FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS€¦ · DK’s First Science Encyclopedia is filled with fun science...
Transcript of FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS€¦ · DK’s First Science Encyclopedia is filled with fun science...
THE AIM
This Activity Pack can be used with children either at home or in the classroom. It includes five activities, one for each day of the week.
Children can dip in and out and complete as many activities as they like. The focus of the pack is for children to explore some of their favourite science topics – from the human body, the living world and physical materials, to forces and motion and earth and space.
There are lots of interesting, fun and educational activities and experiments to complete; it’s time to GET SCIENTIFIC!
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
DK CURRICULUM RESOURCE:
SCIENCE!FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS
BOOKS INCLUDED IN THIS PACK
DK’s First Science Encyclopediais filled with fun science facts about many different subjects, from the human body and animals to facts about space and matter.
From the blood and breathing to rocks and minerals, kids will love getting to grips with this exciting encyclopedia.
Perfect for homework or just for fun, Science Encyclopediaplace for young scientists a
five activities, one for each day
Children can dip in and out and complete as many activities as they like. The focus of the pack is for children to explore some of their favourite science topics – from the human body, the living world and physical materials, to forces and motion and earth and space.
There are lots of interesting, fun and educational activities and experiments to complete; it’s time to GET SCIENTIFIC!
BOOKS INCLUDED IN THIS PACK
First Science Encyclopedia
many different subjects, from the human body and animals to facts
DK CURRICULUM RESOURCE:
SCIENCE!FUN FACTS AND EXPERIMENTS
complete as many activities as they like. The focus of the pack is for children to
topics – from the human body, the living world and physical materials, to forces
1
human body and animals to facts about space and matter.
From the blood and breathing to rocks and minerals, kids will love getting to grips with this exciting encyclopedia.
Perfect for homework or just for fun, First Science Encyclopedia
First Science Encyclopediais filled with fun science facts about many different subjects, from the
is the ideal starting Science Encyclopedia is the ideal starting Science Encyclopediaplace for young scientists aged 7 - 9.
First Science Encyclopediais filled with fun science facts about many different subjects, from the human body and animals to facts about space and matter.
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SCIENCE DK CURRICULUM RESOURCE:
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES& OUTCOMES• ACTIVITY 1: LIFE SCIENCE –
INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
CURRICULUM LINKS: Identifying
inherited characteristics in living
things; understanding that variation
occurs within offspring; understanding
the difference between inherited and
environmental characteristics.
OUTCOMES: A completed Inheritance
Profile; a list of inherited and
environmental characteristics.
• ACTIVITY 2: LIFE SCIENCE – HEART RATES
CURRICULUM LINKS: Understanding
and describing the functions of the
heart and blood; identifying that the
heart rate increases with exercise;
recording scientific results using
description, drawings, diagrams
and tables.
OUTCOMES: A record of heart rates
with exercise; a diagram of the heart
with labels.
• ACTIVITY 3: MATERIALS SCIENCE – PROPERTIES OF MATTER
CURRICULUM LINKS: Organising objects
according to the material they are
made from; describing materials
according to their properties; recording
and analysing results of a ‘sink or
float experiment’; creating a new
invention with different materials.
OUTCOMES: A list of materials and
objects made from those materials;
a description of the properties of
materials; a record of results from
an experiment; a ‘planning sheet’
for a new invention.
• ACTIVIT Y 4: PHYSICAL SCIENCE – FORCES AND MOTION
CURRICULUM LINKS: Understanding
and describing the functions of the
heart and blood; identifying that
the heart rate increases with exercise;
recording scientific results using
description, drawings, diagrams
and tables.
OUTCOMES: A record of heart rates
with exercise; a diagram of the heart
with labels.
• ACTIVITY 5: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE – STARRY SKIES
• CURRICULUM LINKS: Defining the
different features of the solar system;
creating an informative leaflet about
the life cycle of a star; observing and
creating an image of the night-sky.
OUTCOMES: A leaflet about the life
cycle of a star; drawings and crafted
pictures of the night-sky.
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
3
ACTIVITY ONE:
LIFE SCIENCE – INHERITANCE
Note, for this activity, children need photos of themselves, their siblings and their parents or relatives. It might also be helpful to have pictures of their parents when they were the age the children are now.
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
[Pages 32–33]
DID YOU KNOW?
Your genes are a set of chemical
instructions for building someone just
like you. You inherit them from your
parents, which is why you are like them
in many ways. But unless you are a
twin, your genes are unique. [Page 32]
Look at any photographs of your
parents. Discuss which characteristics
you have inherited from your parents.
GET SCIENTIFIC!
Copy and complete the Inheritance
Profile on this page by inserting images
and notes to show the things that you
and any of your siblings have inherited
from your parents.
Do you share any characteristics with your siblings, or do they look different to you? Use the following categories as starting points:
• Face shape
• Ear lobes (attached or not)
• Eye colour
• Hair colour
PARENT 1
OFFSPRING 1 OFFSPRING 2
INHERITED:
PARENT 2
4
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
33
Inheritance Life science
32
You
r gen
es are a
set of chemica
l in
struction
s for build
ing
someon
e just
like you
. You
inherit them
from y
our
paren
ts, which is w
hy y
ou a
re like them
in m
an
y w
ays. B
ut u
nless y
ou
are a
twin
, you
r gen
es are u
niqu
e.
Inheritance
Seeing doubleId
entica
l twin
s share m
ost of their gen
es. A
qua
rter of these are m
irror twin
s, which
mea
ns tha
t they a
re a m
irror ima
ge of
each other. F
or exam
ple, they m
ight ha
ve a
n id
entica
l mole, bu
t on the opposite
arm
to each other.
Colour blindness
Som
e people have a
gen
e which ca
uses
them to be colou
r blind
. Look a
t the circle below
. If you
can
see the nu
mber
insid
e then y
ou a
ren’t colou
r blind
.
What does D
NA
stand for?
Who do you look like?
Child
ren ha
ve a m
ixture of g
enes
from their pa
rents. T
his is why
from
their paren
ts. This is w
hy
you
mig
ht have y
our m
um
’s ey
es but y
our d
ad
’s smile!
Deo
xyrib
onuc
leic
aci
d.
Chrom
osomes
Chrom
osomes
You
r gen
es are org
an
ised in
to Y
our g
enes a
re orga
nised
into
46 chromosom
es, arra
ng
ed in
23 pa
irs. Gen
es an
d chrom
osomes a
re m
ad
e from the chem
ical ca
lled D
NA
.
Tiny cellsC
ells are the bu
ildin
g blocks tha
t ma
ke up a
ll livin
g thin
gs. E
ach cell in
you
r body
conta
ins
a com
plete set of gen
es – the inform
ation
to m
ake y
ou a
s you
are.
Am
azing DN
AD
NA
is ma
de of lon
g
molecu
les. Ea
ch molecu
le is m
ad
e up of tw
o parts join
ed
together like a tw
isted rope la
dd
er. D
NA
carries in
struction
s on how
to m
ake cells w
ork, an
d how
differen
t types of cells d
evelop an
d join
together to build
a
living thin
g, such a
s a pla
nt or a
nim
al.
Test your fam
ily and friends to see if anyone you know
is colour blind.
Mem
brane
Nucleus
What is a gene?
Every cell in
your bod
y conta
ins
a set of a
bout 20,000 gen
es. A
ll living thin
gs pass on
their gen
es to their offspring. S
exua
l reprod
uction
combin
es two sets
This child has inherited her hair
and skin colour from
her mother.
The chromosom
es of your father determ
ine w
hether you will be
a boy or a girl.a boy or a girl.
You can only roll your tongue if the right genes are active.
DN
A
molecules are
made of tw
o long strands tw
isted around each other.
of genes. Y
ou’ve got tw
o of each
gene, on
e from you
r mother a
nd
on
e from you
r father. S
ometim
es the gen
e from you
r mother com
es in
to action
, an
d other tim
es your
father’s gen
e win
s out.
Chromosom
e
Tu
rnT
urn
an
d lea
rnA
nim
al
reprod
uction
: p
p. 30-31
Hea
lth:
Hea
lth:
pp
. 40-41
DNANANstrandscarryinfofofrmation.
FINA
L TASK
FINA
L TASK
FINA
L TASK
Wha
t are the d
ifferences
Wha
t are the d
ifferences
Wha
t are the d
ifferences
or va
riatio
ns b
etween
yo
u
or va
riatio
ns b
etween
yo
u
or va
riatio
ns b
etween
yo
u
an
d y
ou
r siblin
gs? S
o fa
r, a
nd
yo
ur sib
ling
s? So
far,
an
d y
ou
r siblin
gs? S
o fa
r,
yo
u’ve a
dd
ed ‘in
herited
’ y
ou
’ve ad
ded
‘inh
erited’
yo
u’ve a
dd
ed ‘in
herited
’
cha
racteristics to
yo
ur
cha
racteristics to
yo
ur
cha
racteristics to
yo
ur
pro
file, bu
t wh
at a
bo
ut
pro
file, bu
t wh
at a
bo
ut
pro
file, bu
t wh
at a
bo
ut
‘enviro
nm
enta
l’ ‘en
viron
men
tal’
‘enviro
nm
enta
l’
chara
cteristics? cha
racteristics?
chara
cteristics?
Wha
t could
these be?W
hat cou
ld these be?
Wha
t could
these be?
33
Inheritance Life scienceLife science
32
You
r gen
es are a
set of chemica
l in
struction
s for build
ing
someon
e just
like you
. You
inherit them
from y
our
paren
ts, which is w
hy y
ou a
re like them
in m
an
y w
ays. B
ut u
nless y
ou
are a
twin
, you
r gen
es are u
niqu
e.
Inheritance
Seeing doubleId
entica
l twin
s share m
ost of their gen
es. A
qua
rter of these are m
irror twin
s, which
mea
ns tha
t they a
re a m
irror ima
ge of
each other. F
or exam
ple, they m
ight ha
ve a
n id
entica
l mole, bu
t on the opposite
arm
to each other.
Colour blindness
Som
e people have a
gen
e which ca
uses
them to be colou
r blind
. Look a
t the circle below
. If you
can
see the nu
mber
insid
e then y
ou a
ren’t colou
r blind
.
What does D
NA
stand for?
Who do you look like?
Child
ren ha
ve a m
ixture of g
enes
from their pa
rents. T
his is why
from
their paren
ts. This is w
hy
you
mig
ht have y
our m
um
’s ey
es but y
our d
ad
’s smile!
Deo
xyrib
onuc
leic
aci
d.
Chrom
osomes
Chrom
osomes
You
r gen
es are org
an
ised in
to Y
our g
enes a
re orga
nised
into
46 chromosom
es, arra
ng
ed in
23 pa
irs. Gen
es an
d chrom
osomes a
re m
ad
e from the chem
ical ca
lled D
NA
.
Tiny cellsC
ells are the bu
ildin
g blocks tha
t ma
ke up a
ll livin
g thin
gs. E
ach cell in
you
r body
conta
ins
a com
plete set of gen
es – the inform
ation
to m
ake y
ou a
s you
are.
Am
azing DN
AD
NA
is ma
de of lon
g
molecu
les. Ea
ch molecu
le is m
ad
e up of tw
o parts join
ed
together like a tw
isted rope la
dd
er. D
NA
carries in
struction
s on how
to m
ake cells w
ork, an
d how
differen
t types of cells d
evelop an
d join
together to build
a
living thin
g, such a
s a pla
nt or a
nim
al.
Test your fam
ily and friends to see if anyone you know
is colour blind.
Mem
brane
Nucleus
What is a gene?
Every cell in
your bod
y conta
ins
a set of a
bout 20,000 gen
es. A
ll living thin
gs pass on
their gen
es to their offspring. S
exua
l reprod
uction
combin
es two sets
This child has inherited her hair
and skin colour from
her mother.
The chromosom
es of your father determ
ine w
hether you will be
a boy or a girl.a boy or a girl.
You can only roll your tongue if the right genes are active.
DN
A
molecules are
made of tw
o long strands tw
isted around each other.
of genes. Y
ou’ve got tw
o of each
gene, on
e from you
r mother a
nd
on
e from you
r father. S
ometim
es the gen
e from you
r mother com
es in
to action
, an
d other tim
es your
father’s gen
e win
s out.
Chromosom
e
Tu
rnT
urn
an
d lea
rnA
nim
al
reprod
uction
: p
p. 30-31
Hea
lth:
Hea
lth:
pp
. 40-41
DNANANstrandscarryinfofofrmation.
5
ACTIVITY TWO:
LIFE SCIENCE – HEART RATES
BEATS IN 10
SECONDS
MULTIPLY BY 6
BEATS PER
MINUTE
RESTING
JOGGING
STAR JUMPS
RESTING
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
[Pages 36–37]
DID YOU KNOW?
Every time your heart beats, it pumps
blood around your body. Half of the
heart sends blood through your lungs.
The other half sends blood around
the rest of your body. [Page 36]
Our heart is a muscle which functions
as a very powerful pump to transport
blood around the body. It beats
somewhere between 60 and 100 times a
minute (B.P.M.), but can beat even faster
than that if needed. The more you move
and exercise, the higher your B.P.M.
GET SCIENTIFIC!
Find some space to get active! With a
sibling, friend or family member, you
need to record each other’s heart rates
when you do the following exercises:
Match the following exercises to the right heart rates. Explain your choices:
What pattern do you see?
Can you identify that heart rate
increases or decreases with exercise?
Why do you think this happens?
What is the heart working harder to do?
Walking slowly
Sleeping
Sprinting
Reading
Jogging
Walking fast
105 B.P.M
67 B.P.M
140 B.P.M
120 B.P.M
78 B.P.M.
95 B.P.M
Answers: Sleeping 67 B.P.M.; Reading 78 B.P.M.; Walking slowly 95 B.P.M.; Walking fast 105 B.P.M.; Jogging 120 B.P.M.; Sprinting 140 B.P.M.
6
ACTIVITY TWO:
LIFE SCIENCE – HEART RATES
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
FINAL TASK
Draw and label the heart diagram
on this page using what you know
about the heart and the information
on page 7 of this activity pack.
Use this list to help you!
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
Oxygen-poor blood from the body
[Pages 36–37]
7
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
Every few
second
s you brea
the in a
ir. In
side you
r lun
gs,oxygen from
the air
passes in
to your blood
, which then
ca
rries the oxygen a
ll roun
d you
r body.
Blood and breathingBlood and breathing
Transport systemB
lood tra
vels arou
nd
our
body
in tu
bes called
blood
vessels. The vessels ca
lled
arteries (red
) carry
blood
aw
ay from
you
r heart.
Vessels ca
lled vein
s (blu
e) carry
blood
back to y
our hea
rt.
How
many tim
es does a child’s heart beat every day?
Heart
Arteries
Veins
The left-hand pum
p squirts blood to the organs and m
uscles.
Your beating heartE
very tim
e you
r heart
beats, it pu
mps
blood a
roun
d y
our
body. H
alf of the
heart sen
ds blood
throu
gh y
our
lun
gs. T
he other ha
lf send
s blood
arou
nd
the rest of y
our bod
y.
LungsY
our lu
ng
s fill most of the spa
ce insid
e Y
our lu
ng
s fill most of the spa
ce insid
e y
our ribca
ge. T
hey ta
ke in oxy
gen
y
our ribca
ge. T
hey ta
ke in oxy
gen
from
the air a
nd
send
out w
aste
carbon
dioxid
e.
A c
hild
’s h
eart
bea
ts b
etw
een
130,
000
and
170,
000
times
a d
ay.
White blood cells, w
hich are part of the im
mune
system, fight disease.
Platelets help to
repair broken skin and blood vessels.
Red blood cells, the
most com
mon type of
blood cell, carry oxygen.
You breathe through your nose
or your mouth.
The right-hand pum
p sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Blood from legs and feet
Blood to legs and feet
Blood to all parts of body
Blood from
right lung
Blood to left lung
No lungs
Not every
an
ima
l has lu
ng
s. T
here are other w
ays
an
ima
ls breathe.
Insects su
ch as ca
terpillars
breathe throu
gh bod
y
openin
gs ca
lled spira
cles.
Frog
s can
absorb oxy
gen
throu
gh their skin
– even
un
derw
ater.
Ma
ny
sea crea
tures su
ch as
sharks brea
the throug
h gills.
Your lungs are like sponges. They are full of tiny channels and cham
bers.
The muscle under
your lungs is called the diaphragm
. This m
oves up and down
to make you breathe.
Nostril
Mouth
Tooth
3736 Life science
Blood and breathing
Blood and breathing
Liquid of lifeB
lood is made up of
three types of cells floating in plasm
a.
8
ACTIVITY THREE:
MATERIALS SCIENCE – PROPERTIES OF MATTER
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
[Pages 54–55]
DID YOU KNOW?
Some materials are hard and brittle,
while others are flexible. Some materials
are colourful, while others are
transparent. These kinds of features
are called “properties”. [Page 54]
Look at some of the materials listed below and match them to the object that they are suitable for making.
Answers: Metal, Knives and Forks; Plastic, Water Bottles; Wood, Tables and Chairs; Glass, Windows; Leather, Shoes and Belts; Cotton, T-shirts; Paper, Envelopes.
Metal
Plastic
Wood
Glass
Leather
Cotton
Envelopes
Tables and Chairs
Windows
Knives and Forks
Shoes and Belts
T-shirts
Paper Water Bottles
Use the Wordbank below to help you
describe each of the seven objects listed
in the box on the left. For example:
Shoes and Belts are bendy.
SmoothSoft Hard
SQUASHABLE
STRONGStretchyFRAGILE
Rough Weak
ColourfulTWISTABLEDull
SHINY THIN
Reflective
9
ACTIVITY THREE:
MATERIALS SCIENCE – PROPERTIES OF MATTER
OBJECT FLOAT SINK
COIN
PENCILPENCILPENCILPENCIL
COTTON BALLCOTTON BALL
CRAYONCRAYON
RUBBERBANDBAND
WOODENSTICK
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
[Pages 54–55]
GET SCIENTIFIC!
Have a guess: which of the materials
listed on the previous page might sink
in water? Which would float?
Carry out your own Sink or Float
experiment at home with a parent/carer
or sibling. Use a fairly deep bowl of water or sibling. Use a fairly deep bowl of water
along with household objects like those
listed on the sheet opposite. Add any of
your own objects/materials. Make sure
that you record your findings!
FINAL TASK
Imagine you’ve been asked to
come up with a new invention!
What are your ideas?
When you’ve come up with
something, create a list of materials
that you’d like to use in your own
invention.
Make sure you explain why you’d
like to use them and what purpose
they serve! Complete a Planning
Sheet to show your ideas.
10
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
5554
Som
e ma
terials a
re hard
an
d
brittle, while others a
re flexible. S
ome m
ateria
ls are colou
rful, w
hile others a
re tran
sparen
t. These kin
ds
of featu
res are ca
lled “properties”.
Properties of matter
Brittleness
Som
e ma
terials, su
ch as w
ind
ow
gla
ss, are pa
rticula
rly brittle.
They
will brea
k when
pushed
ou
t of shape even
a sm
all a
mou
nt.
Does it float?
It’s easy
to learn
a
bout som
e properties, su
ch as the a
bility
to float. T
he am
oun
t of m
atter in
a certa
in
volum
e of an
object is ca
lled its d
ensity.
Objects a
nd
liquid
s floa
t on liqu
ids of a
hig
her den
sity a
nd
sin
k throug
h liquid
s of a
lower d
ensity.
Is diamond harder than quartz?
Properties of matter
Materials science
Broken
glass
Yes,
dio
mon
d is
the
har
dest
min
eral
of
all.
It ca
n sc
ratc
h qu
artz
.
Freezing point is the tem
perature at which
a liquid becomes a solid.
Plasticity is how
well
a solid can be reshaped.
Conductivity is how
well
a material lets electricity
or heat travel through it.
Boiling point is the
hottest a liquid can get before becom
ing a gas.
Main properties
There a
re ma
ny d
ifferent
properties of ma
tter.
A sm
ooth flowA
smooth flow
Som
e liquid
s flow m
ore S
ome liqu
ids flow
more
easily
than
others. It depen
ds
easily
than
others. It depen
ds
on their “stickin
ess”, or viscosity. on
their “stickiness”, or viscosity.
Hot la
va from
a volca
no flow
s H
ot lava
from a
volcan
o flows
slowly
becau
se it is sticky.slow
ly beca
use it is sticky.
An onion sinks through oil and
water, but floats on syrup.
Syrup sinks below w
ater.
A cork floats on oil.
Oil floats on w
ater.
1 TalcTalc
Hardness
A scien
tist called
Fried
rich Mohs crea
ted a
scale
usin
g ten
min
erals to com
pare how
hard
they
are. M
an
y m
ateria
ls are g
rad
ed on
this scale.
are. M
an
y m
ateria
ls are g
rad
ed on
this scale.
are. M
an
y m
ateria
ls are g
rad
ed on
this scale.
are. M
an
y m
ateria
ls are g
rad
ed on
this scale.
Tensile strength is how
much a m
aterial can stretch w
ithout breaking.
Flamm
ability is how
easily and quickly a substance w
ill catch fire.
Reflectivity is how
well
a material reflects light.
Water reflects w
ell.
Malleability is how
well
a solid can be shaped w
ithout breaking.
Flexibility is how easily
a material can be bent.
Solubility is how w
ell a substance w
ill dissolve, such as salt in w
ater.
Transparency is how
well a m
aterial will let
light pass through it.
Com
pressibilityC
ompressibility
Ga
ses can
be squ
ashed
, or com
pressed, by
squ
eezing
more
into the sa
me
space. T
his is wha
t spa
ce. This is w
hat
happen
s when
you
ha
ppens w
hen y
ou
pum
p up a
tyre.
A plastic building brick sinks
through oil but floats on water.
2 G
ypsum3
Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 A
patite6
Feldspar7
Quartz
8 Topaz
9 C
orundum
10 D
iamond
Gas can be com
pressed because its particles are far
apart. A bicycle pum
p pushes the particles closer together.
Diam
ond is the hardest
mineral.
Foot pump
Gas particles
A good insulator
Hea
t can
not ea
sily pa
ss throu
gh som
e ma
terials.
These a
re know
n a
s in
sula
tors. For exa
mple,
aerog
el can
completely
block the hea
t of a fla
me. B
ut
don
’t try this a
t home!
Talc is the Talc is the Talc is the Talc is the softest m
ineralsoftest m
ineralhandson
Collect some
different pebbles and put them
in order of hardness. A
pebble is harder than another if it scratches it. This is
how M
ohs worked
out his scale.
ACTIVITY FOUR:
PHYSICAL SCIENCE – FORCES AND MOTION
11
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
[Pages 90–91]
DID YOU KNOW?
It can be difficult to make an object move,
but once it is moving, it will go on moving
until something stops it. Force is needed
to start something moving, make it move
faster, and make it stop. [Page 90]
FIND OUT!
You are going to carry out a object-
rolling experiment. You need to complete
the five stages listed below. Make sure
that you record your findings on the
experiment sheet on the next page.
1. Make a ramp using fi ve books and a plank of wood or other material.
2. Roll a ball or object down the ramp and measure how far it goes.
3. Consider how you can make it roll further without throwing it.
4. Try this again but change the ball or object. Try a different type of ball or
another object that rolls, for example a tin of beans or another type of can or bottle. Which do you think will go further and why?
5. Try this again but change the surface. Try another smooth surface, as well as a rough surface like carpet. What changes do you see?
ACTIVITY FOUR:
PHYSICAL SCIENCE – FORCES AND MOTION
12
EQUIPMENT WHAT I DID:
WHAT I FOUND OUT: A DRAWING OF MY EXPERIMENT:
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
[Pages 90–91]
GET SCIENTIFIC!
Use an experiment sheet like the one below or create your own to record your results!
FINAL TASK
Read your experiment sheets to see what
you have found. Can you describe the
different stages of your experiment using
some of the following words?
FORCES ACCELERATIONMOTIONENERGY MASS
DROPHEIGHTINCREASESPEED KINETIC DECREASE
13
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
It can
be difficu
lt to ma
ke an
object move,
It can
be difficu
lt to ma
ke an
object move,
but on
ce it is movin
g, it will g
o on m
oving
bu
t once it is m
oving, it w
ill go on
movin
g
un
til somethin
g stops it. F
orce is need
ed
un
til somethin
g stops it. F
orce is need
ed
to start som
ething
movin
g, ma
ke it move
to start som
ething
movin
g, ma
ke it move
faster, a
nd
ma
ke it stop.
Forces and motion
New
ton’s second law
The big
ger the force a
nd
the lighter
the object, the grea
ter the accelera
tion.
A profession
al cy
clist with a
lightw
eight
bike will a
ccelerate fa
ster than
a n
orma
l person
cyclin
g to w
ork.
How
fast can a skydiver fall?
Forces make things
Forces make things
accelerate. In this case, accelerate. In this case, the force is created by the force is created by the cyclist’s pow
erful legs.the cyclist’s pow
erful legs.
Accelerating is fun, but defining it
in scientific terms can be confusing.
This is because acceleration doesn’t just m
ean speeding up. It is any change in velocity. So, it is also used to describe slow
ing down and changing direction.
The
max
imum
vel
ocity
of
falli
ng t
hrou
gh a
ir is
200
kph
(12
4 m
ph).
New
ton’s laws of m
otion In
1687, Isaa
c New
ton presen
ted three
importa
nt ru
les that expla
in how
forces ma
ke thin
gs m
ove. They
have becom
e the foun
da
tion
of physics a
nd
work for ju
st abou
t everythin
g, from
footballs to frog
s. N
ewton’s first law
A
n object stay
s still, or keeps movin
g in
a
straig
ht line a
t a con
stan
t speed, if it
isn’t bein
g pu
shed or pu
lled by
a force.
New
ton’s third lawN
ewton’s third law
Every
action
has a
n equ
al a
nd
opposite rea
ction. T
he leaf m
oves aw
ay a
s the frog
leaps in
the opposite direction
.
InertiaW
hen thin
gs are sta
nd
ing still or m
oving, they
con
tinu
e to rema
in in
the state they a
re in
(un
less force is applied
to them to cha
nge it).
This ten
den
cy to be as they a
re is called
inertia
.
The golf ball will carry
The golf ball will carry
on rolling until friction, on rolling until friction, gravity, and air resistance gravity, and air resistance slow
it down.
slow it dow
n.
Balanced forces
Forces a
ct on objects
all the tim
e. Opposin
g
all the tim
e. Opposin
g
forces can
be bala
nced
out.
When
this happen
s, the object w
on’t be pu
shed in
an
y d
irection.
LIFT
THRU
ST
Speed and velocityS
peed is d
ifferent from
velocity. Speed
is how fa
st you
are g
oing
a
nd
is easy
to work ou
t – divid
e how fa
r you
travel by
the time it
takes. Y
our velocity
is how fa
st you
travel in
a pa
rticula
r direction
. C
han
gin
g d
irection w
ithout slow
ing
redu
ces you
r velocity, but
you
r speed stay
s the sam
e.
DRA
G/
DRA
G/
FRICTIO
NFRIC
TION
GRAV
ITYG
RAVITY
The football w
ould stay still if the footballer
didn’t kick it.
Rescue helicopters balance forces so they can hover above the w
aves.9190 Physical science
Forces and motion
Tu
rna
nd
learn
Ma
gn
etism:
pp
. 78-79 G
ravity
: G
ravity
: p
p. 88-89
intw
ohou
rs,you
rspeed
isIf
you
drive
80km
(50m
iles)
40kph
(25m
ph).
It can
be difficu
lt to ma
ke an
object move,
It can
be difficu
lt to ma
ke an
object move,
but on
ce it is movin
g, it will g
o on m
oving
bu
t once it is m
oving, it w
ill go on
movin
g
un
til somethin
g stops it. F
orce is need
ed
un
til somethin
g stops it. F
orce is need
ed
to start som
ething
movin
g, ma
ke it move
to start som
ething
movin
g, ma
ke it move
faster, a
nd
ma
ke it stop.
Forces and motion
New
ton’s second law
The big
ger the force a
nd
the lighter
the object, the grea
ter the accelera
tion.
A profession
al cy
clist with a
lightw
eight
bike will a
ccelerate fa
ster than
a n
orma
l person
cyclin
g to w
ork.
How
fast can a skydiver fall?
Forces make things
Forces make things
accelerate. In this case, accelerate. In this case, the force is created by the force is created by the cyclist’s pow
erful legs.the cyclist’s pow
erful legs.
Accelerating is fun, but defining it
in scientific terms can be confusing.
This is because acceleration doesn’t just m
ean speeding up. It is any change in velocity. So, it is also used to describe slow
ing down and changing direction.
The
max
imum
vel
ocity
of
falli
ng t
hrou
gh a
ir is
200
kph
(12
4 m
ph).
New
ton’s laws of m
otion In
1687, Isaa
c New
ton presen
ted three
importa
nt ru
les that expla
in how
forces ma
ke thin
gs m
ove. They
have becom
e the foun
da
tion
of physics a
nd
work for ju
st abou
t everythin
g, from
footballs to frog
s. N
ewton’s first law
A
n object stay
s still, or keeps movin
g in
a
straig
ht line a
t a con
stan
t speed, if it
isn’t bein
g pu
shed or pu
lled by
a force.
New
ton’s third lawN
ewton’s third law
Every
action
has a
n equ
al a
nd
opposite rea
ction. T
he leaf m
oves aw
ay a
s the frog
leaps in
the opposite direction
.
InertiaW
hen thin
gs are sta
nd
ing still or m
oving, they
con
tinu
e to rema
in in
the state they a
re in
(un
less force is applied
to them to cha
nge it).
This ten
den
cy to be as they a
re is called
inertia
.
The golf ball will carry
The golf ball will carry
on rolling until friction, on rolling until friction, gravity, and air resistance gravity, and air resistance slow
it down.
slow it dow
n.
Balanced forces
Forces a
ct on objects
all the tim
e. Opposin
g
all the tim
e. Opposin
g
forces can
be bala
nced
out.
When
this happen
s, the object w
on’t be pu
shed in
an
y d
irection.
LIFT
THRU
ST
Speed and velocityS
peed is d
ifferent from
velocity. Speed
is how fa
st you
are g
oing
a
nd
is easy
to work ou
t – divid
e how fa
r you
travel by
the time it
takes. Y
our velocity
is how fa
st you
travel in
a pa
rticula
r direction
. C
han
gin
g d
irection w
ithout slow
ing
redu
ces you
r velocity, but
you
r speed stay
s the sam
e.
DRA
G/
DRA
G/
FRICTIO
NFRIC
TION
GRAV
ITYG
RAVITY
The football w
ould stay still if the footballer
didn’t kick it.
Rescue helicopters balance forces so they can hover above the w
aves.9190 Physical science
Forces and motion
Tu
rna
nd
learn
Ma
gn
etism:
pp
. 78-79 G
ravity
: G
ravity
: p
p. 88-89
intw
ohou
rs,you
rspeed
isIf
you
drive
80km
(50m
iles)
40kph
(25m
ph).
It can
be difficu
lt to ma
ke an
object move,
It can
be difficu
lt to ma
ke an
object move,
but on
ce it is movin
g, it will g
o on m
oving
bu
t once it is m
oving, it w
ill go on
movin
g
un
til somethin
g stops it. F
orce is need
ed
un
til somethin
g stops it. F
orce is need
ed
to start som
ething
movin
g, ma
ke it move
to start som
ething
movin
g, ma
ke it move
faster, a
nd
ma
ke it stop.
Forces and motion
New
ton’s second law
The big
ger the force a
nd
the lighter
the object, the grea
ter the accelera
tion.
A profession
al cy
clist with a
lightw
eight
bike will a
ccelerate fa
ster than
a n
orma
l person
cyclin
g to w
ork.
How
fast can a skydiver fall?
Forces make things
Forces make things
accelerate. In this case, accelerate. In this case, the force is created by the force is created by the cyclist’s pow
erful legs.the cyclist’s pow
erful legs.
Accelerating is fun, but defining it
in scientific terms can be confusing.
This is because acceleration doesn’t just m
ean speeding up. It is any change in velocity. So, it is also used to describe slow
ing down and changing direction.
The
max
imum
vel
ocity
of
falli
ng t
hrou
gh a
ir is
200
kph
(12
4 m
ph).
New
ton’s laws of m
otion In
1687, Isaa
c New
ton presen
ted three
importa
nt ru
les that expla
in how
forces ma
ke thin
gs m
ove. They
have becom
e the foun
da
tion
of physics a
nd
work for ju
st abou
t everythin
g, from
footballs to frog
s. N
ewton’s first law
A
n object stay
s still, or keeps movin
g in
a
straig
ht line a
t a con
stan
t speed, if it
isn’t bein
g pu
shed or pu
lled by
a force.
New
ton’s third lawN
ewton’s third law
Every
action
has a
n equ
al a
nd
opposite rea
ction. T
he leaf m
oves aw
ay a
s the frog
leaps in
the opposite direction
.
InertiaW
hen thin
gs are sta
nd
ing still or m
oving, they
con
tinu
e to rema
in in
the state they a
re in
(un
less force is applied
to them to cha
nge it).
This ten
den
cy to be as they a
re is called
inertia
.
The golf ball will carry
The golf ball will carry
on rolling until friction, on rolling until friction, gravity, and air resistance gravity, and air resistance slow
it down.
slow it dow
n.
Balanced forces
Forces a
ct on objects
all the tim
e. Opposin
g
all the tim
e. Opposin
g
forces can
be bala
nced
out.
When
this happen
s, the object w
on’t be pu
shed in
an
y d
irection.
LIFT
THRU
ST
Speed and velocityS
peed is d
ifferent from
velocity. Speed
is how fa
st you
are g
oing
a
nd
is easy
to work ou
t – divid
e how fa
r you
travel by
the time it
takes. Y
our velocity
is how fa
st you
travel in
a pa
rticula
r direction
. C
han
gin
g d
irection w
ithout slow
ing
redu
ces you
r velocity, but
you
r speed stay
s the sam
e.
DRA
G/
DRA
G/
FRICTIO
NFRIC
TION
GRAV
ITYG
RAVITY
The football w
ould stay still if the footballer
didn’t kick it.
Rescue helicopters balance forces so they can hover above the w
aves.9190 Physical science
Forces and motion
Tu
rna
nd
learn
Ma
gn
etism:
pp
. 78-79 G
ravity
: G
ravity
: p
p. 88-89
intw
ohou
rs,you
rspeed
isIf
you
drive
80km
(50m
iles)
40kph
(25m
ph).
ACTIVITY FIVE:
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE – STARRY SKIES
14
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
[Pages 96–97]
DID YOU KNOW?
There are many more stars in the
Universe than there are grains of sand on
all the beaches on the Earth. Many are
far brighter than our Sun. [Page 96]
FIND OUT!
Can you match the following things
in our universe to their definition?
GET SCIENTIFIC!
Create an informative leaflet entitled:
The Life Cycle of a Star. In it, show the The Life Cycle of a Star. In it, show the The Life Cycle of a Star
stages of a medium-sized star as it burns
and eventually dies. There should be at
least four stages – so you might want to
fold your leaflet into four! Use diagrams
and information from the text to help you
create your leaflet.
FINAL TASK
Make it your mission to look up at
the stars in the night sky. Sketch
what you see using pencil and paper.
You might even turn your night-sky
into a poster for your bedroom!
A MEDIUM-SIZED STAR THAT HAS STARTED TO RUN OUT OF FUEL
A SYSTEM OF MILLIONS OR BILLIONS OF STARS HELD TOGETHER BY GRAVITY
A HUGE GLOWING BALL OF HOT GAS, MAINLY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM
THE STAR AROUND WHICH THE EARTH ORBITS
THE PLANET ON WHICH WE LIVE (THE WORLD)
THE FORCE THAT ATTRACTS A BODY TOWARDS THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH
SUN
EARTH
STAR
GRAVITY
RED GIANT
GALAXY
Turn to page 15 in this pack to check your answers, using the extract from DK First Science Encyclopedia.
15
ACTIVITY PACK FOR AGES 7 - 9
There a
re ma
ny
more sta
rs in the
Un
iverse than
there are g
rain
s of sa
nd
on a
ll the beaches
on the E
arth. M
an
y a
re fa
r brighter tha
n ou
r Su
n.
Starry skies
How
many stars can you see on a clear, dark night?
Stars in motion
The position
of the stars
seems to cha
ng
e throug
hout
the nig
ht. The sta
rs are n
ot rea
lly m
oving, thou
gh. It is
the Ea
rth that is tu
rnin
g
benea
th them.
Starshine O
ur S
un
is a sta
r that is
halfw
ay throu
gh its life.
In the life cy
cle, it sits betw
een bein
g form
ed
within
a n
ebula
an
d
becomin
g a
red g
ian
t.
Abo
ut 2
,000
.
White dw
arfsThe outer layers of the star are eventually throw
n off into space. The cooling core is left behind. This is called a w
hite dwarf.
White dw
arfs are no bigger than the Earth.
SupernovaeThe m
ost massive
stars end their lives in huge supernovae explosions.
Black holes
When the biggest stars explode, m
ost m
aterial is blown outw
ards. But the core is crushed and collapses to form
a black hole.
Red giants
Stars are fuelled by the gas hydrogen. They burn until the hydrogen starts to run out. Then they expand, form
ing a red giant star. N
ebulaeG
ravity pulls together little knots of dust and gas inside the nebulae. Each one could becom
e a star, as gravity squeezes it tighter and it becom
es hotter.
The lives of starsT
he lives of stars beg
in
insid
e thick cloud
s of g
as in
space,
called
nebu
lae.
Shapes in the skyH
un
dred
s of yea
rs ag
o, people grou
ped sta
rs that
appea
r close together in
the sky in
to shapes ca
lled
constella
tions. T
hey a
ll have n
am
es – often rela
ted
to their shapes. T
his is the Plou
gh, in
Ursa
Ma
jor.
The Sun is made
mostly
ofhydrogen.
Nuclear reactions
Rem
nantsThe fragm
ents of the star can rem
ain glowing
in space for hundreds of years.
Core
Outer layer
9796 Earth and space science
Starry skiesStarry skies
Leave a camera shutter
open for a few hours on a
clear night, and you can see the stars leave trails
as the Earth rotates.