Fundamental forces of nature.
-
Upload
shamshad-khan -
Category
Science
-
view
209 -
download
2
Transcript of Fundamental forces of nature.
![Page 1: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fundamental Forces OfThe Universe
Project By:-Shamshad Khan Rishabh Singh
![Page 2: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Four Fundamental Forces
Weak Nuclear
Strong Nuclear
Electro-Magnetism
Gravitation
![Page 3: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gravitational Force
![Page 4: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; (especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface)
"the more remote the body is less the gravity“ The weakest of all forces. Has infinite range (acts across the entire universe) The “particle” that carries the force is called a graviton "the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”
Gravitational Force
![Page 5: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
"Why do objects move toward the earth?" "Objects yearn to be united with the earth."
Why do objects slow down when you put them in motion?
"Objects in motion slow down because they get tired.“
These are the works of Aristotle, which held sway for almost 2,000 years until the beginning of modern physics with Galileo and Isaac Newton.
Few Questions regarding Gravitation.
![Page 6: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Scientists Known for their contribution in study of Gravitation.
![Page 7: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
![Page 8: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
![Page 9: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ELECTRO-MAGNETISM
![Page 10: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
•Electric force and Magnetic force both can create Electro-magnetic force.
![Page 11: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Electric Force
It act only on charged
particles such as protons and
electrons.
Particles with opposite charge
attract and same charge
repel(push apart).
![Page 12: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Magnetic ForceIt acts on certain metals(with magnetic
character), on the poles of magnets and on moving charges.
Magnets are dipole(have two poles i.e. south pole and north pole).
Like electric force, magnetic force is attractive for opposite poles and
repulsive for similar poles.
![Page 13: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Fundamental Interactions
Interaction Strength Range(m)
Mediator Mass(GeV)
Gravitation 10^-43 ∞ Gravitons 0
Electromagnetic 10^-2 ∞ Photons 0
Strong 1 10^-15m Gluons 0
Weak 10^-6 10^-18m Bosons 80,80,91
![Page 14: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
THE UNIFICATION
![Page 15: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How magnetism generates electricity.
![Page 16: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
•Famous Scientists in the field of Electro-Magnetism
![Page 17: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hans Christian Orstead
.
Fig: The Compass-wire Experiment
14th August 1777-9th March 1851
![Page 18: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
James Clerk Maxwell
13th June 1831-5th Nov. 1879
Unified Electricity and Magnetism.
Formulated Maxwell’s Equations
Proposed Light as an EM-wave.
![Page 19: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Electromagnetic Force
Acts between electrically charged particleshave infinite mass.
Described by Electro-Magnetic fields(EM-fields).
Act through an exchange(or Mediation) of particles named photons.
![Page 20: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Uses of Electromagnetic Force
All the particles with either electric charge or magnetic moment(and of course a photon)
interact with the electromagnetic interaction.
Hydro-Electric Dams, Nuclear Power Plants, Generators etc. work on this phenomenon.
Describes a number of phenomenon such as Friction, Rainbows, Lightening.
Is the basis of existence of all electrically-driven devices such as Computers, Televisions, Lasers
etc.
![Page 21: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE
![Page 22: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Quarks• There are six types of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom.• All quarks have an electric charge charge of either 2/3 or -1/3.• All quarks have a spin of 1/2.
Gluons• Gluons have a mass and electric charge of 0.• Gluons have a spin of 1.
Properties of Quarks and Gluons
![Page 23: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Diffrence between Electro-Magnetic and Strong Force.
![Page 24: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE
![Page 25: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Weak Nuclear Force or Weak Interaction is responsible for decay of material . It can observed on any material it time lapsed. Weak interaction is responsible for such phenomena as beta decay consolidated with electromagnetism as a single
interaction called electroweak interaction.
DEFINITION OF WEAK INTERACTION
![Page 26: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Example Of WEAK INTERACTION
What hold the Neutrons and Protons in the nucleus of an
atom together? Weak Nuclear Force is the glue that does
that. If the number of these particles gets too big, the weak
force cannot hold all the Protons and Neutrons that are
moving around together and they are moving around
together and they drop something.
![Page 27: Fundamental forces of nature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042614/55a3b6181a28ab4d0f8b4844/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Fifth Force
Weak Nuclear
Strong Nuclear
Electro-Magnetism
Gravitation
Dark Energy