Sorption-extraction processes for obtaining finished coproducts during processing of uranium ores withvaluable components, such as Mo, V, W, Re, Au, Sc, rare-earth elements, Y, Cs, Cu, Ta, Nb, Zr, Hf, Mn, Sn,and Se, are described. Special attention is focused on experience in extraction decontamination ofphosphoric acid with its uranium and thorium content decreased by a factor of 20 and obtaining from itecologically pure phosphate fertilizers and feed phosphates.Data are generalized for three variants of profitable coproduction of the final products: sorption anddesorption of valuable components together with uranium and separation of the extracted components atthe extraction refining stage; sorption of variable components together with uranium and separation of thecomponents at the desorption stage; separate sorption extraction of uranium and valuable components onselective and highly concentrating ionites. 1 figure.

Sorption-extraction apparatus with high unit capacity, high-volume ion-exchange absorbers, and specific sorptionand extraction techniques are used for high-efficiency production with coextraction of valuable components. Thus, whenthe ore raw material has a high content of valuable components, for example, molybdenum and vanadium, separation sorp-tion processes are used after coleaching. For a lower content of valuable components, the components are cosorbed andare separated at the desorption stage. For an even lower content of valuable components, the components are sorbed anddesorbed together and separated at the extraction refining stage. The optimal combination of technological techniques incombination with a reasonable choice of equipment and types of ion-exchange materials makes it possible to separate eco-nomically in coproduction many valuable components when their content in the uranium mineral raw material is low (seeFig. 1). Sorption-extraction technology is a dual-purpose technology.

Sorption Leaching of Mineral Raw Material (See Fig. 1). This process combines leaching and sorption process-ing of pulp. It is of special value for the hydrometallurgy of uranium, gold, copper, and molybdenum and especially for oxi-dized and mixed ores or tailings and intermediate products of flotation enrichment (technogenic mineral formations).

In our country, gold-uranium ores have been found only in the permafrost region. This deposit is not yet being used.Consequently, efforts have been directed mainly toward producing filtrationless technology for extracting gold from theMuruntau ore field. The clay character of the host rocks of the ore makes it difficult to process gold-bearing ores in thisregion. This required purchasing a large number of filters-thickeners with specific capacity with respect to the ore for thick-ening and filtering of less than 0.5 tonnes/m2 per day. In 1964, a scheme for sorption leaching of gold from difficult-to-filterores of the Muruntau deposit was developed and tested under laboratory conditions. This scheme included sorption fromcyanide pulp on AM (at first) and AM-2B (ultimately) anionites, desorption by sulfuric-acid solution of thiourea, precipita-

Atomic Energy, Vol. 90, No. 3, 2001

SORPTION-EXTRACTION PROCESSES IN URANIUMHYDROMETALLURGY: COEXTRACTION OF VALUABLE COMPONENTS AND DUAL-PURPOSETECHNOLOGY

L. I. Vodolazov and V. V. Shatalov UDC 669.822

Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 90, No. 3, pp. 184–192, March, 2001.

1063-4258/01/9003-0193$25.00 ©2001 Plenum Publishing Corporation 193

tion by alkali, filtering of the obtained concentrate, heating of the concentrate and disolution of macroimpurities in acid, refin-ing of the enriched concentrate with smelting of 99.992% pure gold ingots (bank purity is 99.99%). Metallic silver (yield0.05 kg/kg of gold), metallic palladium (0.06 g/kg), and tungsten in the form of trioxide (0.03 kg/kg) are obtained as byprod-ucts of the processing. The technology developed was used to design and construct a hydrometallurgical plant in Zarafshan.The plant was put into operation in 1969.

Sorption leaching of gold was adopted on a commercial scale in the Lebedin (1968) and Kuranakh gold-extractingfactories (1971–1972), the A. Matrosov gold-extracting factory (1973), the Angren and Ararat factories (1978), the Zod com-bine, and the Mnogovershina, Karamken, and Kochkar factories. In addition, schemes were developed for sorption leachingof gold for ores in the Karal’veevskoye, Kaul’dy, Klyuchevskoye, Koch-Bulak, Natalkinskoye, Khakadzhinskoye,Chalakskoye, and Sukhoi Lug deposits and from certain flotation concentrates. Demonstration experiments showing the effi-ciency of the process developed were performed for certain deposits in Brazil, Zimbabwe, US, and France.

The macroporous anionite AM-2B with synergetic ratio of quaternary and tertiary ammonium groups, higher elec-tron density at the nitrogen atom as a result of the higher density of the polymer macromolecule due to cross-linkage in orderto increase absorption selectivity, was specially developed for sorbing gold from cyanide pulps. In proper time the produc-tion of the anionite was adopted at the Pridneprovsk chemical plant.

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Fig. 1. Generalized technological scheme of sorption-extraction processingof difficult-to-filter ores with clay host rocks.

The following original works on the hydrometallurgy of gold should be noted:– a study of the effectiveness of various active carbons for sorption extraction from cyanide solutions and pulps;– a comparison of the efficiency of sorption extraction of gold on the anionite AM-2B and active coals and a deter-

mination of the range of their optimal application;– application of active coals for processing pulp for easily cyanidized gold-bearing ores with maximum sodium

cyanide concentration up to 0.8 e/liter; as the sodium cyanide concentration and excess alkalinity increase, partial desorptionof the absorbed gold with active coals is observed and the sorption process becomes degraded;

– the application of selective ionites AM-2B for extraction from pulp during processing of ores which are difficultto cyanidize, when at the cyanidation stage the cyanide content must be increased above 0.8 g/liter and the pH must be main-tained at the upper level; the indicators of the sorption process when this anionite is used remain unchanged, since regenera-tion of the saturated anionite is done with acidified solutions of thiourea.

The most important improved sorption processes are as follows:– selective desorption of gold from saturated anionite AM-2B by ethyl alcohol acidified with sulfuric acid;– separation desorption of nonferrous metals and gold from saturated anionite AM-2B;– cementation separation of gold from thiourea commercial eluates by aluminum powder at 45–50°C;– sorption of gold from solutions with thiourea content 40–90 g/liter and sulfuric acid content 25 g/liter on the

cationites KU-2p, -22p, and -23p with capacity of the saturated cationite with respect to gold exceeding 100 mg/g;– sorption of gold from dam waters on ion-exchange fibers, sorption extraction of gold from productive solutions

from mound and underground leaching;– extraction of gold, silver, copper, and beryllium from electronic scrap by dissolution in aqua regia followed by den-

itration of the solutions obtained and reduction precipitation of metallic gold;– sorption extraction and separation of platinum metals using new complexing agents VPF and VPT and develop-

ment of high-efficiency extracting agents OKSAM and DAIMIN.E. I. Vyalkov, B. B. Dobroskokin, and G. I. Moskvichev were awarded the State Prize for the development and com-

mercial adoption of sorption extraction of gold from pulp.High-Capacity Sorbents for Extracting Valuable Components. Molybdenum. Sorption processes have been

developed for coextraction of molybdenum during processing of aluminosilicate uranium ores with molybdenum content lessthan 0.05% by combined sorption on AMP or VP-1Ap anionites, subsequent separation elution of absorbed components,repeated sorption concentration of molybdenum, deposition of polymolybdates, their dissolution, purification, and recrystal-lization in high-purity paramolybdate. Sorption concentration from eluates was first conducted on carbon-active KAD-iodide.Then it was replaced by porous anionites AM-p, AMP-p, AM-2B, VP-1p, and VP-1Ap, which made it possible to increasethe capacity of saturated ionites with respect to molybdenum from 50–90 mg/g up to 120–160 mg/g (styrene anionites) andto 350–400 mg/g (vinyl pyridine anionites).

The process was used successfully under commercial conditions at the Karabaltin hydrometallurgical plant and theKrasnokamensk ore processing complex. Sorption technology for processing molybdenum concentrates using the anioniteVP-1p has been adopted at UzKTZhM (Chrichik); at the Skopin hydrometallurgical plant the sorption technology was usedfor extracting molybdenum from solutions after carbonate leaching of the products obtained by sintering molybdenite con-centrates. In addition, a technology was developed for sorption extraction of molybdenum and copper or oxidized ores fromthe Sorskoye deposit. Sorption extraction of molybdenum from nitric-acid solutions after leaching of molybdenite concen-trates from the Medet and Elatsit deposits on VP-1p anionite was adopted in Bulgaria, where molybdenum was extracted fromsecondary rich commercial desorbates, growing laser crystals of lead molybdate.

A scheme for separation sorption extraction of uranium and molybdenum from carbonate pulps in a scheme forextraction separation of molybdenum from bottom residues, obtained in the process of thermal rectification of ammoniumcarbonate, was developed and adopted for carbonate ores in the Manybai deposit. These developments and their adoptionon a commercial scale were also awarded the State Prize. The laureates were A. G. Maurina, S. S. Metal’nikov, andN. G. Zhukova. N. M. Meshcheryakov was awarded the Lenin Comsomol prize in 1984 for active participation in this work.

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Tungsten. A new-generation technology was developed for extraction and purification of tungsten:– sorption from solutions of carbonate leaching of scheelite concentrates at the Uzbek KTZhM and on ampholite

VP-14K at the Skopin and Nar’chik hydrometallurgical plants; the tungsten capacity of the saturated ampholite is 1500 mg/gwith the tungsten concentration in the waste liquors less than 30 mg/liter; liquid- and solid-phase regeneration regimes weredeveloped at the desorption stage;

– sorption from carbonate solutions after leaching of concentrates of enrichment of ore from the Gryncharitsadeposit on the anionite AMP and varione AP, as well as on the ampholite VP-14K from sulfuric-acid pulps with productionof high-quality ammonium paratungstenate;

– sorption processing of low-grade tungsten concentrates from gold-bearing ores in the Muruntau deposit using theanionite AM-2B and production of more than 60 tonnes of tungsten in the finished product;

– sorption on an experimental-commercial scale at the Trans-Baikal mining-enrichment combine from alkali solu-tions after leaching of tungstenate concentrates from the Orlov mining-enrichment combine on VP-14K ampholite with pro-duction of high-purity tungsten anhydride.

Rhenium. A process was developed for sorption extraction and concentration of rhenium from reusable solutions ofthe Karabaltin hydrometallurgical plant on VP-14KR ampholite, productive solutions from underground leaching at the Navoiplant by selective sorption on active carbons, followed by concentration on VP-14KR, and from spent catalysts at a sulfu-ric-acid plant. A sorption scheme for obtaining ammonium perrhenate for reprocessing of molybdenite concentrates wasdeveloped under contract for Bulgaria, where this scheme was adopted.

An extraction scheme for extracting rhenium from uranium-containing solutions with production of AR-O ammo-nium perrhenate as the finished product was developed and adopted at the Navoi mining-metallurgical combine. It was shownthat rhenium product can be produced on the setups used for underground leaching of uranium ores.

A technique for introducing complex-forming additives, in the form of mineral wastes from production of the antibi-otics lincomycin, ristomycin, and rubomycin into nitrate-nitrogen-acidic eluates was developed in order to increase the degreeof rhenium desorption from the anionites AMP and AFI-22 from 70–75 to 90–96%.

New arsenic-containing anionites ARS-1 and ARS-1A and the complexing agent ARCO for extracting smallamounts of rhenium from uranium pulps have been developed.

Manganese. A scheme for recovering manganese from decantations from thickened waste pulp, using precipitationand additional oxidation, was developed for the hydrometallurgical plants in Zheltye Vody, Dneprodzerzhinsk, and theHungarian enterprise Mechek. A sorption-membrane technology was developed for recovering manganese from water decanta-tions of the tailings at enterprises using ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy with the production of pure manganese dioxide.

Encapsulation of manganese dioxide inside ionite granules was developed. For this, absorption of manganate- andpermanganate-anions on the anionites AM, VP-1Ap, and VP-1p or manganese cations from the cationites SG-1, KM-2p,KU-1, and -2 was conducted, after which manganese dioxides were precipitated inside granules, by oxidation-reduction trans-formation, for subsequent use of the obtained organomineral sorbent, which has multiple effects, or extracting cesium frompulp or for oxidizing divalent iron into trivalent iron in order to maintain the oxidation-reduction potential of the pulp at thelevel 50–550 nV, as well as for intensifying the removal of iron from water.

A hydrometallurgical technology for producing ÉDM electrolytic dioxide was developed for the carbonate-man-ganese ores in the Nikopol’skoye, Parnakskoye, Usinskoye, and Uralskoye deposits. A scheme for obtaining high-qualitymanganese, pure barytic flotation-concentrate and standard-quality iron concentrates, suitable after agglomeration for adomain process, was developed under contract for Bulgaria for ores at the Kremikov deposit.

Copper. The sorption-extraction technology permits profitable processing of oxidized and mixed copper ores andthereby decreases the load on the biosphere. The following variants of sorption extraction with separation in the form of cath-ode and powder copper or copper sulfate were developed for processing such ores at the Dzhezkazganskoye, Kal’makyrskoye,and Chetyrkul’skoye deposits:

– sorption on the cationite SG-1 with production of commercial desorbates with copper content 15–30 g/liter andsulfuric acid 15–30 g/liter;

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– sorption on anionites and aminocarboxyl ampholytes AMK, VPK, and ANKB with production of the commercialeluates with copper content 40–50 g/liter and acid content 50–165 g/liter;

– combined desorption with introduction into the eluate of 1–2 g/liter of metallic iron powder, making it possible toobtain a cement concentrate with copper content 50–60%;

– improved extraction, using the extracting agents ADF and SALÉKS, for the combine Severonikel’ and theKrasnouralsk copper-smelting plant for purposes of extracting copper from solutions with concentration 30 g/liter containing50 g/liter of acid;

– sorption extraction and concentration with processing of uranium ores at the Chetyrkul’skoye deposit on ampho-teric aminocarboxyl ampholites AMK and VPK, prototype batches of which were produced in 1971–1975 at the hydromet-allurgical plant in Dneprodzerzhinsk.

Tin. In 1972–1980, extraction of tin from ores in the Khammerlyain deposit with coextraction of zinc and indiumwas developed and verified on a prototype scale in the German Democratic Republic. Electrolytically pure tin was obtained.A sorption technology for extracting tin with coextraction of silver, indium, tungsten, copper, and zinc was developed for theSolnechnyi mining-enrichment combine.

Vanadium. Vanadium forms metastable anions. Their sorption extraction is conducted in the presence of redox sub-stances:

– a technology for sorption extraction from mother liquors was developed at the Chusov metallurgical combine afterthermohydrolysis of vanadium pentoxide on the anionite VP-1p with production of pure ammonium vanadate;

– a technology for sorption processing of mother liquor and decantation solutions with vanadium concentration0.5 g/liter on the anionite VP-1p was adopted at the Scientific and Industrial Association Tulachermet; crude vanadium pen-toxide was obtained as the finished product; a sorption-membrane technology for extracting vanadium from waste and slagwaters was tested at the same enterprise;

– an extraction technology for purifying vanadium solutions with production of pure compounds during processingof substandard products was developed and adopted at the Leninabad mining-metallurgical combine;

– new schemes for sorption extraction from uranium ore at the Rudnoe deposit were developed on a semicommer-cial scale: tetravalent vanadium in the presence of excess divalent ion as a reducer in the process of sorption from pulp on theampholite VMK and pentavalent vanadium from pulp on the anionite VP-1p in the presence of excess trivalent iron as oxi-dizer for preventing its reduction; in both cases, high-purity ammonium metavanadate was deposited from the commercialeluates obtained.

A technology for separating the sorption extraction of uranium and vanadium on the anionite VP-1Ap with pro-cessing of ore from the Srednyaya Padma deposit was investigated.

Production of Pure Compounds of Valuable Components. Scandium. Until recently, uranium-containing phos-phorites were the main source of scandium. Scandium was extracted using the following processes:

– extraction, using the mixture TBP + D2ÉGFK, from sulfate and sulfate-nitrate solutions as well as sulfate-phos-phate mother liquors after removal of uranium; the primary concentrate with scandium oxide content ranging from 3 to 5%was separated during solid-phase carbonate-alkali reextraction; scandium oxalates were separated, after extraction repurifi-cation, first on mixtures GBTA + CHAO and then additional purification on FOR + TBP; after the oxalates underwent calci-nation scandium oxide with purity 99.9% and 99.998% as well as scandium fluorides were obtained; commerical productionof aluminum scandium ligatures was developed (plants in Lermontov, Zheltye Vody, and Shevchenko);

– extraction regeneration of scandium from metallic wastes from machine-building plants with up to 99% scandiumextracted;

– sorption leaching from pulps of red sludge – wastes from production of aluminum oxide using the complexingagents AFI-21 and -22 and extraction from wastes from the production of titanium dioxide pigment at the Krasnoperekop plant;

– sorption removal of iron and titanium on heteroradical phosphorus-containing ionite.The work on the development of commercial production of scandium compounds and scandium-aluminum ligatures

was awarded the State Prize of the USSR in 1989. The participants in this work were V. I. Nikonov, V. N. Goloborodov, andV. P. Mashirev.

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Rare-Earth Elements. These elements are present in the production solutions from underground ores at differenturanium deposits (Uchkuduk, Khiagda), in apatites, and in red slags. The following were developed in order to reduce thecost of their coproduction:

– extraction separation using the synergetic mixture TBP + FOR or TOFO in primary concentrate with their totalcontent being 1%;

– sorption conversion of chlorides into nitrates on the cationite SG-1 in KNSPR columns (Moscow polymetalsplant);

– sorption leaching on the cationite KU-2 from red sludge with additional acidification up to pH 1.5 by sulfuric ornitric acid (concentrate with 25% rare-earth elements is obtained);

– increase of separation by a factor of 5–10 by introducing into the eluating solutions micellar wastes from the pro-duction of phenoxymethylpenicillin (separation of the pairs Gd–Er and Ce–Er).

Gallium. Sorption from aluminate solutions with initial content 100–300 g/liter and from flushing waters with gal-lium content 40 mg/liter using the complexing agents GMA-2 and AMO-KH was developed. Repeated sorption concentra-tion from primary commercial eluates, from which 99.99% gallium was extracted, has been developed.

Bismuth. A sorption technology for processing bismuth raw material with production of the pure compounds Bi,Mo, Pb, and Cu, satisfying conditions for attaining superconductivity, has been developed.

Selenium. Selenium is present in the uranium ores from the Uchkuduk region in amounts of 20 thousand tonnes. Itis extracted during underground well leaching into productive solutions with 10 mg/liter content. Selenium is sorbed on thecomplexing agent VPT.

Tantalum and Niobium. New sorption-extraction processes for extracting these elements and separating them forreprocessing low-grade concentrates with tantalum content 1–2% and uranium content 0.2–0.3%, using the porous anionitesAM-p and AMPp, have been developed. Sorption extraction was conducted on a semicommercial scale from sulfuric-acid-flu-oride pulps after leaching of the concentrates from enrichment of ores in the Kvartal’noe, Zavitinskoe, and Étykinskoe depositsas well as from thorium cake – wastes from the processing of loparite concentrates. It has been shown that sorption process-ing of sulfuric-acid-fluoride pulp is possible in slotted apparatus with extraction of at least 92% of the elements (the waste con-centration of the tantalum oxide is 0.01 g/liter). Solutions of mixtures of NH4HF2 and NH4F were used as the eluent; desorp-tion was performed in PIK-1 apparatus.

It has been shown that selective extraction of tantalum from hydrofluoric-sulfuric-acid solutions with niobium con-tent 2 g/liter onto arsenic-containing complexing agent ARS-1A is possible. For initial tantalum concentration 1 g/liter, thedistribution factors on ARS-1A were 300–400 for tantalum and 2–3 for niobium, which gave a separation factor of 150–194.It was found that sorption extraction of tantalum from water mother liquors with tantalum content 0.01 g/liter and niobiumcontent 0.1 g/liter is highly efficient when they contain 60 g/liter of sulfuric acid.

Cesium. Cesium is extracted from pulp with 1–2 mg/liter content using organomineral sorbents, such as cesiite. Inthe process, commercial desorbates with cesium content 1–2 g/liter, from which cesium is easily separated by extraction withvinyl extracting agents, are obtained.

Zirconium and Hafnium. New technological schemes have been developed for obtaining fluozirconate based onwidely used sorption-extraction processes:

– sorption extraction of fluozirconate ions from pulp on VP-1Ap anionite in combination with solid-phase recov-ery of saturated sorbent with production, at the eluation stage, of 20% hafnium concentrate, making it possible to reducethe number of recrystallizations for separating zirconium and hafnium; a process has been perfected for extraction desorp-tion of absorbed components with saturated anionite VP-1Ap, making it possible to separate zirconium and hafnium at theeluation stage;

– hydrogen fluoride can be separated from outgoing ventilation gases after solid-phase desorption of fluozirconateusing the anionite VP-1Ap; after the fluoride is saturated with anions, it is used in sorption processing of fluozirconate pulp;

– separation of zirconium and hafnium has been intensified by stagewise cooling of hot fluozirconate solutions from80°C to 35–70 and 15–25°C, respectively.

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Nickel and Cobalt. Sorption technology makes it possible to remove impurities such as iron and zinc from the mainmetals and, correspondingly, to increase the quality of the main finished product. The technology includes the following:

– sorption removal of zinc from electrolytes on AMP anionite for the Yuzhuralnikel’ combine and on VP-1Ap anion-ite for the Norilsk mining-metallurgical combine. Sorption purification was first conducted in apparatus with pnuematic mix-ing, and subsequently this apparatus was replaced by KNPDS and PIK-1 columns;

– combined sorption removal of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Co from nickel;– sorption extraction of nickel and cobalt from oxidized ores in the Buruktalskoye deposit, pulps after autoclave and

ammonia leaching of ores from the Talnakhskoye deposit, and ores from the combine Tulakobal’t. Semicommercial tests ofthe sorption-extraction scheme for processing agglomerated ores of pyrite-cobalt concentrates at the Sokolovsko-Sorbaiskoyedeposit have been conducted.

Decontamination of Solutions for Obtaining Fertilizers and Feed Phosphates. Sodium Nitrate. A sorptionscheme for extracting uranium from nitrate pulp with water elution of uranium from a saturated AMP anionite was developedand adopted in 1967. After separation, the nitrite solution was additionally decontaminated on AMP anionite in a separateplant and sodium nitrate with purity suitable for use in the agriculture was crystallized by evaporation. Several tens of thou-sands of tonnes of sodium nitrate salts as fertilizer for sugar beets were produced and sold during the years when the plantwas in operation.

Sodium nitrate was also obtained by converting salts of sodium sulfate on the cationite KU-2 into sulfuric acid withseparation of sodium nitrate at the elution stage into concentrated solutions for use as liquid fertilizers.

High-quality phosphate fertilizers were obtained after uranium and thorium were removed by extracting agents fromthe phosphoric acid solutions obtained. First, to remove uranium, a synergetic mixture D2ÉGFk + TOFO was used, afterwhich more efficient extracting agents were developed – polyalkylphosphonitrylic acid – and the production of these agentswas set up at a plant in Dneprodzerzhinsk. The processes developed were widely used for processing ores from the Melovoedeposit. Technological extraction of uranium in a saturated extracting agent was 93%. Ultimately, ammophos and doublesuperphosphate with a higher degree of neutralization from radionuclides than in the processing of ordinary phosphoriteswere ultimately obtained at the plant. A technology was also developed for obtaining from decontaminated phosphoric acidfeed phosphates for livestock.

A technology was developed for extraction removal of uranium and thorium from phosphoric acid solutions for oresat the Zaozernoe and Tastykol’ deposits and marokan phosphorites. A scheme for sorption removal of uranium and thoriumfrom nitrogen-phosphorus-acid solutions, using the complexing agents AFI-21 and -22, was investigated. A technical-eco-nomic calculation showed no advantage of the sorption scheme over the extraction scheme.

Purification of Air Eemissions. The ventilation systems of sorption-extraction units separate into the atmospheremany mineral substances which are harmful to man. The following are used to neutralize them:

– removal of ammonia from the waste gases by a water suspension of the anionites VP-1Ap, -1p, AM, and AMP ina hydrosulfate or hydrophosphate salt form with respect to anionite: 1:0.5–4 water solution (preferably 1:1), which decreas-es the ammonia content in the gas from 5 to 0.09 g/m3; the catching efficiency is 98%; the gas is in contact with the watersuspension for 0.6 sec;

– nonionogenic sorbents with an extended specific surface, allowing deep removal of dioxin, chlorophenols, pesti-cides, and herbicides from air emissions and waste water down to the maximum admissable concentration.

Purification of Food Products and Pharmaceuticals. Milk. Harmful cations and anions accumulate in milk andwhey as a result of the migration of mineral substances in the biosphere. When cottage cheese or cheese are produced from milk,all impurities remain in the whey. Consequently, sorption processes are ordinarily used for demineralization of the whey incolumns with a stationary layer of ionites. Processes for demineralizing whey in columns with a densely moving layer of ion-ites SNK were developed and their efficiency was checked at a milk plant in Ozery. The products obtained were certified at theStavropol’ Milk Institute. Later, a variant of sorption demineralization of cottage cheese whey in apparatus with mechanical mix-ing, equipped additionally with grid drainage devices to separate ionite from the milk, with maximum use of the typical milkequipment, was developed for the low buildings used in milk plants. Lactulose preparations were separated from the deminer-alized whey. A method of sorption decontamination of milk and milk whey by removing 137Cs from them was developed.

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Gelatin. A technology for sorption demineralization of gelatin of the third and fourth kinds with its quality reach-ing pharmaceutical and photographic standards was developed.

Sugar. A technology for sorption purification of second-saturation sugar syrups in PIK-1 columns with a denselymoving layer of KU-2 cationite, making it possible to decrease the calcium content in the syrup from 0.016–0.028 to 0.006%with respect to CaO and making it possible to operate an evaporation setup in a deposit-free regime, was developed and inves-tigated.

Antibiotics. New processes were developed in the technology for producing and technical applications of antibiotics:sorption of extraction of mono-, neo-, and antimycin on SG-1, KD-2, and KD-2 cationites without separation of the

micellar wastes in apparatus with vibratory drainage, increasing their extraction by 10–20% compared with native solutionsand correspondingly preventing contamination of waste water by them;

precipitation of uranium from sulfuric- and nitric-acid solutions with pH 1.5 and 3.5 by micellar wastes from theproduction of antibiotics with production of dry precipitates with uranium content 46–48%, after heating which a residue isobtained with uranium content 67–68%.

Pharmaceuticals. Ion-exchange preparations for prophylactics and for treating various sicknesses were developed:– sorbovet – preparation based on acrylate polymers for treating acute dysentery-type stomach-intestinal sicknesses

in calves;– thiovirol – preparation based on the complexing agent VTT for removing products of alcohol intoxication from

the body;– fermosorb – an acrylate type preparation with long-acting primitive enzymes for removing toxic products during

acute stomach-intestinal sicknesses.

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