Function…Controls and communicates with the body.

Center of mental activity like thought and memory

Communicates with the environment; both out side and inside out body

2 types peripheral and central

The 5 senses; sight, smell, touch, taste, and sound

Standard B. when something such as a hot pan is touched by a hand, the neurons in the hand travel to the spinal cord then to the brain where it’s acknowledged as a hot object and the body reacts to it.

A neuron is the major part of a nervous systemA neuron is divided into 4 parts; the dendrites, axon, synaptic terminals and the main cell body where the nucleus and etc are located.The dendrites receive information and sends to the cell body.The cell body has the basic necessities of a cellThe axon sends electric currents and information from the received by the dendrites.

Standard E. Sensory Neurons- carry messages from hands, ear, nose etc to the central nervous systemInter Neurons-neurons part of the central nervous system, they communicate with the spinal cord and either skin or muscle. Motor Neurons-neurons that sends electric currents to stimulate a muscle.

Standard D.•The electric current from the neuron cannot pass through the gap in between neuron and other neurons or other cells.

•A chemical called neurotransmitter is discharged from the synaptic vessicles

•The chemical is what is passed on to the other cell and the other cell receive it through receptors.

Standard C. Feed back loops…Our body has a way to maintain optimal level of oxygen and others. Here’s an example. Imagine that you are resting now. Then you start running. Since your cells need more oxygen the brain increases your rate of breathing and heart beat. This gets your oxygen level at an optimal level. When you stop running, your cells need less oxygen and the brain decreases your breathing and heart beat rate.

What it does…Consists of your brain and spinal cordMessages from the spinal cord go to the brainThe response message from the brain to the rest of the body through the spinal cord

1) Brain2) Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)3) Spinal cord

What it does…It receives messages from the sensors like the tongue, ears, and etc.They it sends it toward the spinal cord to be relayed to the brain these neuron cells are called afferent neuronsThen the relay message from the brain reaches the spinal cord, sends away to the rest of the body., so necessary actions will take place.These neurons are called efferent neurons.It is all the neurons not included in the central nervous system

Functions…•Protects vital organs like the brain, heart and the lungs

•The bone marrows produce blood cells

•Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous

•Forms your frame work

•Along with the muscular system, it allows movement.

The skeletal system can be divided in to two parts…•The axial skeleton which protect vital organs like the heart and the brain (80 bones in skull, vertebra, ribs, sternum)•The appendicular skeletons that connect and anchor other bones like our pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle (126 bones in limbs, shoulders, pelvis)

There are 4 types of bones…•Long bones- they are long and work as levers (arm, leg thigh forearm)•Short bones- they are short and shaped like cubes (wrist bones and ankle bones)•Flat bones-Thin and flat bones. They are also usually curved (bones in your cranium)•Irregular bones-Bones that don’t fit into any of the categories listed above (vertebrae and skull bone)

2 types of bones…

Compact bone…Dense and hardForm the exterior of the bonesInside lies spongy boneIt has tiny holes that are filled with blood vessels and nerves.Also called Cortical bones

Spongy Bone...Most bones have spongy bones on the inside of compact bones.Full of tiny holesIt’s where bone marrows are located which make blood cellsAlso called cancellous bones

Functions…Blood transports nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxideStabilize body temperature Stabilize body pH levelIncludes the heart (coronary), lungs (pulmonary) and blood vessels (systemic)

Standard A.The oxygen depleted blood is carried to the lungs.There the red blood cells get rid of carbon dioxide and get oxygen.Then it leaves the lungs and goes back to the heart where it will be distributed to the rest of the body.

What it does…Delivers blood and oxygen to the heart.Coronary arteries are the vessels that transport blood to the muscle tissue of the heart, myocardium.These arteries can become easily blocked causing heart attacks.

What it does…Carries oxygen containing blood to the rest of the body from the left heart.Also carries back oxygen depleted blood to the right heart where it will to the lungs to be reoxygenized.

Allows us to move around3 types of muscles; Cardiac, smooth and skeletalCan be divided in to 2 categories, voluntary and involuntaryWe have control over the voluntary muscles but we have no control over the involuntary muscles.

What it is…Muscle tissue of the heart, myocardiumWorks like the skeletal muscle but not attached to a boneForms branching fibersInvoluntary muscle

What it is…Makes up most of our internal organs like bladder, arteries, veins and the digestive track.Involuntary muscleControlled by the nervous system and hormones.

What it is…Makes up 1/3 of a person’s body weightMade up of long muscle fibers.Nervous system controls the muscle contractions.However, we still control the actions which means that skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles.

Standard H.Muscle contracts when the muscle fibers shortens or lengthens.When there is no calcium, tropomyosin blocks access to the myosin binding site of actinWhen calcium is present, it binds to troponin moving the thin filament to one side causing muscle contraction.

What it is…Skin, hair, nails, and glands2 layers of skin dermis and epidermisAlso includes nerve cells that can detect cold heat pain, etcWhat it does…Protects internal structuresRegulates temperaturesPrevents entering of bacteria

Contains…Keratinocytes (produce keratin, a protein that gives skin its strength and flexibility and waterproofs the skin surface)Melanocytes(produce melanin, the dark pigment that gives skin its color)Merkel's cells (involved with touch reception)Langerhans' cells (help the immune system by processing antigens)

Contains…collagen (a protein that adds strength)reticular fibers (thin protein fibers that add support)elastic fibers (a protein that adds flexibility)the papillary layer, which has loose connective tissuethe reticular layer, which has dense connective tissue

What it does…Supplies the body with oxygenGets rid of carbon dioxide

Standard A.When we breathe, oxygen for the cells is inhaled and the waste, carbon dioxide is thrown out.

Air enters the respiratory system through the mouth or the nose. Then it goes thru the bronchial which lead directly into the lungs where the tube divide into many smaller tubes that connects to tiny sacs called alveoli. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli then goes into the blood vesselsOn the other hand carbon dioxide is released from the blood vessels to the sacs where it travels backwards and out the mouth or the nose.

What it does…The diaphragm pumps the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

Functions…Gets rid of waste products produced by our body.It includes sweat glands, liver, bladder, kidneys, and etc.

Standard A. and G.Wastes from filtered from the blood by pressure filtration is stored in kidneys as urineUrine leaves the kidney and travels to the bladder. Finally from the bladder it leaves the body altogether.

What it does…It purifies the bloodHelp maintain homeostasisStores important substances such as glucose

Standard G.The liver takes harmful substances such as drugs and alcohol and turns them into less active or less harmful products.

Functions…Regulates, mood, growth, development, and etcMade up of glands like the adrenal and thyroid glandSecretes hormones

What it does…Hormones are chemical messengers released by glandsIt only delivers to the target cells. If it’s not a target cell, it won’t attach it self to the cell.

Standard C and I.When something happens to the body, like your level of sugar is way above the optimal level, your body will secrete hormones and the body will turn the sugar to fat for storage. When your body need the sugars the body will release another hormone that will turn the fats back to sugar for use.

Often called the master gland because it secretes hormones that control other glandsIt can be influenced by your emotionsMakes hormones such as the growth hormones.

Controls the rate in which the cells burn fuels to produce energyHelp to grow strong bones.Play a role in brain and nervous system development.

Functions…Break down the food we eatIncludes the digestive track and the organs associated with itThe food under goes, absorption, elimination and digestion.

Pathway…1.Stomach2.Liver and biliary system3.Pancreas4.Small insentient5.Large insentient

Standard G.Our body maintains the glucose level by secreting 2 hormones. Then the level is high, insulin is released. When the level is low, glucagon is released. The hormones are released by hormones. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by cells while glucagon makes the liver convert glycogen to glucose.

Standard F.Amylase-breaks down starch in to glucose found in small intestineProteases-breaks down bonds of proteinsNuclease- breaks down nucleic bondsLipases-makes fat in to glycerol and fatty acidsStomach acids-also called gastric acid, secreted in the stomach, breaks down food.Bile salts-secreted in the small intestine and used for absorption of fats and minerals and the like

Functions…Ensure the survival of the speciesMakes sperms or eggsTransport and sustain these cellsNurture the developing offspringProduce hormonesContains gonads(ovaries and testes) and other reproductive organs

Functions…produce and sustain the female sex cells (egg cells or ova)transport these cells to a site where they may be fertilized by spermprovide a favorable environment for the developing fetusmove the fetus to the outside at the end of the development period,produce the female sex hormones

Functions…consists of a pair of testes and a network of excretory ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens), and seminal vesiclesTestes-Sperm are produced hereThe sperm passes through the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra before leaving the body

Functions…Identify and destroy pathogensAntigen-specific-recognize and act against specific antigens Systemic-works through out the body, not confined to a specific placeMemory-recognize and mount a stronger attack to the same antigen next timeSpecific defense mechanisms- effective against a specific invadersNon-specific defense mechanisms- works against a variety of invaders

Standard a.Skin is a non-specific defense mechanism. It will protect us from contact with bacteria, viruses and other antigens. However, not all of our body is covered with skin. Antigens may pass through the mouth, nose and etc.

Standard b.When an antigen is detected, B lymphocytes start making antibodies, these antibodies lock on the specific antigens and destroy it with the help of T cells. And when job is done, antibodies stay in one’s body to repel further invaders.

Standard c.Vaccination is when a weak antigen in artificially introduced to the body, so B lymphocytes can make antibodies which will fight against that invaders.

BacteriaWay bigger than virusCan grow on non livingJust invade and kill cellsIt has everything for growth and multiplication

VirusWay smaller than bacteriaNeeds a living hostInfect cells to produce more virusMade up of DNA and a protein coat.

Standard e.AIDS weaken our immune system. They do this by infecting t cells, which fight against antigens, and producing more virus to infect other t cells. Sooner or later, the person’s going to have no t cells and become weak and die since the body’s not going to be able to fight against the simplest and the weakest bacteria or virus.

Standard f.Phagocytes-group of immune cells that find and destroy virus, bacteria, and dead cellsB- lymphocytes- B cells wait until it finds an antigen that matches its receptors. Then with the help of T cells, it copies it self in to 2 cells, plasma and memory. The plasma makes antibodies and the memory cells remember the specific antigen until future invasions.T-lymphocytes-locates and destroys infected cells also helps B cells copy it self.

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