkrh gSa] rks mls Screen ij Display djrk gSA • blds ckn DOS, io.Sys rFkk msdos.Sys File dks Search djrk gSA ;s Files, Drive dh Root Directory esa Store gksrh gSa] ijUrq Directory Listing esa fn[kkbZ ugh nsrhA • blds i'pkr~ Config.Sys File dks Check fd;k tkrk gSaA bl File dk mi;ksx ml le; fd;k

tkrk gSa] tc System ds Configuration dks Change djuk gksrk gSA • bl Step esa Command.Com File dks Load fd;k tkrk gSA ;g File DOS esa Command

Interpretor dk dk;Z djrh gSA • ;g lcls Last Step gS] bl Step esa Autoexe.Bat File dks Execute fd;k tkrk gSA DOS System Files MS-DOS dh dqN eq[; Files gksrh gSa tks fo'ks"k dk;ksZa ds fy, ç;ksx dh tkrh gSA buds }kjk Booting Process, Input o Output midj.kksa dk fu/kkZj.k] Operting System dh Internal Command dks

Memory esa laxzfgr djuk vkfn dk;ksZ dks fd;k tkrk gSA bu Files ds Extension Name Hkh fo'ks"k gksrs gSaA tSls & .sys, .com, .exe ;g lHkh Files Program Files gksrh gSa] ftls DOS dks rS;kj djrs le; gh cuk;k tkrk gSA


21

• IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS ;s nksuksa Files Nqih gqbZ jgrh gSa ftuds uke ge Files dh List esa ugh ns[k ikrs gSaA ;g File çR;sd

Bootable Disk ij mifLFkr jgrh gS rFkk ;s nksuksa Booting ds le; vius vki gh Computer dh

vLFkkbZ Memory (RAM) esa laxzfgr gks tkrh gSA IO.Sys File Input Output midj.k ls lacaf/kr

Standard dks laxzfgr djds j[krh gSA tcfd MS-DOS.Sys, OS ls laidZ LFkkfir djds funsZ'kksa dks

laxzfgr djds j[krh gSA 35 • COMMAND.COM Ms DOS esa ,d Command Interpreter gksrk gSaA tks IO.Sys, MS-DOS.Sys, Command.Com rhuksa Files dk lewg gksrk gSA IO.Sys ,oa Ms-DOS.Sys Nqih gqbZ Files gksrh gSa] tcfd Command.com ,d Program File gksrh gSA ;g File Hkh booting ds le; Memory esa vius vki Store gks tkrh gSA ;g File User dks Computer ls lEidZ LFkkfir djus dh lqfo/kk nsrh gSA lkFk gh ;g Operating System ds fofHkUu vkarfjd funsZ'kksa dks Store djds j[krh gSA • AUTOEXEC.BAT Booting ds ckn Operating System Disk ij Autoexec.Bat File dks <¡w<rk gS vkSj bls fØ;kfUor dj

nsrk gSA ;g fØ;k Computer On djus ij çR;sd ckj gksrh gSA Autoexec.Bat ,d Batch File gSA

ftlesa DOS Commands dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA ;g Program File dh rjg blesa fy[ks funsZ'kksa dks

vius vki fØ;kfUor djrh gS] blfy, bldk uke Autoexec (Automatic Executable) vFkkZr Lor%

fØ;kfUor gksus okyk j[kk x;k gSA • CONFIG.SYS Computer On gksus ds ckn Boot gksrk gS] rFkk Autoexec.Bat File ls MS-DOS Operating System esa vU; Softwares dh fLFkfr fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA blds ckn Ms-DOS }kjk Computer esa mifLFkr

Hardware dh fLFkfr vkSj çdkj fu/kkZfjr djus dh ckjh vkrh gSA blds fy;s Config Sys File dk

mi;ksx djrs gSA ;g ,d Text File gksrh gS] ftlesa ,sls Programs gksrs gS] tks Computer ds Hardware Hkkxksa ftlesa (Memory, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer) dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gS ftlls MSDOS vkSj Application Programs esa budk mi;ksx dj ldsaA tc MS-DOS viuk dk;Z çkjaHk djrk gS rks

;g config.sys File esa fy[ks Commands dks fØ;kfUor djrk gSA Program Computer dks vf/kd mi;ksxh cukus ds fy, ekuo dk blls lEidZ gksuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA

Computer vkSj ekuo ds e/; laidZ LFkkfir djus ds fy, ftl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS og

Computer Language dgykrh gSA ge Computer esa funsZ'k nsdj fofHké dk;Z laié dj ldrs gSA

Computer Hkk"kkvksa ds fujarj fodkl ls vkt yxHkx 350 ls vf/kd Computer Hkk"kk,¡ izpyu esa gSaA

izR;sd Computer Hkk"kk ds funsZ'kksa dks fy[kus ds iFkd fu;e gksr gSA Computer Hkk"kk dks

Programming Language Hkh dgrs gSA Programming Languages Computer Hkk"kkvka dks eq[;r% nks Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k tkrk gS& 1. Low Level Language ¼fuEu Lrjh; Hkk"kk½ 2. High Level Language (mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kk½

• Low Level Language Computer ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa lHkh dk;Z blds fo|qr ifjiFk esa fo|qr ladsrksa ds lapj.k ls laié

gksrs gSA Computer izR;sd funsZ'k dks fo|qr ladsrksa ftUgsa Pulse dgrs gS] esa 'kwU; vkSj ,d ds :i 36 esa dke esa ysrk gSA tc 0 vkSj 1 ds ladsrksa esa Computerdks funsZ'k fn;s tkrs gS rks bls fuEuLrjh;

Hkk"kk dgrs gS vFkkZr~ Computer ds vkrafjd ifjiFk ds fy, lh/ks le>us ;ksX; Hkk"kk fuEuLrjh; Hkk"kk

gksrh gSA bldk Lrj Computer dh ljapuk ds Lrj ij gksrk gSA tks ekuoh; Hkk"kk ls lekurk ugha

j[krk gSA fuEuLrjh; Hkk"kk dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa Ckk¡Vk x;k gSA o e'khuh Hkk"kk ¼Machine Language½ o vlsEcyh Hkk"kk ¼Assembly Language½

• High Level Language bl Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx ls ekuo Computer dks funsZ'k nsdj fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z

dks lEié dj ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gS fd High Level Language ,d ,slk

Program gS ftlesa ekuo }kjk fn;s x;s funsZ'kksa dks Øec) fd;k tkrk gS mPp Lrjh; Hkk"kkvksa dks

mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij nks


22

Hkkxksaesa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA o dk;Ziz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk,¡ :& Basic, Cobol, Fortran, C, C++

o leL;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk,¡ :& Fox Pro, Oracle, MS - SQL Fourth generation (4GL) Languages : ;g Third generation language ls vf/kd ljy gSA buesa Visual environment gksrk gSA tcfd Third

generation language esa Textual environment gksrk FkkA vf/kdka'k 4G languages Software Development ds fy;s Integrated Develop ment Environment esa fdlh izksxzke fo'ks"k esa gksrh gSA

buds vuqiz;ksxksa gsrq Compiler vkSj Run Type Support Hkh miyC/k gksrs gSaA MS, Visual studio or Sun ds Java Studio Commercial Integrated Develop ment Environment ds nks ,sls gh mnkgj.k gSaA VB, C++, C#, Draemweaver, Java script bl ih<+h dh Hkk"kkvksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA bugs fl[kuk vkSj Software Develop

djuk vklku gSA ij ;g Higher configuration ds dEi;wVlZ ij gh lapkfyr gks ldrh gSA ykHk & • prqFkZ ih<+h dh Hkk"kk dks lh[kuk ljy gS rFkk blea lkW¶Vos;j dk fodkl djuk vklku gSA • prqFkZ ih<+h dh Hkk"kkvksa dks VsDlpqvy vUMjQsl ds lkFk&lkFk xzkfQdy bUVjQsl Hkh gksrs gSaA • izksxzkejksa ds fy;s prqFkZ ih<+h dh Hkk"kkvksa esa fodYi miyC/k jgrs gSa D;ksafd la[;k dkQh cMh+

gksrh gSA

• prqFkZ ih<+h dh Hkk"kkvksa esa fodYi miyC/k jgrs gSa la[;k dkQh cMh+ gksrh gSA • prqFkZ ih<+h dh Hkk"kkvksa esa izksxzkfex dk LFkku ysrh gS D;ksafd bl ih<h+ dh Hkk"kk ,d iafDr

iowZorhZ ih<+h Hkk"kkvksa ds leku gksrh gSA

• prqFkZ ih<+h dh Hkk"kkvksa dh miyC/krk dfBu ugha gSA 37 gkfu & • prqFkZ ih<+h dh Hkk"kk,¡ mPp duafQxjs'ku ds dEI;wVjksa ij gh lapkfyr gks ldrh gSA • bl ih<+h dh Hkk"kkvksa ds fy, fo'ks"kKrk dh de vko';drk gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd ;g

izksxzfeax ewoh dks fodkl djus okys lkW¶Vos;j cukus esa l{ke gksrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i fo'ks"kKksa dk

egRo de gks tkrk gSA • bl ih<+h esa izksxzkfeax Hkk"kkvksa dh ,d cMh+ Ja[kyk gksrh gSA ftlls ;g fu.kZ; ys ikuk dfBu

gks tkrk gS fd fdldk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rFkk fdls NksMk+ tk;sA Application Softwares ,d ;k vusd Programs ds lewg dks tks ,d fuf'pr~ vuqiz;ksx (Application) dh fØ;kvksa dks djrs

gS] Application Software dgykrs gSA mnk- Tally, Paint-Brush, Kundli Pro. Application Software vusd Programs dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA blfy, bls Application Software

Package dgrs gSA ;s Software fdlh laLFkk fo'ks"k ds dk;ksZa ds vuq:i rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSA blh

dkj.k bUgsa lkekU; mís'; ds Software ds :i esa iz;qä ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA Application Software ds fuEufyf[kr izdkj gS& • Word Processing • Spread Sheet • Presentation Graphics • DataBase Management Word Processing fdlh Computer esa Word Processing, Type Writer ds gh leku gksrh gSA Word Processing Computer dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA ftlesa ge Text lkexzh&i=] vkosnu &i=, Contract vkfn nLrkostksa dks rS;kj dj lqO;ofLFkr vkSj Print dj ldrs

gSA vr% 'kCn izfØ;k (Word Processing) og rduhd gS ftlesa Computer dh lgk;rk ls fuEufyf[kr

dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA • Typing • Editing • Formating • Saving • Printing 38


23

Spread Sheet ,d Spread Sheet ,Row vkSj Coloumn dk Grid ¼tky½ gS ftls WorkSheet Hkh dgrs gSA

dks lkj.khc) O;ofLFkr fd;k tk, Data Base dgykrk gSA ,d O;ofLFkr lkj.kh dks fuEufyf[kr

dk;ksaZ ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 39

• lwpukvksa dks i<+us ds fy, A • O;ofLFkr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij mfpr fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, A Eg.: MS Access, Fox Pro, Oracle, SQL - Server Applications Of Data Base

• Records dks laxzfgr djukA • laxzfgr Records dks ,df=r djukA • iwoZ esa laxzfgr Records dks la'kksf/kr djukA • laxzfgr Record dks Delete djukA

• laxzfgr Record dks Search djukA

Number System

Computer , Digital Electronic Circuit ls fufeZr gksrk gSA blds ifjiFk ds eq[; Hkkx Transistor gksrs

gSA ftldh izd`fr Binary gksrh gSA Binary izd`fr dk vFkZ gS On vFkkZr~ lqpkydrk Off vFkkZr~

dqpkydrkA ;gk¡ pkydrk dk vFkZ gS fo?kqr dk lapj.k vr% Transistor ,d fLop ds leku dk;Z

djrk gSA tks fd on ;k off gks ldrk gS bl izdkj dEI;qVj Binary rkfdZd ifjiFk ls fufeZr gksrk

gSA vkSj MkVk dks blesa Electonic ladsrksa dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr ds :i esa O;Dr djus ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA Computer esa Data dks O;Dr djus ds fy, Number System dh lgk;rk yh tkrh

gSA Computer esa Data dks O;Dr djus okyh la[;k iz.kkyh Binary Number System dgykrh gSA

dEI;wVj ;wtj }kjk fn, x, funsZ'kkZ dks dEI;wVj lh/ks&lh/ks ugha le>rk gSA dEI;wVj dsoy 0 vkSj

1 ftls ge ck;ujh ua- dgrs gSa le>rk gSA ;qtj }kjk fn;s x, funsZ'k vuqoknd izksxzke dh lgk;rk

ls 0 vkSj 1 esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA blh izdkj tc gesa dEI;wVj ds funsZ'kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS

rks iqu% vuqoknd izksxkze mls ;qtj dks le>us ;ksX; Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA bls ge fofHkUu

la[;k iz.kkyh :ikUrj.k ds ek/;ke ls le> ldrs gSA Data Representation In Computers : tSlk fd ge tkurs gS fd dEI;qVj Binary la[;k dk dk;Z djrk gS blfy, la[;kvksa v{kjksa vkSj vU;

fpUgksa dks Binary la[;k esa ifjofrZr djuk vko';d gSA Computer esa laxzg.k vkSj izfØ;k ds fy,

Binary lwpuk ,d mi;qDr voLFkk esa gksuh pkfg,A dEI;qVj esa dh&cksMZ+ }kjk nckbZ tkus okyh izR;sd

'dh' ls ,d Charactor dk ladsr Input gksrk gSA izR;sd Charactor dh ,d fuf'pr Binary la[;k gksrh gSA dEI;qVj

ls Charactor dks O;Dr djus ds fy, Bianry la[;kvksa ds fofHkUu Code ;k ladsr gksrs gSA tSls ASCII (American Standard Code For Information Interchange), EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchnge

40 Code), BCD (Binary Cided Decimal) vkfnA izR;sd dksM fdlh Charactor dks O;Dr djus gsrq Binary vadks dh ,d fuf'pr la[;k vkSj O;oLFkk iznku djrk gSA Number System of Computers Binary Number System Decimal Number Octal Number Hexa Decimal Number

Binary Number System bl la[;k iz.kkyh esa nks vad 0 vkSj 1 gSa] blfy, bl la[;k iz.kkyh dk vk/kkj nks gSA ckbujh la[;k

iz.kkyh esa 0 vkSj 1 ds vadks dks Bianry Digit ;k Bit dgrs gSA 8 Bits ds leqg dks Byte dgrs gSA Byte ds v/nZ Hkkx vFkkZr~ 4 bits dks Nibble dgrs gSA fdlh Hkh Binary la[;k dks n'keyo esa ifjofrZr fd;k

tk ldrk gSaA bl iz.kkyh esa vad vkSj LFkkuh; eku n'keyo la[;k iz.kkyh ds leku gh gksrs gSA

ysfdr budk vk/kkj nks gh gksrk gS] D;ksafd blesa nks vad gksrs gSA ftlesa igys vad ¼lcls nk,¡½ dks


24

LFkkuh; eku 20

=1 vkSj nk,¡ ls nwljs vad dk LFkkuh; eku 21

=2 gksxk bl izdkj mRrjksrj nk;sa ls

ck;sa c<+us ij LFkkuh; eku bl izdkj gksxs 16] 8] 4] 2] 1- mnkgj.k & Binary Number 11001 Binary Number dks Decimal Number esa ifjofrZr fdft, \

Decimal Number n'keyo la[;k dks Binary Number esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, Binary Number System ds vk/kkj ij

2 dk iz;ksx djrs gS blds fy, fuEufyf[kr Steps gS& • nh xbZ n'keyo la[;k esa ckbujh la[;k iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij 2 dk Hkkx nsrs gSA • HkkxQy dks la[;k ds uhps vkSj 'ks"kQy dks nk;ha dh vkSj fy[krs gSaA • in nks esa izkIr HkkxQy esa iqu% 2 dk Hkkx nsdj u;s HkkxQy ds uhps vkSj 'ks"kQy dks nk;ha

dh vkSj fy[krs gSaA • blh izdkj in ,d ls rhu rd dh fØ;k rc rd nksgjkrs gS] tc rd HkkxQy dk eku 0

izkIr u gks tk;saA 41

• izkIr 1 vkSj 0 ds 'ks"kQyksa dks uhps ls Åij ds Øe esa fy[krs gSaA ;gh ,df=r 'ks"kQy nh

xbZ n'keyo la[;k dh Binary ifrofrZr la[;k gSA = 512 + 128 + 0 + 4 = 644

42 vr% (1204)8 = (644)10 mRrj

Hexa Decimal Number gsDlkMsfley la[;k iz.kkyh 16 ds vk/kkj okyh la[;k iz.kkyh gS] ftlesa

0 ls 9 rd 10 vad rFkk a ls f rd 6 v{kj feykdj 16 vad gksrs gSaA o.kZekyk ds v{kj ¼a ls f rd½ 10 ls 15 dh ek=k dks O;Dr djrs gSaA izR;sd Hexa Decimal vad 4 ckbujh vadks dks O;Dr

djrk gS] Hexa Decimal iz.kkyh esa 16 vad gksrs gSa] blfy, bldk vk/kkj 16 gSaA blesa izR;sd vad

dk LFkkuh; eku fuEufyf[kr Øe esa gksrk gS & 163 162 161 160 4096 256 16 1 Hexa Decimal 4 f 6 a dh decimal esa cnyus ds fy;s 4 F 6 A 163 162 161 160 = (4096 X 4) + (256 X F) + (16 X 6) + (1 X A) = (4096 X 4) + (256 X 15) + (16 X 6) + (1 X 10) = 16384 + 3840 + 96 + 10 = 20330

vr% ¼4F6A)16 = (20330)10 mRrj

Coding Systems ASCII (American Standerd Code For Infoirmation Interchange) : ;g English alfabet ij vk/kkfjr ,d Character Encoding System gSA Computers, Communications Equipments ,oa vU; Devices tks ASCII ij vk/kkfjr gS] esa ASCII code, text dks Represent djrk gSA BCD (Binary Code Desimal) : Computers vkSj Electronic system esa BCD, Desimal number system ds fy;s ,d Digital encoding method ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA ftlesa izR;sd digit dks

mlds Binary sequence esa Represent fd;k tkrk gSA

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Desimal Interchange Code): ;g ,d 8 Bit character encoding method ftls IBM Midrange computer operating systems esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk FkkA


25

UNIT- IV

Data Communications and Networks

Informations dks Carry djus okys Signals nks rjg ds gksrs gSaA

Modulation Data Transmission ds nkSjku Electronics ,oa Telecomunication esa High Frequncy periodic Wave Form dh fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd Properties esa ifjorZu dh izfØ;k dks Modulation dgk tkrk gSA

,d periodic Wave Form ds rhu izeq[k Parameters gSa & Amplitude (Volume) Phase (Timing) ,oa Frequency (Pitch) fdlh Hkh Low Frequency Signal dks Modulated Signal esa ijkofrZr djus ds fy;s buesa ls fdlh Hkh

Property dks Modify fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ,lsh Device tks Modulation dk dk;Z djrh gS mls Modulator dgrs gSa rFkk blds foifjr

dk;Z djus okyh Device dks Demodulator dgrs gSaA Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) ,d ,slh

Device gksrh gS tks nksuks rjg ds Operations es l{ke gksrh gSA Amplitude Modulation Electronic Communication esa iz;qDr gksus okyh ,d rduhd ftlesa Transmitted signals dh Strength

dks Vary fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Loud Speaker }kjk Sound dks Reproduce djuk ;k T.V. Signal dh Light Intensity dks c<+kukA Frequency Modulation Telecommunication vkSj Signal Processing esa Carrier Wave ij ekStqn Information dh rkRdkfyd Frequency dks vary djus dh Process dks Frequency Modulation dgrs gSaA 44 Phase Modulation Carrier Wave ij ekStqn Information dh rkRdkfyd Phase es Vary djus dh Process dks Phase

Modulation dgrs gSA Data communication ls rkRi;Z nks same ;k fofHkUu devices ds e/; lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku

djuk gSA,d Communication process dh rhu izeq[k Properties gSa & • Delivery- Data dks ,d txg ls nlwjh txg izkIr djkukA • Accuracy- Data dh xq.koRrkA • Timeliness- Data dk fuf'pr le; esa fMyhoj gksukA Communication process ds 5 ?kVd (1) Message (lans'k½ (2) Sender (izs"kd½ (3) Medium (ek/;e½ (4) Reciver (izkIrdrkZ½ (5) Protocol (izksVksdkWy½ Direction of Transmissions Flow : lapkj ek/;e esa MkVk dk loagu ,d ckj esa ,d gh fn'kk esa

;k nksukas fn'kkvksa esa gksrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij mls fuEu Jsf.k;kas esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS & Simplex : lapj.k dh bl voLFkk esa Data ;k ladsr lnSo ,d gh fn'kk esa izsf"kr gksrs gSA Example : Computer esa la;ksftr Key-Board ds }kjk Data Cable, Key-Board ls Computer dh

vksj izsf"kr gksrk gSA blfy, Data ds }hxkeh (Two-Way) lapj.k ds fy, bl izdkj dh nks ykbuksa

dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ;|fi Simplex Line lLrh gksrh gS] fdUrq ;g Computer vk/kkfjr lapkj esa

iz;qä gksrh gSA Computer vk/kkfjr lapkj esa }hxkeh lapj.k dh vko';drk vf/kd gksrh gSA Half Duplex : bl voLFkk esa lapj.k rks nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa laHko gS] ysfdu ,d le; esa ,d gh fn'kk

esa lapj.k gksrk gSA lapj.k dh ;g voLFkk oSdfYid }hxkeh (Two Way) Hkh dgykrh gSA Example : ,d HardDisk ls Data dk vknku&iznku Half Duplex voLFkk esa gksrk gSA tc HardDisk ij Data Save fd;k tkrk g] rks ml le; Data dks Hard Disk ls i<k+ ugha tkldrk gSA vkSj tc

Data HardDisk ls i<k+ tkrk gS] rks Save ugha fd;k tk ldrkA


26

Full Duplex : bl voLFkk esa Data dk lapj.k nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa laHko gksrk gSA fo'ks"k mís'; dh

Telephone Line esa ;g lqfo/kk miyC/k gksrh gSA Computer ls Computer ds Hardware lapkj esa Full Duplex

voLFkk dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA bl voLFkk ds lapj.k esa cMh+ ek=k esa Data dk lapj.k ,d gh le;

esa nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa gksrk gSA Communication Channels / Media : • Twisted : ;g lLrk lapkj ek/;e gSA ;g ijLij yisVs x;s rkjksa dk ;qXe (Pair) gksrk gS ftlesa

nksuksa rkj Hkh /kkfRod irys rkjksa ds js'kksa ls cu gksrsa gSAlapkj ek/;e dh ;g rduhd cgqr igys ls

gh iz;ksx dh tk jgh gSA bl ek/;e dk iz;ksx Telephone Lines esa vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA Computer ls Telephone Line dk la;kstu djus ds fy, Modem esa blh rkj dks la;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA

• Coaxial : bl ek/;e esa ,d /kkfRod uyh ds dsanz esa rk¡cs dk rkj fLFkr gksrk gS] vkSj bu nksuksa

ds e/; ,d dqpkyd inkFkZ dh irZ gksrh gSA • Twisted : rkj dk iz;ksx djus ij dHkh&dHkh lapkj ds le; O;o/kku vFkok nksgjh vkokt+

Telephone ij ckr djrs le; lqukbZ nsrh gSA bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, Coaxial Cable dk

fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bldk iz;ksx ,ls loasnu'khy lapj.k esa fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa O;o/kku ls lapkj

vf/kd izHkkfor gks ldrk gS] Example : Television ds fy, dscy dusD'ku esa bl rkj dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA

• Fiber Optic Cable : ;g lapkj ek/;e dh ,d vR;k/kqfud rduhd gSA ;g dscy dk¡p ds

gt+kjksa irysa js'kksa ls fuehZr gksrh gSA ftuesa izdk'k dk loagu gks ldrk gSA blesa izR;sd dk¡p dk

js'kk ,d cky ds leku iryk gksrk gSA blesa lapj.k ds fy, MkVk dks izdk'k&iq¡t esa ifj.khr fd;k

tkrk gS] vkSj MkVk ds bl izdk'k&iq¡t dks ,d Leser Devices ds }kjk djksMk+sa Bits per Second dh

xfr ls iszfjr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd js'kk ,d Fiber dgykrk gSA cky ds leku dscy ,d Fiber dqN Television ds ladsr vFkok gtkjksa Telephone Lines ds ladsrksa dks lapfjr dj ldrk gSA Fiber Optical Cable dk vkdkj vkSj Hkkj Coaxial dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA ;g iz;ksx esa lqxe gksrk gSA Communication Software fofHkUu dEI;wVlZ vFkok Users ds chp Files, Messages, audio, Video formats dks exchange djus ;k

fdlh dEI;wVj dks Remote Access djus ds fy;s bu Software dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA Terminal Emulators, File Transfer Programs, Chat vkSj Instant Messaging programs vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSA

Communition Protocols Protocol og iz.kkyh gS] tks laiw.kZ lapkj ekWMy dh fofo/k Devices ds e/; lkeatL; LFkkfir djrh

gS] vkSj izfØ;k ds mijkar laca/k foPNsn Hkh djrh gSA Data ds izs"k.k ds ckn izkIr djrk gSA izsf"kr

Data Lohdkj dj ysrk gS]rks Protocol var esa lapj.k dks lekIr Hkh djrk gSA ftlls vxyh lapj.k

izfØ;k gks ldsaA lapkj midj.kkas dh fHké&fHké fuekZrk daifu;k¡ gksrh gSaA ftlls fdlh Network ij vusd fuekZrkvksa dh Devices gks ldrh gSA vr% vleku ladsrksa dks lapkj fMokblsl (Computer)

Lohdkj ugha dj ikrh gSA bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, lapkj midj.kksa dh fuekZrk daifu;ksa esa

lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gq, ,d loZekU; lapkj rduhd ds ekud (Standard) fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s gSaA

ftUgsa Communication Protocol dgrs gSA bu Protocol dks vk/kkj ekurs gq, gh Computer Network

LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gSaA 46 TCP (Transfer Communication Protocol) TCP Data dks NksVsa&NksVas Hkkxkas esa foHkkftr dj Hkstrk gSA ;g bl ckr dh iqf"V djrk gS] fd ftl

daI;wVj esa MkVk Hkstk x;k gS og iw.kZ 'kq)rk ls ml daI;wVj esa igq¡p x;k gSA IP (Internet Protocol) IP dk iz;ksx ,d Host Computer ls vU; Host Computer rd MkVk igq¡pkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

;g Data Package dks fu/kkZfjr I IP Address rd igq¡pkus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA blesa MkVk

eq[;r% rhu ek/;eksa ls igq¡pk;k tk ldrk gSA 1. Bridges 2. Routers 3. Gateways • Bridges : Bridge Hkh ,d Inter-networking Tool gSA Bridge dk mi;ksx fofHké Networks dks

tksM+us ds fy, gksrk gS] tks Data Link Layer ds Åij ,d gh çksVksdkWy dk ç;ksx djrs gSa] ijarq

Physical Layers vkSj Data Link Layer esa ,d gh çksVksdkWy dk mi;ksx vfuok;Z ugh gSA Bridge


27

eq[;r% Data Link Lrj ij dk;Z djrk gSA Networks esa ;fn Nods dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gS rks

Data Hkstus dh xfr de gks tkrh gSA • Routers : ;g Hkh Inter-networking Tool gSA ;g Hkh fofHké Networks dks vkil esa tksMr+k

gSA tks Networks vkil esa tksM+s tkrs gSa ml Network Layer ds Åij ,d gh mPpLrjh; çksVksdkWy

dk mi;ksx djuk vfuok;Z gSA ;g Data Hkstus ds fy, NksVs jkLrksa dk p;u djrk gS] ftlls de

ls de le; esa dk;Z gks ldsA • Gateways : bldh dk;Zç.kkyh :VlZ ls Hkh mPp Lrj dh gksrh gSA ;g nks vyx&vyx çdkj

ds Networks dks Hkh vkil esa tksM+ ldrk gSA ;fn vkids ikl ,slk Network gS ftlds dbZ

vyx&vyx [k.M gSa] tSls ,d vkids ikl UNIX dk System gS vkSj nlwjk DOS dk] rc buds chp

Networking ds fy, Gateway dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA Gateway ,d ,slk System gS ftlesa fo'ks"k çdkj

ds Hardware vkSj Softwares gksrs gSaA

Serial Communication blesa ,d Bit nwljh Bit dk vuqlj.k djrh gSA Serial Commu-nication Parallel Computer Connection dh rqyuk esa lLrk gksrk gSA lhfj;y dE;qfuds'ku nks izdkj ls laHko gksrk gS& 1. Asynchronise 2. Synchronise Parallel Communication Parallel Communication esa Binary Data dks Bit ds lewg esa laxBhr dj fy;k tkrk gS] rFkk bl

laxfBr MkVk dks ,d lkFk Transmit ¼izsf"kr½ fd;k tkrk gSA ftl izdkj ge cksyrs le; v{kjksa dks

laxfBr djds 'kCnksa ds :i esa cksyrs gSaA Parallel Transition esa n-Bits Hkstus ds fy, n-Wire dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

gSA vFkkZr~ ;fn 8 Bit Hkstuh gS] rks 8 Wire dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 47

Modem Digital Signal, Analog ek/;e dh Phoneline ij izsf"kr ugha gks ldrs gSaA vr% Digital ladsrksa dks

Analog ladsrksa esa ifj.khr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fØ;k Modulation dgykrh gSA blh izdkj Analog ladsr Digital ek/;e ij izsf"kr ugha gks ldrs gaA blhfy, Analog ladsrksa dks Digital ladsrksa esa ifj.khr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fØ;k De-Modulation dgykrh gSA Modulation vkSj De-Modulation bu nksuksa fØ;kvksa dks djus okyh ,d Device gksrh gSA ftls Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) dgrs

gSaA AT & T }kjk izLrqr Modem dk uke Data Sets j[kk x;k gSA tc izsf"kr MkVk ladsr de 'kfä'kkyh

gksrs gS] rks Hkh Modem mi;ksxh gksrk gS] D;ksafd njwLFk LFkkuksa rd MkVk izs"k.k gsrq MkVk ladsrksa dh

xfr Modem }kjk izo/khZr dh tkrh gSA ;g lapj.k ls iowZ MkVk ladsrksa dh xfr dk izca/ku djrk

gSA orZekku le; esa Fiber Optic Modem Hkh miyC/k gSA tks Digital ladsrksa dks Analog ladsrksa esa ifjorhZr dj ldrs gSA

Micro Computers ds fy, Modem dh MkVk LFkkukraj.k xfr 300]1200]2400]4800 vkSj 9600 Bits Per Second gksrh gSA

Types of Network Connections : Dial-up Dial-up ,d ,slh lsok gSA ftls Telephone dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus okyh daiuh iznku djrh gSA

bl lfoZl&daiuh ds ek/;e ls ge LFkkuh; {ks= ds Exchange ij fLFkr fLop ds lkFk tqM+ tkrs gSaA

blds fy, gesa ml Exchange dk uacj Dial djuk iMr+k gSA fofHké {ks=ksa ds Exchanges ds fy,

fHké&fHké uacj gksrs gSaA ,d ckj dusD'ku LFkkfir gks tkus ij miHkksDrk lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku

dj ldrk gSA Dial-up Service dk iz;ksx Telephone ds ek/;e ls Internet dks Access djus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Dial-up dks Switching Service Hkh dgrs gSaA Dial-up ds ek/;e ls tks dusD'ku

LFkkfir gksrk gS] mlds Broad width de gksrh gSA tks fd 'kwU; ls 400 gVZ~t+ gks ldrh gSA Leased Lines ,d ,slh lfoZl tks fdlh miHkksDrk ds fy, ijwh rjg ls leÆir gS] rFkk nlwjs miHkksDrk ds lkFk

ges'kk tqM+h jgrh gSA ;g dusD'ku] Telephone Network Switches ds }kjk LFkkfir gksrk gSA tks

miHkksDrk bl lÆol dks Subscribed djrk gSA mls ,slk eglwl gksrk gS] fd mlds fy, ,d dusD'ku

ykbu dsoy mlh ds dk;Z ds fy, leÆir gA vr% dusD'ku LFkkfir djus ds fy, Dialing djus dh

vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)


28

;g ,d usVodhaZx O;ogkj gSA tks fd vkokt+ ohfM;ksa rFkk MkVk lfoZlst dh ,drk iznku djrk gA

blds fy, Digital Transmission Media dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] RkFkk blesa lÆdV rFkk Packet

Swiching Technique dk bLrseky Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ISDN ds fiNs lcls mRlkgo/kZd dkj.k ;g gS

fd ;g Services, Telephone Network dks iwjs fo'o esa QSyk jgh gSA blds fy, ;g Digital Transmission dk iw.kZ mi;ksx dj jgh gSA 48 ISDN esa User tks fd nqdku ;k vkfQl ;k dk;kZy;ksa esa dk;Z dj jgs gSa vius Digital Connection tks fd Telephone Company }kjk iznŸk gS dk iz;ksx viuh vkokt o Data Hkstus ds fy, dj jgs gS

blds fy, og Twisted Pare Cable dk iz;ksx djrs gSA ISDN dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS %& • ;g ,d Standard Transmission ek/;e lewg dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA tks fd Data dks vf/kd

rsth ls [kkst ldrk gSA • ;g gj izdkj dh lwpukvksa dks O;ofLFkr djrk gS tSls Voice (vkokt) Data Moving Image rFkk

Sound vkfnA • ;g leLr Devices rFkk Phone Numbers dks ,d gh Line ij O;ofLFkr djrk gSA bl Service

esa 8 Telephones rFkk Fax Machines tksMs+ tk ldrs gSA • ;g 3 Phone Calls dks ,d lkFk mi;ksx djrk gSA ftlls bl ij vkus okyk [kpZ Hkh de gks

tkrk gSA Broadband Broadband ,d Data lapj.k ds fy, mi;qä Channel gSA bl Channel dh Band width lcls

vf/kd gksrh gSA tc vf/kd Data lcls vf/kd xfr ls Transmit djuk gks] rc Broad Band Channel dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Channel 1 million band ls vf/kd xfr ls Data dk lapj.k djrk gSA

Broadband dk ç;ksx fdlh Company }kjk vf/kd xfr ls ,d Computer ls nlwjs Computer rFkk ,d lkFk fofHké Devices ds e/; Data Transmition ds fy;s gksrk gSA Types of Networks : Network rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS& 1. Local Area Network (LAN) : LAN vFkkZr~ Local Area Network ;g Network ,d Digital lapkj Network gSA ftlesa dbZ Computer vkil esa tqMs+ gksrs gS] fdraq ;g Network ,d ;k nks kilometer

HkkSxksfyd {ks= rd lhfer jgrk gSA lk/kkj.kr% ;g Network ,d Hkou] dk;kZy; ;k laxBu }kjk gha

mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Star, Ring ;k Comleted Conected Network , Local Area Network ds izeq[k

mnkgj.k gSA blesa Cable }kjk buds Parts dks vkil esa tksMk+ tkrk gSA izk;% LAN ds Coaxial ;k

Fiber Optic dscy gh gksrk gSA bldh lapkj dh xfr cgqr rst gksrh gSA 2. Wide Area Network (WAN) : ;g Network, Local Area Network dh rjg fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k

rd ugha gksrk gSA bls e.Myh;] izknsf'kd] jk"Vªh; o vrajkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lk/kkj.kr% Wide Area Network esa Computer Terminal vkil esa Satellite ds ek/;e ls tksMs+ tkrs gSA mnkgj.k ds

fy, Railway Reservtion System, Airline Reservation System vkfnA Local Area Network dh vis{kk

Wide Area Network dh xfr /kheh gksrh gSA 49 3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) : yxHkx 100 fdeh- ds {ks= esa ;g ,d cMs+ 'kgj esa

dh xbZ Networking dks Metropolitan Area Network dgrs gA blesa dscy ds ek/;e~ ls dbZ LANs dks vkil esa tksM+k tkrk gSA bldh xfr LAN dh vis{kk /kheh gksrh gS] fdraq WAD dh vis{kk vf/kd

gksrh gSA

Topologies of LAN : Computer dks vkil esa fofHké izdkj ls tksMk+ tk ldrk gSA Computers dks vkil esa tksM+us ds bu

fofHké izdkjksa dks gha Topology dgrs gSaA Computer Network dks mlds vkdkj] njwh o cukoV ds

vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkjksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS& 1. Ring Topology


29

bl Network esa dksbZ Host eq[; ;k Controlling Computer ugha gksrk gSA lHkh Computer ,d xksykdkj

vk— fr ds :i esa yxs gksrs gSA izR;sd Computer vius v/khuLFk Computer ls tqMk+ gksrk gSA buesa

dksbZ Hkh Master Computer ugha gksrk gSA bls Circular Network Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi Ring Network esa

Computer ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksus ds dkj.k lk/kkj.k xfr ls Data dk vknku&iznku djrk gS] fdraq

,d Computer ls nwljs Computer esa Data izkIr djus ij mlds e/; ds vU; Computers dks ;g

fu/kkZfjr djuk gksrk gS fd mä Data muds fy, gS ;k ughaA ;fn ;g Data ml Computer ds fy,

ugha gS] rks ;g Data nwljs vU; Computer dks Pass dj fn;k tkrk gSA ykHk % • ;g Network vPNk dk;Z djrk gS] D;ksafd blesa dksbZ Host ;k Controlling Computer ugha gksrk gSA

• ;g Star ls vf/kd fo'oluh; gS] D;ksafd ;g fdlh Hkh Computer ij fuHkZj ugha gSA • bl Network dh ;fn dksbZ ,d ykbu ;k Computer dk;Z djuk can dj nsa rks nlwjh fn'kk dh

ykbu ds }kjk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA gkfu %

• bldh xfr Network esa yxs Computers ij fuHkZj djrh gSA • ;g Star dh rqyuk esa de izpyhr gS] D;ksafd bl Network ij dk;Z djus ds fy, vR;ra tfVy

Softwate dh vko';drk gksrh gSA • ;fn Network esa vf/kd ek=k esa Computer yxs gS] rks Data Pass djus esa cgqr vf/kd le;

yxrk gSA 2. Bus Topology Bus Topology esa ,d yach Cable ls Devices tqMs+ jgrs gaA bl Topology esa izR;sd Mode Drop Line o Tape ds ek/;e ls yach dscy ls tqM+k jgrk gSA Tape ,d Connector gksrk gS] tks fd dscy o

MªkWi ykbu dks tksM+rk gSA MªkWi ykbu Node o cMh dscy dks tksM+us esa lgk;d gksrh gSA 50 ykHk % • Bus Topology dks Install djuk vklku gksrk gSA

• blesa Star o Tree Topology dh rqyuk esa de dscy mi;ksx gksrh gSA gkfu % • fdlh ,d Nod dh [kjkch ls lkjk Data Transmission :d tkrk gSA • lajpuk esa fdlh Nod dks tksM+uk vis{kk—r dfBu gSA 3. Star Topology bl Network esa ,d Host Computer gksrk gSA ftls lh/ks fofHké Computers ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA

budks vkil esa ftu Host Computer }kjk tksMk+ tkrk gSA os Host ijws Network dks Control djrk

gSA ykHk% • bl Network Topology esa ,d Computer (Host) dks tksM+us esa Line fcNkus dh ykxr de vkrh

gSA

• blesa Network esa yxs Computers dh la[;k c<k+, tkus ij ,d Computer ls nlwjs Computer ij lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku dh xfr izHkkfor ugha gksrh gS] D;ksafd nks Computers ds chp dsoy Host Computer gh gksrk gSA

• ;fn dksbZ Computer(Nod) [kjkc gksrk gS] rks 'ks"k Network blls izHkkfor ugha gksrk gSA gkfu% • ;g iwjk flLVe Host Computer ij fuHkZj gSA ;fn Host Computer [kjkc gks tk, rks iwjk Network, Fail gks tk,xkA 4. Mesh Topology bl Topology esa ,d loZj ls fdlh vU; loZj dks tksMk+ tkrk gSA blesa dksbZ Host Computer ugha

gksrk gSA ykHk% • ,d loZj ls tqM+s Nods rd vU; loZj dh tkudkjh dks igq¡pk;k tk ldrk gSA • blesa dsoy ,d loZj ls nwljs loZj rd gha dscy ykbu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkSj blds

ek/;e ls nksuksa loZjksa ls tqM+s gq, leLr Nods vizR;{k :i ls tqM+ tkrs gSA gkfu% • fdlh ,d loZj ds dk;Z u djus ij ml loZj ls tqMs+ lHkh Nods rks izHkkfor gksrs gh gSA lkFk

gh vU; loZj ds Nods Hkh izHkkfor gksrs gSA


30

51 5.Tree Topology bl Network esa ,d dscy ls nwljh dscy rFkk nlwjh dscy ls rhljh dscy fdlh isM+ dh 'kk[kkvksa

dh rjg fudyrh gS] vkSj vkil esa tqM+rh gSA Component of LAN • Media – 2 Types Wired ¼rkj okys½ Wireless ¼cs&rkj½ • NIC (Network Interface Card) Expansion board ftls dEI;wVj esa yxkdj dEI;wVj dks usVodZ ls tksMk+ tkrk gSA • NOS (Network Operating System) bldk iz;ksx ,d lkW¶Vos;j ds :Ik esa gksrk gSA tks ,d cqfu;knh vkWijsfVax flLVe esa usVofdZax ds

y{k.kksa dks tksM+ nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Window s server NT , 2000, 2003 server

• Bridges blds ek/;e ls nks Lan dks vkil esa tksM+k tkrk gS] ftlls nksuksa usVodksZa dh fofHkUu Devices vkil

esa tqM+ tkrh gSA • Hub ;g usVodZ esa vyx&vyx dEI;wVlZ esa Lan cables dks ,d lk>k fcUnq ls tksM+us dk dk;Z djrk gSA

Star Network esa ;g dsUnzh; fu;a=.k midj.k gSA • Router vR;ar tfVy usVodksZa dks vkil esa tksM+us esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fHkUu &fHkUu dEI;wVlZ

vkSj lk¶Vos;lZ ds lkFk Hkh ;g dk;Z dj ldrk gSA ;g Bridge dh vis{kk vPNk dk;Z djrk gS vkSj

Data Transfer ds fy;s NksVs jkLrksa dk p;u Hkh djrk gSA • Repeater Data transfer ds nkSjku Signals detksj iM+ tkrs gSa rks mUgsa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s Repeaters iz;qDr fd;s tkrs gSaA ,d usVodZ ls izkIr signals dks repeater }kjk nlwjs usVodZ dks Hkstk tkrk gSA nks

usVodZ ds chp repeater rHkh mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS tc nksuksa usVodZ dh dk;Ziz.kkyh vFkkZr~

dEi;wVlZ ,oa lkW¶Vos;j ,d tSls gksaA • Gateway bldh dk;Ziz.kkyh router ls Hkh mPp Lrj dh gksrh gSA ;g nks vyx izdkj ds usVodZ dks Hkh vkil

esa tksM+ ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Unix or DOS Based networks dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy;s

gateway dh vko';drk jgsxhA 52


31

Unit-V

Computer Virus Virus ,d Software Program gS tks fd Computer System dks gkfu ig¡qpkus ds mís'; ls cuk, tkrs

gSA ;s Computer esa bl izdkj ls fØ;kfUor gksrs gS fd bldk irk uk rks Computer System dks

gksrk gS] vkSj uk gh mi;ksxdrkZ dksA Virus Working Principals: Computer esa mi;ksxh lwpuk,¡ u"V gksukA Directory esa cnyko gksukA Hard Disk vkSj Floppy Disk dks Format djukA Computer dh xfr dks de djukA Key Board dh d¡qft;ksa dk dk;Z cny nsukA Program rFkk vU; Qkbyksa dk MkVk cny nsukA Qkbyksa dks fØ;kfUor u gksus nsukA Screen ij vuko';d lwpuk,¡ iznf'Zkr djukA Boot Sector esa izfo"V gksdj Computer dks dk;Z u djus nsukA Qkbyksa ds vkdkj esa ifjorZu

dj nsukA

Types of Viruses: Virus fofHké izdkj ds gksrs gSA budh dk;Z&'kSyh ds vuqlkj bUgsa fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa ;k oxkZsa esa

foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS & Boot Sector Virus bl izdkj ds Virus Program, Floppy ;k HardDisk ds Boot Sector esa laxzfgr gks tkrs gS vkSj tc

Computer esa bUgsa Floppy ;k HardDisk ls Operating System dks Load ugha gksus nsrs gSaA ;fn ;g Load gks Hkh tk, rks ;g vU; Floppy ;k HardDisk dks Virus ;qä dj nsxkA Partition Table Virus tc dksbZ Virus HardDisk ds Partition Table dks izHkkfor djrk gS] rc og Data {ks= dks izHkkfor ugha

djrk gSA og dsoy Program {ks= (MBR-Master Boot Record) ij gh izHkkfor gksdj fuEufyf[kr

dk;Z djrk gS& • Lo;a dks Memory ds mPp {ks= esa Load djr gSA

• RAM dh ek=k dks de dj nsrk gSA • Input -Output Disk dks izHkkfor djrk gS ftlls fn, x, dk;Z lqpk# :i ls fØ;kfUor ugha

gksrs gaSA 53 File Virus bl izdkj ds Virus Executable File esa izfo"V gks tkrs gSa] vkSj ;g rHkh fØ;kfUor gksrs gS

tc fdlh Virus ;qä Executable File dks fØ;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjä dqN vU; izdkj ds Virus Hkh gksrs

gS Example : Stealth Virus Polymorphic Virus Micro Virus etc. Virus Detection and Prevention ;fn Computer System Virus ;qä gS rks Virus dks [kkstus ,oa gVkus ds fy, Anti-Virus Program dk

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa vusd Anti-Virus Programs miyC/k gSA buesa lokZf/kd mi;ksx fd;k

tkus okyk Program, Nortran Anti-Virus, Net Protector, Quick Heal, k7 gSA buds }kjk vf/kdka'k

ok;jlksa dks [kkstk tk ldrk gSA ;g Internet ds ek/;e ls vk, gq, ok;jlksa dks Hkh vklkuh ls

idM+ ldrs gSA budk izeq[k dk;Z ok;jl dks Detect dj Floppy Disk / HardDisk ls gVkuk gSA ;fn

Anti-Virus dks igys ls gh Install dj fn;k tkrk gSA rks ;g Qkby dks fØ;kUo;u ds le; gh tk¡prk

gSA ftlls dh System esa Virus izfo"V u gks ldsA Viruses on Network Network ij Virus mlls tqM+s leLr mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds Computer System dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

;g Virus eq[; Server ds ek/;e ls ml Server ls tqMs+ gq, leLr Nods rd igq¡prk gSA bl Virus


32

dh jksdFkke ds fy, Network dk iz;ksx izkjEHk djus ls iowZ fdlh Anti-Virus dks fØ;kfUor dj ysuk

pkfg,] rkfd eq[; loZj ds ek/;e ls izfo"V gksus okys Virus dks jksdk tk ldsaA Computer Application in Business vktdy lHkh Ádkj ds fctusl (Business) esa dEI;wVj dk Á;ksx vfr vko';d gks x;k gSaA fdlh

Hkh Ádkj ds fctusl esa ¼tSls &Cosmetics, Readymade Garments, Finance, Banking, Sharemarket etc.½ Computer Applications dk Á;ksx djds dk;Z vklku o lqyHk gks tkrk gSA Business esa

Computer dk Scope vR;f/kd ek=k esa c<+ jgk gSA Computer Applications in Project Management ÁkstsDV eSustesUV esa dEI;wVj ,Iyhds'kUl dk Á;ksx fdlh ÁkstsDV dks eSust djus djus ds fy;s

vf/kd mi;ksxh gksrk gSA baVhxszVsM ÁkstsDV eSustesUV flLVe fuEufyf[kr lcflLVe dks Encompasses

djrk gS & • ÁkstsDV ÁksQkby (Project Profile) • ,fDVfoVh usVodZ (Activity Networks) • bathfu;fjax (Engineering) • ÁksD;wjesUV (Procurement) • dULVªD'ku (Construction) • deh'kfuax (Commissioning) 54

• dher@foŸkh; (Cost / Finance) ,d ÁkstsDV eSutesaV bUQkWjes'ku flLVe dh ewy“rw vko';drk,sa fuEufyf[kr gksrh gSa & • ÁkstsDV eSustj dks mlds ÁkstsDV esa le;≤ ij lgk;rk djukA

• ÁkstsDV dh Áksxzsl (Progress) ds ewY;kadu esa lgk;rk djukA • ÁkstsDV dks iwjk djus esa QkbusUl rFkk vko';d le; ds çca/ku esa lgk;rk djukA • ÁkstsDV eSustj dh Non-performance ds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus esa lgk;rk djukA Computer in Personnel Administration ( ilZuy ,MfefuLVªs'ku eas dEI;wVj ) O;fäxr çca/ku esa dEI;wVj dk Á;ksx vR;f/kd lqfo/kktud gksrk gS rFkk bldk Scope Hkh vR;f/kd

gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh Organization esa] ml Organization ds lHkh Employees dh Personal Information dks dEI;wVj esa Store dj ldrs gSa rFkk ckn esa dksbZ Hkh O;fäxr tkudkjh ÁkIr dh tk ldrh gSA dEI;wVj ds T;knkrj Applications esa eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr QaD'kUl fjdkWMZ dks j[kus ds fy;s Á;ksx

fd;s tkrs gSa& • u;h ,UVjsUV~l fjiksVZ (New Entrants Report) • fMtVZlZ fjiksVZ (Desesters Report)

• ilZuy ,fuolsZfjt fyfLVax (Personnel Anniversories Listing) • dehZ LVsVl (Employee Status) • tkWc fgLVªh (Job History) • ilZuy tkudkfj;ka (Personnel Details) dEI;wVj fuEufyf[kr lwpukvksa dks j[kus esa lgk;rk

djrk gS&

• fofHkUUk LFkkuksa ij Employees dh Posting • ØkbVsfj;k (Criteria) ds vk/kkj ij Employees ds :ikUrj.k (Transfer) dh Liability A • lHkh Employees dh lwpuk ekLVj (Master) Qkby (File) esa laxzghr djukA • Transfer-Posting , resigrations rFkk retirement-scanble ds bdV~Bs Statements dks account department esa Hkstuk rkfd Payroll files bR;kfn lgh rjhds ls la'kksf/kr (Update) gks ldsaA blds

vykok ,MfefuLVªs'ku (Administration) ds ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr lwpuk;sa laxzfgr dh tk ldrh gSa& • Central Record Keeping and Retrival. • Travel Booking. • Leased accemmodation. • Telephone / Tdcx. • Insurance of Property. • Invertory Control of Company's Assets. Information System for Accounting-Cost and Budgetary Control 55


33

buQkWjes'ku flLVe dk ÁR;sd QaD'ku cgqr lkjs lc&flLVeksa (Multiple Sub-systems) ls feydj

cuk gksrk gS] tks lHkh ml QaD'ku ds dk;ksZa dks ijwk djrs gSaA cgqr&lh vkWxsZukbts'kuksa (Many Organizations) ds flLVeksa ds QaD'kuy flLVe fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSa& • ,dkmfUVax buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Accounting Information System)A

• ekdsZfVax buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Marketing Information System) A • ÁksMD'kubuQkWjes'kuflLVe(Production Information System) • buosaVjh eSustesUV buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Inventory Management Information System)A • ilZuy buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Personnel Information System) A • fMLVªhC;w'ku buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Distribution Information System) A • ijpsftax buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Purchasing Information System) A

• Vªst+jh buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Treasury Information System) A • ØsfMV ,ukfyfll buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Credit Analysis Information System)A • fjlpZ ,.M MsoyiesUV buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Research and Development Information System)

A

• bUthfufjax buQkWjes'ku flLVe (Engineering Information System) A Cost Accounting ,d Ádkj dk Internally Oriented Accounting Information System gSaA ,dkmfUVax

VªkWUtsD'ku (Accounting Transaction) ds fuEufyf[kr Steps gSa& • VkWUtsD'ku dh lHkh Details dks ,d Journal esa ,df=r djukA

• ,d Subsidiary Ledger esa ,dkm.V ds VªkWUtsD'ku dh Posting djukA • lHkh Subsidiary Ledger dh ,d Genernal Ledger esa iksfLVax djukA Computer in Marketing and Manufacturing ekdsZfVax rFkk eSU;wQsDpfjax esa dEI;wVj dk fo'ks"k

;ksxnku gSaA fdlh Hkh vkWxsZukbts'ku ;k lLaFkk ds ÁksMDV ds ckjs esa ekdsZfVax djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj

csgrj llak/ku gSaA ;fn fdlh vkWxsZukbts'ku ds ÁksMDV dh ekdsZfVax djuh gS rks ml ÁksMDV ds fy;s

Presentation slide rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA blh Ádkj czkW'kj] iEiysV~l] gksfMaZx bR;kfn dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j

ds ek/;e ls vklkuh ls ,Mokla rduhd dk Á;ksx djds rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gSaA blh Ádkj fdlh

Hkh ÁksMDV dh eSU;wQsDpfjax esa Hkh dEI;wVj dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gksrk gSaA dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j ds ek/;e

ls ,Mokal rduhd dk Á;ksx djds ÁksMDV dh eSU;wQsDpfjax dh tkrh gSA Insurance chek (Insurance) ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA lHkh chfer O;fDr;ksa dh

ijwh lwpuk ,d MkVkcsl ds vUnj dEI;wVj es laxzghr dj nh tkrh gSA ckn esa vko';drkuqlkj mlesa

ls fdlh Hkh fof'k"V O;fDr ds ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh lwpuk ÁkIr dh tk ldrh gSaA Insurance ds {ks= esa tks dk;Z Manually

fd;k tkrk Fkk ogh dk;Z vc dEI;wVjkbTM gks pqdk gSA blls dk;Z djus esa dkQh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA 56 Stock Broking LVkWd czksfdax (Stock Broking) lHkh vkbVeksa dh ,d fyLV miyC/k djkrk gSA ;g fyLV gkFk esa ,d

fdrkc dh rjg gksrh gSaA ;fn fQt+hdy LVkWd dh dsoy Random Checking dh vko';drk gS]

dEI;wVj vkbVeksa dh fyLV dks Randomly Check dj ldrk gSA Computer Applications in Production Planning and Control ÁksMD'ku Iykfuax lcls vf/kd yqHkkous (Lucrative) ,Iyhds'kuksa (Applications) esa lsa ,d gS ftls ,d

dEiuh vUMjVsd (Undertake) dj ldrh gSaA ,d ÁHkko'kyh ÁksMD'ku Iykfuax flLVe dEIkuh dks

fuEufyf[kr ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd rjhdksa ds fy;s ck/; (Assist) dj ldrk gSa& • Reduction in Material Wastage. • Decrease of Idle Machine Time and Increased Output by proper Scheduling. • Better Co- ordination between Departments. • Optimisation of Prodcut-mix. • Reduction in Inprocess Inventory.


34

Purchasing ,d fctusl vkWxsukbts'ku dqN ÁksMDVksa dks cukus dk dk;Z djrh gS] blesa ÁksMD'ku Iykfuax rFkk

dUVªksy fMikVZesUV dh T;knk ft+Eesnkjh (Responsibility) gksrh gSaA blds jksy (Role) rFkk QaD'kuksa

(Functions) dk dk;Z ÁksMD'ku vkWMZj ns[kus dk gksrk gS] tks ekdsZV dh vko';drkvksa ls feyrk gqvk

gksrk gSA lkekU;r% ÁksMD'ku Iykfuax rFkk dUVªksy foHkkx dk ÁksMD'ku eSustj bUpktZ ijpst rFkk

LVksj (Purchase and Store) foHkkx dks Hkh fu;fU=r djrk gS] tks ÁksMsD'ku ds mi& QaD'kuksa ds :i

esa fMtkbu fd;s tkrs gSaA ijpst foHkkx (Purchase Department) dk eq[; QaD'ku bUMsUV buQWkjes'ku]

buokfVax dksVs'ku] VSUMj rFkk dksVs'kuksa dh lqj{kk dks laHkkyus dk dk;Z djrk gSaA Requisitions for Purchase ,d fctusl vkWxsZukbts'ku esa lkekU;r% ijpst ds fy;s vkko';drk;sa fuEufyf[kr pkj L=ksrksa ls

ÁkIr gksrh gSa& ÁFke L=ksr os;jgkml (Ware house) gS] tgka eVsfj;y ijpsTM ds LVkWd fjdkWMZ (Stock record) laHkkys (Maintained) tkrs gSaA f}rh; L=ksr ÁksMD'ku Iykfuax rFkk eVsfj;y dUVªksy gksrk gS] tgk¡ eSU;wQsDpj vkbVeksa ds fy;s

LVkWd fjdkWMZ rFkk buosUVjh dUVªksy ds Raw-Materials dks laHkkyk (Maintained) tkrk gSA rrh; L=ksr R & D ,oe~ bathfu;fjax fMikVZesUV gS] tks ÁksMDV bEiozwesUV (Product Improvement) ds fy;s

u;sa Materials ds Order djrs gSaA 57 prqFkZ L=ksr vkWfQl rFkk ,MfefuLVªsfVo fMikVZesUV gSa] tks vko';d Supplies dks muds Loa; ds

Á;ksx ds fy;s vkWMZjksa dks LFkkfir (Place) djrs gSaA Banking cSfdax ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj (Computer) dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA lHkh VªkatsD'ku

(Ttrnsactions) dEI;wVjkbTM (Computerized) gksrh gSaA lHkh Ádkj ds cSadksa us dEI;wVj Á.kkyh ij

dk;Z djuk ÁkjEHk dj fn;k gSA tks dk;Z igys Manually :i ls gksrk Fkk og lHkh dk;Z vc

dEI;wVjkbTM :i ls gksrk gSA cSafdax losak;sa lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr gksrh gSa& • euh (Money) fMiksftVA • euh fudkyuk (Money Withdraw) A

• yksu lqfo/kk (Loan Facility) A • ØsfMV dkMZ (Credit Card) A • MsfcV dkMZ (Debit Card) A vktdy lHkh rjg dh cSad ;g lHkh lqfo/kk;sa dEI;wVjkbTM Ánku

dj jgh gSaA vktdy ;s cSad baVjusV lqfo/kk;sa Hkh Ánku dj jgh gSaA T;knkrj cSadksa us viuh CBS

'kk[kk;sa 'kq: dj nh gSaA blds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh CBS 'kk[kk ls ,dkmUV gksYMj vius /ku dks tek

dj ldrk gS] rFkk fudky ldrk gSaA Credit Card and Collection Credit Card ds ek/;e ls ge fdlh Hkh rjg dk ysu&nsu dj ldrs gSaA vf/kdrj cSad Credit Card dh lqfo/kk Ánku djrh gSaA blds ek/;e ls ge Online Transaction dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj

ij ge Credit Card ds ek/;e ls baVjusV ds ek/;e ls Online Shopping dj ldrs gSaA Warehouse os;jgkml ,d rjg dk MkVk laxzg.k O;oLFkk gSaA ftlds vUnj cgqr ek=k esa fdlh lLaFkk ls lEcfU/kr

MkVk ,oe~ lwpuk laxzfgr gksrh gSaA ckn esa ge viuh vko';drkuqlkj mlesa ls lwpuk dks ÁkIr dj

ldrs gSA dEI;wVj esa os;jgkml ds dbZ Ádkj ds lkW¶os;j ;g lqfo/kk Ánku djrs gSa] tSls Oracle, MS SQL Server 2000 vkfn MkVkcsl os;jgkml lkW¶Vos;j gSa] ftudk Á;ksx fdlh Hkh lLaFkk dh

T;knk&ls&T;knk lwpuk dks yacs le; rd lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA 58

FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER · NCEC INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL 1 FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER...

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Transcript of FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER · NCEC INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL 1 FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER...