Fuel Prices 1999

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

1/96

FuelPrices and Taxationwith comparative tablesfor 160 countries

Pricing Policies for

Diesel, Fuel and Gasoline

in Developing Countries and

Global Motorization Data

by Gerhard P. Metschies

Deutsche Gesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

May 1999

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

2/96

Editor: GTZ OE 44:Environment, Water, Energy and Tran

P.O.BOX 5180,D-65726 Eschborn/Germany Tel. +49-(0)6196-79-1354Fax +49-(0)6196-79-7194

Text: Gerhard MetschiesLayout: Andreas Funke, 61476 KronbergPhotos: Gerhard MetschiesComputer Graphics: Sascha Thielmann

Comments and suggestions are welcomealso via email: [email protected]

Imprint:

GTZ-Offices

Bishkek

Moscow

Sarajevo

Novosibirsk

Dushanbe

Saratov

Kouba Algiers

Riyadh

Tashkent

New Delhi

GTZ Offices

GTZ Head Office

GTZ Project Task Offices

Development Cooperation Offices

Port-au-PrinceGuatemala City Santo Domingo

Addis Ababa

Chisinau

Erevan

Tbilisi

San'aTegucigalpaSan Salvador

Managua San José

Bogotá

Quito

Lima

Santiago de Chile

La Paz

Asunción

Buenos Aires

Brasilia

Cairo

Brussels

Eschborn

Kaliningrad

Riga

Odessa

Zagreb

AnkaraTunis

AmmanRabat

N’Djamena

NouakchottNiamey

OuagadougouDakar

Conakry

Abidjan

Bamako

Lomé

Accra

Cotonou

Lagos

Bangui

Yaoundé

KigaliBujumbura

Kampala

Kinshasa

Nairobi

Dar es Salaam

Lilongwe

Lusaka

Harare

Windhoek Antananarivo

MaputoGaborone

Pretoria

Luanda

Jakarta

Colombo

B

Han

Dhaka

Kathmandu

Altai

Almaty

Islamabad

Beijing

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

3/96

1. Introduction ...........................................................................

2. Executive Summary .............................................................

3. Basic Parameters of the Survey Data .............................

4. Fuel Price Tables of the Continents .................................

Africa .......................................................................................

Synoptical Table:Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies

Geographical Representation: Fuel Prices as of November 1

Price-series Representation: Ranking of Fuel Prices as of No

Graphical Representation: Price Trends in Individual Count

America...................................................................................

Synoptical Table: Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and DiesGeographical Representation: Fuel Prices as of November 1


Graphical Representation: Price Trends in Individual Count

Asia and Australia ...............................................................

Synoptical Table: Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies

Geographical Representation: Fuel Prices as of November 1


Europe

Table of Contents

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

4/96

5. Basic Problems of Fuel Pricing .........................................

Fuel Subsidy Policies...............................................................

Country-specific Fuel Subsidies .............................................

Transport Sector Policy and Fuel Prices ...............................

Problems Arising from Fuel-price Increases .........................

Box: "Dozens die in price rise protests" .......................

Fuel Prices and Purchasing Power.........................................

Box: The "egg index" table .............................................

6. State Management of Fuel Taxation.................................

General Taxation of Petroleum Products...............................

Importance of Fuel Taxation for Overall State Revenues......

Potential State Revenues from Fuel Taxation (in million US

Motorization .....................................................................

Mileage and consumption...............................................

Estimates for Fuel Tax Revenues ...................................State Expenditures out of Fuel Taxes ...................................

Problems and Outlook ...........................................................

Loss of revenue through fuel smuggling .......................

Outlook on fuel taxation and resource bases ...............

7. Global Motorization (Data on 4-Wheel and 2-Wheel Moto

Motor Vehicles with four Wheels or More ...........................

Geographical Presentation: Africa .................................

Geographical Presentation: America...............................

Geographical Presentation Asia and Australia

Table of Contents

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

5/96

8. Annexes .................................................................................

Factors in the Calculation of Untaxed Fuel Prices ...............

The Crude Oil Price.........................................................

World Market Prices f.o.b. ...............................................

Border Price .....................................................................

Untaxed Wholesale Price ...............................................

Untaxed Retail Pump Price .............................................

Untaxed Retail Pump Price as global reference price

("benchmark price").........................................................

Fuel taxation and value added tax VAT.........................

Literature .................................................................................

Table of Contents

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

6/96

Fuels, fuel prices and fuel taxation are matters of global debatetransport and energy policy , but also with regard to econenvironmental policy . Within that context, international compaincreasingly important role.

The present working paper on global fuel prices and global m

published by the GTZ division "Transport and Mobility" and is a source of comparative basic data for a national sector poliportation sector in developing countries.

Nowadays, the revenues side of the transportation sector is of pprimarily because the expenditures side – mainly for road conscular, highways in developing countries – has been so predseveral decades.

Sustainable transport policy – like sustainable environmental pouser pays principle. Consequently, all around the world, the costs incurred for transport routes is giving rise to the axiomces transport".

Now that industrialized countries have come to rely increasinga means of financing roads and highways (e.g., on the basis offinanzierungsgesetz”, 1960; and on that of the U.S. Federal Hdeveloping countries are also pondering the introduction of fuel taxation.

Initial suggestions made within the framework of the WMaintenance Initiative1 postulate that developing countries sooa fuel tax of some US cents 10 per liter (and roughly US $ 75 pto cover the cost of road maintenance. It should be noted, howa tax may suffice to cover all expenditures for road maintenancservicing, and new highway construction in the United States, it for little more than road maintenance (!) in developing counnear as many vehicles are licensed, i.e., where traffic den

However, despite political dialogue at international donor conculties are still being encountered in attempts to enforce edemand in the interest of independent road maintenance.

By contrast, financing models of the kind one used to encount where the entire road transport sector was financed out of gei.e., taken from the national budget with no appropriate coun

Introduction1

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

7/96

Likewise undisputed within the context of general economic pfuel (like transport services in general) must be viewed as a no(= an ordinary commodity), which, with all of its various inputfull +final value-added tax (amounting in Germany to US centgasoline).

At the same time, fuel taxes have emerged as a major source of budgets within the scope of general fiscal policy . In Germanyis generating US $ 37 billion annually, this amounts to the thiincome for the federal budget – following personal incomeadded tax.

For developing countries, too, many of which have trouble copinadministrative effort that has to be invested in collecting VAT taxes, fuel taxes suggest themselves by reason of their inherent

airtight simplicity of control, and their potential for direct rcompanies themselves. In turn, numerous nuisance taxes could

Due to excessively steep price increases, there have been occaand even riots. That, however, should not obscure the fact thatfuel taxes by the general public has been steadily increasing,Thus, filling stations have inconspicuously evolved into modern

Despite the high pump price (amounting in Germany to aboutsuper and 69 US cents per liter diesel), the average consumer app

that the – theoretically and globally possible – original referencsuper gasoline and diesel amount to a mere US cnets 21 pe18 per liter , respectively.

One prerequisite, however, is that smuggling be systematicalllarly between countries with borders that are difficult to monito

The 1992 UNCED conference in Rio and the 1997 follow-on ain Kyoto have injected new topicality into the international connection with environmental policy , but it will hardly be pagreed reductions in CO2 emissions at the national level witprice signals (in the transport sector, this means without increa

Despite their international significance, general knowledge of intdata and facts remains pronouncedly rudimentary. This is chie

weakness of statistical offices in practically all developinginternational data pooling points of such organizations as the

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

8/96

The appendix to this report also includes information on the degrizaton (including the particularly environmentally relevant two-wfacilitation – together with general economic and demographic regarding crucial infrastructural, economic, financial and envirocators.

Finally, this brochure's executive summary offers an initial ominous data yield. The conclusions drawn, however, are intenimpetus for nudging the developing countries' various competenown deliberations on how to arrive at a sustainable long- andprice policy .

The author wishes to express his special gratitude to all those wto this database, in particular the GTZ offices (primarily in AfricGerman Federal Foreign Office (for such individual countries as

Myanmar and Djibouti), the German automobile association ADcountries), the GTZ/EU project OLADE in its capacity as ener America as well as the World Bank.

The Author

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

9/96

This publication draws on data from more than 150 countries industrializing and industrialized – to arrive at the following 8 c

The globalization of world trade has leveled motor vehicle world to such an extent that the price ratio for equivalentexceeds about 1 to 2 between any two countries. Motor vehicle

differ on a scale of as much as 1 to 100.

In other words, the fuel price differential is 50 times high vehicle price differential.

That being so, there is definite need at the international level for cpricing complex, i.e., of what constitutes "normal" or "appropriate

According to a GTZ survey, the fuel policies of all countriesassigned to one or the other of 4 categories:

Category 1 contains the subsidizing and producing countries,at prices below the world market reference price, i.e., without seprices beginning at 1 US cent per liter for diesel fuel).

Category 2 contains countries – like the USA – which pursue atherefore levy only an average tax of 10 US cents per liter on(with diesel selling for 31 US cents/liter or less).

Category 3 contains countries at the threshold between low-policy (between 31 and 61 US cents /liter diesel).

Category 4 contains the high-price countries – Japan and tax on diesel ranges from 40 to 80 US cents per liter and the taxto between 60 and 100 US cents per liter (so that diesel co111 US cents/liter).

At 136 US cents per liter, Hong Konghas the highest gasolinenearly five times as high as in neighboring China.

A gasoline price of DM 5.-, i.e., roughly 300 US cents per liter, a

cussion in and for Germany, would be globally unprecedented

A given country's inclusion in one of the above four categories in terms of its economic situation (per capita GNP) and often arbitrary . For example, the high-price group includes, for gasas Uganda, Sri Lanka, Brazil and the United Arab Emiratecountries like Ghana, the Philippines, Guyana, Russia and Y

Executive Summary 2

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

10/96

Fuel price increases can become necessary for two reasons: Trelatively adjusted from time to time to offset what frequently able national inflation, and they may require "structural increaapplicant countries). Especially in less developed countries, suquently implemented "unprofessionally", because price surge

are to be avoided at all cost for psychological reasons, so thastrategies need to be pursued.

The global motorization data contained in this brochure ena with average-consumption values – an initial estimation of fmotor vehicles in individual developing countries. This, in turnthe potential magnitude of public revenues from fuel taxes anin such taxes. This constitutes a major planning aid not only fobut also for the shaping of fuel taxes, which in some countrithird-largest source of tax revenues.

Finally, this is the first time that separate motorization datahamopeds and other two-wheel vehicles. Particularly for Asia, theto differences between the motorization strategies adopted by where two-wheel motorization is much more important than fou(cf. India, Indonesia, Taiwan). This is of particular environmentamixtures required for two-stroke mopeds are more environmentfor passenger cars.

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

11/96

Method of collection

Around the world, fuel prices vary not only from country to coglobal oil prices or due to individual countries' legal provisions vidual countries. Countrywide average filling-station fuel price sare drawn on here for Europe and South America, while the pr

loping countries are those posted at filling stations in the respeclatter were collected by way of a questionnaire circulated via th

Data reference date

November 10, 1998, was chosen as the fuel-price reference date vary somewhat for some individual prices. The price series stemmare "labeled" with their respective month and year.

Currency conversionThe objective was to compare the fuel-price situation in various cThe US dollar was chosen as the reference currency because almost countries' import statistics are stated in dollars.

The conversion rate as of November 10, 1998, was 1 US$ = 1.6

The conversion rates for the individual countries were also pegdollar as of November 10, 1998, and/or as listed in the internapublished in the ”Finacial Times” at 14-day intervals1

In countries with different, or double, exchange rates, the "markeblack market rate" was given preference over the official excbecause it is the rate that consumers mostly rely on, but also beas experience shows, the official exchange rate tends to be repexchange rate. This method of conversion corrects the price lecountries – in Uzbekistan, for example, downward by a factor o(D. R.) by "1.5”.

Units of measurement All fuel prices are based on the metric liter as unit of measuresome extent, the South American prices were converted from Usome isolated cases (Sierra Leone) the British Imperial gallon h

1 US gallon = 3.7853 liters 1 barrel = 159 liters 1

Basic Parameters of the Survey Dat3

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

12/96

Data sources

The data pertaining to the industrialized countries stem from varifrom the German automobile club ”Allgemeiner Deutscher Autoin Munich for the countries of Europe; the GTZ-EU OLADE Projecy in Quito, Ecuador, for South America; and from the World B

countries. Most of the data for developing countries, especially tand Asia, are based on local price surveys conducted by GTZ ces. In some difficult cases, e.g., Macau, North Korea, MyanmarPersian Gulf Countries, the German Federal Foreign Office kinefforts to collect the relevant data.

Untaxed pump price and "world market price"

In calculating the fuel tax burden, the difference between the ta

the non-taxed pump price is decisive. The average global unassumed here as 18 US cents per liter diesel and 21 US cgasoline. (The untaxed pump price is nearly twice as high as thprice.)

Representation of findings

The fuel-price findings are broken down according to continendifferent chapters: AFRICA, AMERICA, ASIA and EUROPE (with nogrouped together, and with Asia and Australia counting as a sin4 different types of representation were chosen to satisfy differ

• Synoptical representation, in which the countries are arrantables and prices for super and diesel are listed for the yeand 1998;

• Geographical representation, in which pump prices for supefor diesel) are shown both for the individual countries andsince political considerations in connection with potential pr

prevention of smuggling must, of course, include a comparisin neighboring countries;

• Price-series representation, in which the countries are arrtheir respective pump prices for super gasoline. This form of rclassification of the countries on a given continent as low-, mcountries;

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

13/96

Africa

America

Asia and Australia

Europe

Global Fuel Prices for 187 Countries

• World Table of Pump Prices for Super Gasoli

• Ranking of Diesel and Gasoline Prices for 160

• Conclusions

Annex: Fuel Prices in Local Currenc

Fuel Price Tables of the Continents4

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

14/96

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

15/96

Africa

Synoptical Table:

Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies

Geographical Representation :

Fuel Prices as of November 1998

Price-series Representation:

Ranking of Fuel Prices as of November 1

Graphical Representation of Price Developm

Price Trends in Individual Countries, 1991

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

16/96

Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998

- Africa -

Fuel prices in US cents per liter

Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

"Untaxed pump price" 21 18 Alger ia 15 20 40 31 4 9 23 16

Angola 38 19 Benin 63 62 36 39 48 47 28 31 Botswana 68 41 38 31 61 37 35 29 Burkina Faso 103 100 81 68 84 85 62 50 Burundi* 63 59 52 72 61 54 48 66 Cameroon 68 69 68 64 58 58 50 48 Cape Verde* 68 81 40 43Central African Rep 133 128 82 81 99 98 64 65 Chad* 105 102 80 70 97 95 70 61 Congo (Dem Rep) 81 74 73 50 73 67 70 50 Congo (Rep) 105 (72) 71 (40) Côte d'Ivoire 124 123 83 74 115 86 56 45 Djibonti Republic 77 61 93 91 38 56 40 40 Egypt 29 30 29 29 7 9 12 12 Eritrea* 50 40 37 29 19 23 Ethiopia* 27 26 32 36 14 19 24 25 Gabon 118 116 63 83 70 39 Gambia 73 67 83 52 48 63 Ghana 53 53 38 32 43 45 33 30

Guinea* 67 61 68 61 56 56 Kenya 53 40 56 70 37 33 43 54 Lesotho 39 38 Libya* 22 17Madagascar 43 54 47 47 25 31 32 33 Malawi 64 71 65 51 56 67 55 45 Mali Rep 112 114 82 77 74 74 57 48 Mauritania 86 85 59 53 43 31 Morocco 82 75 94 79 45 41 47 47 Mozambique 74 48 53 55 26 21 32 41

Namibia* 46 42 38 41 38 36 Niger Rep 94 92 79 76 81 60 55 52 Nigeria* 5 2 13 13 4 1 3 10 Rwanda 81 93 72 79 88 72 Senegal 119 123 94 71 74 88 62 48 South Africa 52 51 43 52 46 39 Sudan Rep* 7 58 50 33 6 58 25 26

Super gasoline Diesel

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

17/96

Fuel Pricin US cents per li(diesel in bracket

Libya*22

(17)

Mauritania59

(31)

CAR81 (65)

Chad*70

(61)

Congo DemRep50

(50)

Cameroon

64(48)

Nigeria*

13(10)

Niger Rep76

(52)Sudan Re

33(26)

Mali Rep77

(48)

West. Sahara-

(-)

Morocco79

(47)

Tunisia60

(33)

Algeria31(16) Egypt

29(12)

Zambia*53

(49)

Zimbabwe*26

(22)Botswana31

Namibia*38

Angolann

38(19)

Congo Rep n

72(40)

Gabon

63(39)

Equat . Guinea

-(-)

Guinea Bissau

-(-)

Sierra Leone n

61(53)

Liberia

-(-)

Togo

42(37)

Benin

39(31)

Côted’Ivoire

74(45)

Ghana

32(30)

Burk . Faso68 (50)

Senegal71

(48)

Guinea*

68 (56)Gambia

83(63)

T

U

(

Cape Verde81

(43)

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

18/96

1 8

"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" 18

Nigeria 10Libya 17

Zimbabwe 22Egypt 12

Algeria 16Botswana 29

Ghana 30Sudan Rep 26

Ethiopia 25Eritrea 23

Swaziland 36

Namibia 36Benin 31

Lesotho 38Togo Rep 37

South Africa 39Madagascar 33

Malawi 45Zambia 49

Mozambique 41Mauritania 31

Tunisia 33Gabon 39

Tanzania 57Cameroon 48

Burkina Faso 50Guinea 56

Chad 61Kenya 54

Senegal 48Burundi 66

Rwanda 72C™te d'Ivoire 45

Niger Rep 52Mali Rep 48Morocco 47Cape Verde 43

Central African Rep 65Gambia 63

Uganda 68

Angola 19

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Diesel Prices in US Cents per Liter

Diesel

Fuel Prices as of Nov Average Consumer Prices at Hig

Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 DM =*Price for regular gasoline **“Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a global ave


8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

19/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 1991 1993 1995 1998

Algeria140

15 20

4031

140

4 9

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 1991 1993

Algeria

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Benin140

63 62

36 39

140

48 47

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Benin

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Botswana140

68

41 38 31

140

6137

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Botswana

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Burkina Faso140

103 10081

68

140

84 85

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993

Burkina Faso

The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timpump prices in US cents per liter

Super Gasoline Diesel

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

20/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Cameroon140

68 69 68 64

140

58 58

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Cameroon

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Central African Rep.140

82 81

140

99 98120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Central African Rep.

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Chad*140

105 102

8070

140

97 95

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Chad*

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Côte d’lvoire140

124 123

8374

133 128

140

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Côte d’lvoire

115

86

The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timepump prices in US cents per liter


8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

21/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Eritrea*140

5040 37

140

29

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Eritrea*

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Ethiopia*140

27 26 32 36

140

14 19

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Ethiopia*

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Gabon140

118 116

63

140

8370

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Gabon

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Gambia140

73 6783

140

52 48

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993

Gambia



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

22/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Guinea*140

67 61 68

140

61 56

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Guinea*

140

37 33

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Kenya

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Madagascar140

43 54 47 47

140

25 31

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993 1

Madagascar

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Malawi140

64 71 6551

140

56 67

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Malawi

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Kenya140

5340

5670



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

23/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Mauritania140

86 85

59

140

5343

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Mauritania

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Morocco140

82 75

9479

140

45 41

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Morocco

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Mozambique140

74

48 53 55

140

26 21

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993

Mozambique

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Namibia*140

46 42 38

140

41 38

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993

Namibia*



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

24/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Nigeria*140

5 2 13 13

140

4 1

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Nigeria*

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Rwanda140

8193

72

140

79 88

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Rwanda

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Senegal140

119 123

94

71

140

7488

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993 1

Senegal

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

South Africa140

52 5143

140

52

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

South Africa



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

25/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Swaziland140

46 43 37

140

41 40

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Swaziland

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Tanzania*140

42 4356 63

140

25 30

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993

Tanzania*

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Togo Rep.140

8172

47 42

140

66 63

120

100

80

6040

20

01991 1993

Togo Rep.

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Tunisia140

58 5264 60

140

33 31

120

10080

60

40

20

01991 1993

Tunisia



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

26/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1991 1993 1995 1998

Zambia*140

40

7260 53

140

24

66

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1991 1993 1

Zambia*

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1995 1998

Zimbabwe*140

68

4738

26

140

3728

120

100

80

60

40

20

01991 1993 1

Zimbabwe*



Untaxed Retail Pump Price 21 US cents (1998) Untaxed Retail Pump Price 18 US cents

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

27/96

America

Synoptical Table:

Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies

Geographical Representation:




Graphical Representation of Price Developm

Price Trends in Individual Countries, 1991

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

28/96

Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998

- America -


Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

"Untaxed Pump Price" 21 18 Argentina 79 60 94 29 28 42

Bolivia 43 38 53 35 31 35 Brazil 53 63 80 38 39 34 Canada 47 45 41 39 36 39 Chile 43 53 49 31 33 29 Colombia 23 35 24 19 27 20 Costa Rica 37 40 41 28 27 28 Cuba 50 18Dominican Republic 40 40 28 22 Ecuador 31 33 38 19 28 24 El Salvador 54 30Grenada 54 41Guatemala 32 39 41 25 28 32 Guyana 30 27Haiti 59 36Honduras 41 35 50 26 25 30 Jamaica 37 33Mexico 39 32 36 28 25 28 Nicaragua 69 62 47 30 31 35 Panama 43 41 30 28 Paraguay

43 44 47 27 28 24 Peru 56 68 55 32 43 33 Puerto Rico 34 32 Suriname 56 41Trinidad and Tobago 39 20United St. (average) 32 34 32 28 33 27 United States (high) 35 31United States (low) 30 26Uruguay 89 90 38 42 Venezuela 3 14 1 8


* 1998 price for regular gasoline

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

29/96

Fuel Pricesin US cents per liter g(diesel in brackets) No

Brazil80

(34)

Ecuador38

(24)

Venezuela14(8)Colombia

24

(20)

Guyana30

(27)

Suriname56

(41)

FG

Peru55

(33 )

Mexico36

(28)

Guatemala41

(32)

El Salvador

54(30)

Honduras50

(30)

Costa Rica

41(28)

Nicaragua47

(35)

Panama41

(28)

Cuba50

(18)

Haiti59

(36) Dominic4

(2

Trinidad and Tobago39

(20)

P

United States (range)

30 - 32 - 35( 26 - 27 - 31 )

Canada41

(39)

3 0

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

30/96

"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" ** 18

Venezuela 8Colombia 20

Guyana 27United States (low) 26

United States (average) 27Puerto Rico 32

United States (high) 31Mexico 28

Jamaica 33Ecuador 24

Trinidad and Tobago 20Dominican Republic 22

Canada 39Costa Rica 28

Guatemala 32Panama 28

Nicaragua 35Paraguay 24Chile 29

Cuba 18Honduras 30

Bolivia 35El Salvador 30

Grenada 41Peru 33

Suriname 41Haiti 36Brazil 34

Uruguay 42Argentina 42

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10


Diesel

Fuel Prices as of Nove Average Consumer Prices at Hig


Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 D*Price for regular gasoline **“Untaxed Retai l Pump Price“ is a global

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

31/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995 1998

Argentina140

79

60

94

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995

Argentina140

29 28

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995 1998

Bolivia140

43 3853

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995

Bolivia140

35 31

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995 1998

Brazil140

53 63

80

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995

Brazil140

38 39

120

10080

60

40

20

01993 1995 1998

Canada140

47 45 41

120

10080

60

40

20

01993 1995

Canada140

39 36



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

32/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995 1998

Colombia140

2335

24

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995

Colombia140

19 27

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995 1998

Costa Rica140

37 40 41

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995

Costa Rica140

28 27

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995 1998

Dominican Republic140

40 40

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995

Dominican Republic140

28

120

10080

60

40

20

01993 1995 1998

Ecuador140

31 33 38

120

10080

60

40

20

01993 1995

Ecuador140

19 28

The Development of Fuel Prices Over Time -pump prices in US cents per liter


8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

33/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995 1998

Honduras140

41 3550

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995

Honduras140

26 25

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995 1998

Mexico140

39 32 36

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995

Mexico140

28 25

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995 1998

Nicaragua140

69 6247

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995

Nicaragua140

30 31

120

10080

60

40

20

01993 1995 1998

Panama140

43 41

120

10080

60

40

20

01993 1995

Panama140

30



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

34/96

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995 1998

Peru140

5668

55

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1993 1995

Peru140

32 43

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995 1998

United States (average)140

32 34 32

120

100

80

60

40

200

1993 1995

United States (average)140

28 33

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995 1998

Uruguay140

89 90

120

100

80

6040

20

01993 1995

Uruguay140

38

The Development of Fuel Prices Over Time -pump prices in US cents per liter


Untaxed Retail Pump Price 21 US cents (1998) Untaxed Retail Pump Price 18 US cents

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

35/96

Asia and Australia

Synoptical Table:

Pump Price for Super Gasoline and Diese

Geographical Representation:




8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

36/96

Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998 - Asia and


Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

"Untaxed P. Price" ** 21 18 Afghanistan

Armenia 49 25 Australia 46 45 Azerbaijan 46 22Bahrain 26 18

Bangladesh 36 47 31 26 Bhutan* 59 26Brunei 34 18Burma/Myanmar* 13 12Cambodia 47 28China 27 28 24 25 Hong Kong 119 136 74 85 India 48 56 19 21 Indonesia 44 16 20 7Iran 8 1 Iraq 1 1Israel 73 86 31 31 Japan 125 102 75 69 Jordan 40 42 15 15 Kazakhstan 30 24Korea North* 73 41 Korea South 79 93 33 41 Kuwait 17 13Kyrgyzstan 47 27

Laos 31 24 Lebanon 35 22Macau 74 51Malaysia 42 28 26 17 Mongolia 23 22Nepal* 52 59 22 24 New Zealand 61 64 32 39 Oman 31 26Pakistan 47 46 20 19 Palest. Territories 86 31

Papua New Guinea 41 28Philippines 34 34 27 22 Qatar 16 15Russia 35 28 28 18 Saudi Arabia 16 16 9 10Singapore* 72 36Sri Lanka 75 84 23 30


8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

37/96

Fuel Prices Asia and Australiain US cents per liter gasoline(diesel in brackets) November 1998

Russia28

(18)

Mongolia23

(22)

China

28(25)

Kazakhstan30

(24)

Kyrgyzstan nn

47(27)

Tajikistan26

(13)

Syria45

(14)Jordan

42(15)

Lebanon35

(22)

Israel+ Palest. Terr.

86(31)

India56

(21)

Saudi Arabia16

(10)

Pakistan

46 (19)

Afghanistan- (-)

Iran8(1)

Kuwait17(13)

Yemen*26(7)

Oman31

(26)

Burma/ Myanmar *

13(12)

U A E

105(67) Bangladesh47(26) Thailand

30(27)

Laos nnn

31

Uzbekistan

11 (9)

Turkme-nistan

9 (5)

Turkey

78(47)

Iraq1

(1) Nepal*

59(24) Bhutan*59(26)

Qatar16

(15 )

Bahrain26

(18)

Georgia

46(25)

Armenia49

(25)

Azerbai jan

46(22)

Fuel Prices as of November

3 8

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

38/96

Hong Kong 85U A E 67

Japan 69Korea South 41

Palest. Territories 31Israel 31

Sri Lanka 30Turkey 47

Macau 51Korea North 41

Singapore 36New Zealand 39

Nepal 24Bhutan 26

Taiwan 41India 21

Armenia 25Kyrgyzstan 27Cambodia 28Bangladesh 26

Pakistan 19Azerbaijan 22

Australia 45Syria 14

Jordan 15Papua New Guinea 28

Vietnam 26Lebanon 22

Philippines 22Brunei 18

Oman 26Laos 24

Thailand 27Kazakhstan 24

Russia 18Malaysia 17

China 25 Yemen 7

Tajikistan 13Bahrain 18

Mongolia 22Kuwait 13

Saudi Arabia 10Qatar 15

Indonesia 7Burma/Myanmar* 12


Iraq 1Iran 1

Turkmenistan 5Uzbekistan 9

160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Diesel


Average Consumer Prices at Hig



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

39/96

Europe

Synoptical Table:

Pump Price for Super Gasoline and Diese

Geographical Representation:Fuel Prices as of November 1998



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

40/96

Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998 - Euro


Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

"Untaxed P. Price" ** 21 18 Albania 86 43 Andorra

Austr ia 115 104 87 82 Belarus 34 13 Belgium 118 112 82 85

Bosnia + Herzegovina 66 60Bulgaria 46 66 26 52 Croatia 75 67 64 61 Cyprus 78 25Czech Rep 85 72 60 60 Denmark 108 105 87 85 Estonia 33 45 33 36 Finland 120 117 85 79 France 117 111 78 77 Georgia 46 25Germany 112 96 77 69 Greece 88 65 59 40 Hungary 74 72 65 64 Iceland 112 40Irish Rep 96 102 87 102 Italy 118 119 86 93 Latvia 41 55 34 35 Liechtenstein 85 89Lithuania 35 51 30 34

Luxembourg 84 78 68 61 Macedonia 93 70 59 46 Malta 77 49Moldova 45 31Monaco

Netherlands 121 114 82 79 Norway 133 121 109 110 Poland 55 54 42 44 Portugal 102 71Romania 29 53 19 40

Russia 35 28 28 18 Slovakia 66 61 40 54 Slovenia 59 66 50 64 Spain 89 84 70 70 Sweden 117 109 101 84 Switzerland 102 86 101 91 T rke 56 78 37 47


8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

41/96

Fuel Prices in Europein US cents per liter gasoline(diesel in brackets) November 1998

Portugal102(71)

Spain

84(70)

France111(77)

Italy

United Kingdom111

(111)

Germany96

(69)

Irish Rep102

(102)

Iceland112(40)

Norway121(110)

Sweden109(84)

Finland117(79)

R

Poland

54(44) Ukraine49

(25)

Belarus34

(13)

Romania53

(40)

Bulgaria66 (52)

Albania

86

Austr ia

104(82)

Slovenia

66(64)

Czech Rep

Croatia

67(61)

Tur7

(4

Denmark105(85)

Switzerland

86(91)

Netherlands114(79)

Belgium112(85)

Luxembourg78

(61)

Fuel Prices as of NoveC

4 2

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

42/96

Norway 110Italy 93

Finland 79Netherlands 79

Iceland 40Belgium 85

United Kingdom 111France 77

Sweden 84Denmark 85

Austria 82Portugal 71

Irish Rep 102Germany 69

Switzerland 91Albania 43

Liechtenstein 89Spain 70

Turkey 47Luxembourg 61

Cyprus 25Malta 49

Hungary 64Czech Rep 60

Macedonia 46Croatia 61

Slovenia 64Bulgaria 52

Bosnia and Herzegovina 60Greece 40

Yugoslavia / Serbia 43Slovakia 54

Latvia 35Poland 44

Romania 40Lithuania 34

Ukraine 25Georgia 25

Moldova 31Estonia 36

Belarus 13Russia 18


140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0


Diesel

Average Consumer Prices at Hig



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

43/96

Overview: Global Fuel P

World Table of Pump Prices for Super Gaand Diesel

Ranking of Diesel and Gasoline Prices fo160 Countries

Conclusions

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

44/96

World table of pump prices for super gasoline a[US cents/l], 1991 – 1998

The following table summarizes the fuel prices pertaining to thIt lists 187 countries of the world in alphabetical order and indifuel prices in US cents per liter. The local prices have been cothe valid exchange rates as of the survey date. The respective sdate of the last survey are noted separately. The basic paramete(cf. chapter 3) apply as well to this table.

The fuel prices in the individual states of the USA are not menonly summarized in the three categories "average", "low" and "h

Ranking of Diesel and Gasoline prices for 160 coas of November 1998

Of the 187 countries listed in the following table, the 160 mos(with populations exceeding 1 million) have also been listed, ifuel prices, in a diesel/gasoline-price diagram. The diesel pric"black line", i.e., the untaxed pump price of 18 US cents per liteprice list has its "black line" situated at 21 US cents per liter (cfRetail Pump Price).

Diesel prices: global country rankings (160 countries)

At 111 US cents per liter diesel, the United Kingdom has the

and at 1 US cents per liter, Iran and Iraq have the lowest.

The diesel diagram plainly indicates four main country categori

Category 1 (subsidized); these are the oil subsidizing and pr which diesel fuel is available at liter prices situated below theof 18 US cents per liter (beginning at 1 US cents per liter).

Category 2 (low-taxed US category), i.e., the USA and other a low-price policy, where diesel and gasoline taxes average ou

per liter (pump price: 18 - 31 US cents/liter diesel).Category 3 (between US and EU), i.e., countries occupying asituated between low-taxed and highly taxed price policies (pumand 61 US cents/liter diesel).

Category 4 (highly taxed EU and Japan) i e the EU countr

Global Fuel Prices for 187 Countries

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

45/96

Gasoline prices: global country rankings (160 countries)

With local pump prices ranging around 136 US cents/liter for drivers pay more for gasoline than anyone else in the world –much as in neighboring China. Conversely, Iraq's gasoline priceis the lowest the world.

The gasoline diagram also comprises 4 different country catego

Category 1 (subsidized); these are the oil subsidizing and pr which gasoline is available at liter prices situated below the un21 US cents per liter (beginning at 1 US cents per liter).

Category 2 (low-taxed US category), i.e., the USA and other a low-price policy, where diesel and gasoline taxes average ouper liter (pump price: 22 - 35 US cents/liter gasoline).

Category 3 (between US and EU), i.e., countries occupying a

situ-ated between low-taxed and highly taxed price policies (p35 and 78 US cents/liter gasoline).

Category 4 (highly taxed EU and Japan), i.e., the EU countrcountries in which the per-liter tax on gasoline amounts to betcents (resulting in pump prices of 78 – 136 US cents/liter gaso

Conclusions

A given country's assignment to one of the above 4 categoriesits economic situation (per capita GNP, cf. motorization table ithe impression is more or less one of arbitrariness, since the hcategory includes countries like Uganda, Sri Lanka, Brazil aEmirates, while comparable countries like Ghana, the Philippand Yemen belong to the low-taxed price group.

Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

46/96

(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998


Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

Afghanistan Albania 86 43 Alger ia 15 20 40 31 4 9 23 16 Andorra Angola 38 19 Antigua Argentina 79 60 94 29 28 42 Armenia 49 25

Australia 46 45 Austr ia 115 104 87 82 Azerbaijan 46 22BahamasBahrain 26 18Bangladesh 36 47 31 26 Barbados 72 62Belarus 34 13 Belgium 118 112 82 85 BelizeBenin

63 62 36 39 48 47 28 31 Bhutan* 59 26Bolivia 43 38 53 35 31 35 Bosnia + Herzegovina 66 60Botswana 68 41 38 31 61 37 35 29 Brazil 53 63 80 38 39 34 Brunei 34 18Bulgaria 46 66 26 52 Burkina Faso 103 100 81 68 84 85 62 50 Burma* 13 12Burundi* 63 59 52 72 61 54 48 66

Cambodia 47 28Cameroon 68 69 68 64 58 58 50 48 Canada 47 45 41 39 36 39 Cape Verde* 68 81 40 43Central African Rep. 133 128 82 81 99 98 64 65 Chad* 105 102 80 70 97 95 70 61 Chile 43 53 49 31 33 29 China 27 28 24 25 Colombia 23 35 24 19 27 20 ComorosCongo (DemRep) 81 74 73 50 73 67 70 50 Congo (Rep.) 105 (72) 71 (40) Costa Rica 37 40 41 28 27 28 Côte d'Ivoire 124 123 83 74 115 86 56 45 Croatia 75 67 64 61 Cuba 50 18Cyprus 78 25C h R 85 72 60 60


Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(i US li ) 99 998

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

47/96



Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

Eritrea* 50 40 37 29 19 23 Estonia 33 45 33 36 Ethiopia* 27 26 32 36 14 19 24 25 Fiji Is* 50 37Finland 120 117 85 79 France 117 111 78 77 Gabon 118 116 63 83 70 39 Gambia 73 67 83 52 48 63

Georgia 46 25Germany 112 96 77 69 Ghana 53 53 38 32 43 45 33 30 Greece 88 65 59 40 Grenada 54 41Guatemala 32 39 41 25 28 32 Guinea* 67 61 68 61 56 56 Guinea-Bissau 30 27 61 56Guyana 30 27Haiti 59 36Honduras 41 35 50 26 25 30 Hong Kong 119 136 74 85 Hungary 74 72 65 64 Iceland 112 40India 48 56 19 21 Indonesia 44 16 20 7Iran (8) (1) Iraq 1 1Irish Rep 96 102 87 102 Israel 73 86 31 31 Italy 118 119 86 93

Jamaica 37 33Japan 125 102 75 69 Jordan 40 42 15 15Kazakhstan 30 24Kenya 53 40 56 70 37 33 43 54 KiribatiKorea North* 73 41 Korea South 79 (93) 33 (41) Kuwait 17 13Kyrgyzstan 47 27 Laos 31 24 Latvia 41 55 34 35 Lebanon 35 22Lesotho 39 38 LiberiaLibya* 22 17Liechtenstein 85 89Li h i 35 51 30 34


Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(i US t lit ) 1991 1998

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

48/96



Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

Malta 77 49Marshall IsMauritania 86 85 59 53 43 31 MauritiusMexico 39 32 36 28 25 28 MikronesiaMoldova 45 31Monaco

Mongolia 23 22Morocco 82 75 94 79 45 41 47 47 Mozambique 74 48 53 55 26 21 32 41 Namibia* 46 42 38 41 38 36 Nauru IsNepal* 52 59 22 24 Netherlands 121 114 82 79 New Zealand 61 64 32 39 Nicaragua 69 62 47 30 31 35 Niger Rep 94 92 79 76 81 60 55 52 Nigeria* 5 2 13 13 4 1 3 10 Norway 133 121 109 110 Oman 31 26Pakistan 47 46 20 19 Palest. Territories 86 31Panama 43 41 30 28 Papua New Guinea 41 28Paraguay 43 44 47 27 28 24 Peru 56 68 55 32 43 33 Philippines 34 34 27 22 Poland 55 54 42 44

Portugal 102 71Puerto Rico 34 32 Qatar 16 15Romania 29 53 19 40 Russia 35 28 28 18 Rwanda 81 93 72 79 88 72 San MarinoSao ToméSaudi Arabia 16 16 9 10Senegal 119 123 94 71 74 88 62 48 Sierra Leone 45 49 (61) 43 44 (53) Singapore* 72 36Slovakia 66 61 40 54 Slovenia 59 66 50 64 Somali Rep 21 15South Africa 52 51 43 52 46 39 Spain 89 84 70 70 S i L k 75 84 23 30


Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991 1998

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

49/96



Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998

Tanzania* 42 43 56 63 25 30 44 57 Thailand 34 30 30 27Togo Rep 81 72 47 42 66 63 40 37 Trinidad and Tobago 39 20Tunesia 58 52 64 60 33 31 44 33 Turkey 56 78 37 47 Turkmenistan 9 5 U A E 105 67

Uganda 69 79 98 86 55 71 85 68 Ukraine 49 25United Kingdom 92 111 85 111 United St. (average) 32 34 32 28 33 27 United States (low) 30 26United States (high) 35 31Uruguay 89 90 38 42 Uzbekistan 32 11 31 9 Vanuatu Vatican Venezuela 3 14 1 8 Vietnam 34 35 25 26 Yemen* 26 7Yugoslavia / Serbia (76) 61 (84) 43 Zambia* 40 72 60 53 24 66 57 49 Zimbabwe* 68 47 38 26 37 28 29 22


* 1998 price for regular gasoline

US cents per

lit di l

120Globalization of Fuel Market: Transition to US o

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

50/96

5

T u r k m e n i s t a n

3 3

T u n e s i a

3 2

G u a t e m a l a

3 2

P u e r t o R i c o

3 1

B e n i n

3 1

I s r a e l

3 1

P a l e s t . T e r r i t o r i e s

3 1

M a u r i t a n i a

3 1

M o l d o v a

3 1

U n i t e d S t a t e s ( h i g h

)

3 0

E l S a l v a d o r

3 0

G h a n a

3 0

H o n d u r a s

3 0

S r i L a n k a

2 9

B o t s w a n a

2 9

C h i l e

2 8

C a m b o d i a

2 8

C o s t a R i c a

2 8

M e x i c o

2 8

P a n a m a

2 8

P a p u a N e w G u i n e a

2 7

G u y a n a

2 7

K y r g y z s t a n

2 7

T h a i l a n d

2 7

U n i t e d S t a t e s ( a v e r a g e )

2 6

B a n g l a d e s h

2 6

B h u t a n

2 6

S u d a n R e p

2 6

U n i t e d S t a t e s ( l o w )

2 6

V i e t n a m

2 6

O m a n

2 5

A r m e n i a

2 5

C h i n a

2 5

C y p r u s

2 5

E t h i o p i a

2 5

G e o r g i a

2 5

U k r a i n e

2 4

E c u a d o r

2 4

K a z a k h s t a n

2 4

L a o s

2 4

N e p a l

2 4

P a r a g u a y

2 3

E r i t r e a

2 2

A z e r b a i j a n

2 2

D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c

2 2

L e b a n o n

2 2

M o n g o l i a

2 2

P h i l i p p i n e s

2 2

Z i m b a b w e

2 1

I n d i a

2 0

C o l o m b i a

2 0

T r i n i d a d a n d T o b a g o

1 9

A n g o l a

1 9

P a k i s t a n

1 8

B r u n e i

1 8

B a h r a i n

1 8

C u b a

1 8

R u s s i a

1 7

L i b y a

1 7

M a l a y s i a

1 6

A l g e r i a

1 5

J o r d a n

1 5

Q a t a r

1 4

S y r i a

1 3

B e l a r u s

1 3

T a j i k i s t a n

1 3

K u w a i t

1 2 B

u r m a

1 2 E

g y p t

1 0

N i g e

r i a

1 0

S a u d i A r a b i a

9

U z b e k i s t a n

8

V e n e z u e l a

7

I n d o n e s i a

7

Y e m e n

1

I r a q

1

I r a n

liter diesel

100

80

60

40

20

0

“Untaxed RetailPump Price“ **:18 US cents

Characteristics:

Level of taxation often too low to guarantee average USroad user fee of 10 US cents per liter

Ch

AsswelCom

Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 DM = 0,85 **The “Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a global retail price for diesel incl. distrib


Category I:

Diesel pricesbelow "UntaxedRetail Pump Price" **

Category II:

Diesel prices belowor at US level

Characteristics:

No fees or taxes to financeroads or state budgets

Diesel Prices as o Average Consumer Prices at High

US cents per

liter gasoline

140

Globalization of Fuel Market: Transition to US o

Gasoline* Prices as

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

51/96

5 0

F i j i I s *

4 9 A

r m e n i a

4 9 U

k r a i n e

4 9 C

h i l e

4 7

P a r a

g u a y

4 7

B a n g l a d e s h

4 7

K y r g

y z s t a n

4 7

C a m

b o d i a

4 7

M a d a g a s k a r

4 7

N i c a

r a g u a

4 6

P a k i s t a n

4 6

A z e r b

a i j a n

4 6

G e o r g

i a

4 6

A u s t r a l i a

4 5

S y r i a

4 5

M o l d o v

a

4 5

E s t o n i a

4 3

S o u t h A f r i c a

4 2

J o r d a n

4 2

T o g o R e p

4 1

C o s t a R i c a

4 1

P a n a m a

4 1

G u a t e m a l a

4 1

C a n a d a

4 1

P a p u a N e w G

u i n e a

4 0

D o m i n i c a n R e p

u b l i c

3 9

T r i n i d a d a n d T o b a g o

3 9

B e n i n

3 9

L e s o t h o

3 8

A n g o l a

3 8

E c u a d o r

3 8

N a m i b i a *

3 7

E r i t r e a *

3 7

J a m a i c a

3 7

S w a z i l a n d

3 6

E t h i o p i a *

3 6

M e x i c o

3 5

L e b a n o n

3 5

V i e t n a m

3 5

U n i t e d S t a t e s ( h i g h )

3 4

B e l a r u s

3 4

P h i l i p p i n e s

3 4

B r u n e i

3 4

P u e r t o R i c o

3 3 S u d a n R e p *

3 2

U n i t e d S t a t e s ( a v e r a g e )

3 2

G h a n a

3 1

A l g e r i a

3 1

L a o s

3 1

B o t s w a n a

3 1

O m a n

3 0

K a z a k h s t a n

3 0

U n i t e d S t a t e s ( l o w )

3 0

G u y a n a

3 0

T h a i l a n d

2 9

E g y p t

2 8 M a l a y s i a

2 8 R u s s i a

2 8 C h i n a

2 6

Y e m e n *

2 6

T a j i k i s t a n

2 6

B a h r a i n

2 6

Z i m b a b w e *

2 4

C o l o m b i a

2 3 M o n g o l i a

2 2

L i b y a *

1 7 K

u w a i t

1 6

I n d o n e s i a

1 6

S a

u d i A r a b i a

1 6

Q a

t a r

1 4

V e n e z u e l a

1 3 N i g e r i a

*

1 3 B u r m a *

1 1

U z b e k i s t a n

9

T u r k m e n i s t a n

8

I r a n

1

I r a q

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

“Untaxed RetailPump Price“ **:21 US cents

Gasoline Prices as Average Consumer Prices at Hig

* In most cases the prices given refer to super gasoline. Only in those coun** The “Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a hypothetical reference retail pump p

including distribution and VAT but excluding fuel tax.

*** According to the agreed upon EU minimum taxation (“Acquis Communaut

Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

Category I:

Gasoline pricesbelow "UntaxedRetail Pump Price" **

Category II:

Gasoline prices between"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" **and highest US level

Category III:

Gasoline betweminimum EU le

Country Table:Prices in Local Currency (November 1

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

52/96

Exchange rate* Fuel prices i

Gasoline Super UnCountry Currency 1 US $ = [a] [b]

Afghanistan Afghani 4750.0000 Albania Lek 139.7500 80 120

Algeria Dinar 58.6815 Andorra Angola Readje Kwanza 257128.0000 Antigua 2.7000

Argentina Peso 0.9995 Armenia Drum 509.3800 175 250 Austral ia Austra lian $ 1.5779 Austr ia Shill ing 11.6949 Azerbaijan Manat 3950.0000 1600 1800

Bahamas Bahama $ 1.0000Bahrain Dinar 0.3770Bangladesh Taka 48.5000 21 23 Barbados Barb $ 2.0113Belarus Rouble 278000.0000

Belgium Belg. Fr. 34.2900Belize B. $ 2.0000Benin CFA Fr 557.3600 195 220 Bhutan Ngrultrum 42.3000 25

Bolivia Boliviano 5.6100Bosnia and HerzegovinaBotswana Pula 4.3206 1.32 Brazil Real 1.1881Brunei Brunei $ 1.6375

Bulgaria Lev 1656.8000Burkina Faso CFA Fr 557.3600Burma/Myanmar Kyat 305.0000 39.65 Burundi Burundi Fr 485.0010 350

Cambodia Riel 3870.0000Cameroon CFA Fr 557.3600 357 Canada Canadian $ 1.5295

Cape Verde CV Escudo 99.6850Central African Republic CFA Fr 557.3600 450 450

Chad CFA Fr 557.3600 390 Chile Chilean Peso 462.7000China Renmimbi 8.2779 2.1 2.3 Clombia Col Peso 1549.7500

Comoros Fr 417.4880Congo (DemRep) Zaire 137500.0000Congo (Rep.) CFA Fr 557.3600Costa Rica Colon 266.7000Côte d'Ivoire CFA Fr 557.3600 370 410

Croatia Kuna 6.2028Cuba Cuban Peso 23.0000Cyprus Cyprus Pound 0.4930Czech Rep Koruna 29.2345Denmark Danish Crown 6.3195

Djibouti Republic Djib. Fr 177.7200Dominica E Carib $ 2.7000Dominican Republic D Peso 15 8000

Prices in Local Currency (November 1


8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

53/96



Greece Drachma 278.6350Grenada E Carib $ 2.7000Guatemala Quezna 6.5968Guinea Fr 1243.0000 850

Guinea-Bissau CFA Fr 557.3600Guyana Guyanese $ 149.3000Haiti Gourde 16.5850Honduras Lempira 13.7750Hong Kong HK $ 7.7427

Hungary Florint 214.4700Iceland Icelandic Krona 69.2400India Indian Rupee 42.3000Indonesia Rupiah 8300.0000 1000 1300

Iran Rial 3000.0000Iraq Iraqui Dinar 1750.0000 10 25 Irish Rep Irish Punt 0.6679Israel Shekel 4.3197Italy Lira 1644.0100

Jamaica Jamaican $ 35.7500Japan Yen 118.3100Jordan Jordanian Dinar 0.7115 0.221 0.301 Kazakhstan Tenge 82.5000 20 25

Kenya Kenya Shilling 59.6000 38 42 Kiribati Australian $ 1.5779Korea North Won 2.2000Korea South Won 1311.5000Kuwait Kuwait Dinar 0.3021 0.04 0.05

KyrgyzstanLaos New Kip 3682.0000Latvia Lats 0.5759Lebanon Lebanese Pound 1502.0000 500 525

Lesotho Maluti 5.4850

Liberia Liberian $ 1.0000Libya Libyan Dinar 0.3857Liechtenstein Swiss Fr 1.3672Lithuania Litas 4.0010

Luxembourg Lux Fr 34.2900MacauMacedonia Denar 51.5937Madagaskar MG Fr 5115.0000 2090 2380 Malawi Kwacha 44.9750

Malaysia Ringgit 3.8000 1.06 Malediv Is Rufiya 11.7700Mali Rep. CFA Fr 557.3600 370 430

Malta Maltese Lira 0.3764Marshall IsMauritania Ouguiya 203.0550 115.1 120 Mauritius Maur Rupee 24.7750Mexico Mexican Peso 9.9890Mikronesia

Moldova Leu 8.7000



8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

54/96



Panama Balboa 1.0000Papua New Guinea Kina 2.1414 0.887 Paraguay Guarani 2825.0000Peru New Sol 3.0790

Philippines Peso 29.9250Poland Zloty 3.4225Portugal Escudo 170.4150Puerto Rico US $ 1.0000Qatar Riyal 3.6405 0.55 0.6

Romania Leu 9850.0000Russia Roubel 15.9500 4 4.5 Rwanda Fr 317.9800 230 San Marino Ital. Lira 1644.0100

Sao Tomé Dobra 2390.0000Saudi Arabia Riyal 3.7504 0.6 0.6 Senegal CFA Fr 557.3600Sierra Leone Leone 1850.0000Singapore $ 1.6375

Slovakia Koruna 35.6260Slovenia Tolar 159.8210Somali Rep Shilling 2620.0000South Africa Rand 5.4850 2.36

Spain Peseta 141.3400Sri Lanka Rupee 67.2700Sudan Rep DinarSuriname Guilder 401.0000Swaziland Lilangeni 5.4850 1.99 2.05

Sweden Krona 7.8085Switzerland Fr 1.3672Syria Pound 45.0000 20.3 20.4 Taiwan $ 32.5135

Tajikistan Tenge 230 250

Tanzania Shilling 665.5000 420 Thailand Baht 36.6350 10.27 11.15 Togo Rep CFA Fr 557.3600 230 235 Trinidad / Tobago $ 6.2450

Tunesia Dinar 1.0850 0.655 0.655 Turkey Lira 291550.0000TurkmenistanU A E Dirham 3.6729Uganda New Shilling 1332.0000 1150

Ukraine Hryvna 3.8100United Kingdom Pound 0.6015United States (average) US $ 1.0000

United States (low)United States (high)Uruguay Peso Uruguayo 10.6750Uzbekistan Sum 440.0000 38 50 Vanuatu Vatu 128.4200 Vatican Lira 1644.0100

Venezuela Bol ivar 568.9750


Basic Problems of Fuel Pricing5

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

55/96

Fuel Subsidy Policies

Country-specific Fuel Subsidies

Transport Sector Policy and Fuel Pri

Problems Arising from Fuel-price Inc

• Box: “Dozens die in price rise protests“

Fuel Prices and Purchasing Power

• Box: The “Egg Index“

g

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

56/96

The Global Ranking List of Diesel-subsidizing Cou

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

57/96

Subsidy ranking among

160 countries

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

2324

25

26

Name of country

Iraq

Iran

Turkmenistan

Indonesia

Yemen

Venezuela

Uzbekistan

Nigeria

Saudi Arabia

Burma/Myanmar

EgyptBelarus

Tajikistan

Kuwait

Syria

Jordan

Qatar

Algeria

Libya

Malaysia

Brunei

Bahrain

CubaRussia

Angola

Pakistan

Untaxed diesel price

(US cents/liter)

1

1

5

7

7

8

9

10

10

12

1213

13

13

14

15

15

16

17

17

18

18

1818

19

19

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

58/96

Transport Sector Policy and Fuel Prices

There can be no doubt that a sound transport policy – as advocand multilateral donors and banks – requires a sector policy wprises the following major steps:

• firstly, the elimination of fuel subsidies,

• secondly, taxation of transport fuels to cover road maintenance costs all over the country (often amounting to 10 US cents/liter oand

• thirdly, further taxation to balance the entirety of transpor(including railways and public transport)

Additionally, in the case of private passenger vehicles, many levy additional luxury taxes on gasoline prices to cover other g

These basic principles of national fuel-price policy constitute a masion about WTO (World Trade Organization) membership for dIn the case of applications for EU (European Union) membacquis communautaire is applied. This requires that the countminimum tax on diesel fuel such as to at least equal the lowesin core-EU countries (i.e., Luxembourg).

Problems Arising from Fuel-price Increases

Fuel prices must be increased from time to time for the followi

• to compensate for the gradual "relative adjustment" to oftenational inflation levels and/or as a direct result of local curr

• to effect "structural price increases", e.g., in the new EU applica higher price level is targeted for the long term.

In developing countries, however, such price rises are frequentunprofessional manner. After months or years of official passivitprice hikes that should have been instituted in the past are sudd

and demanded of an unprepared population all at once.Numerous past examples document how such irresponsible begovernments can lead to riots and bloody conflicts – up to and ment's own overthrow.

I h i Indonesia d Zimbabwe i 1998

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

59/96

Press report on fuel-price riots in Yeme

Dozens die in price-rise protests

Some 34 people were killed and 102 injured in violence followingthe price of fuel and food, the official news agency SABA reported

Yemeni opposition sources claimed that up to 100 people had die

the country since 19 June when the government announced the p At least 13 soldiers were reported to have been killed in fightintroops tried to open the Sanaa-Marib road, which had been blockedbased Hunt Oil, which operates in the area, said on 29 June its oil to the Red Sea coast had been punctured by bullets causing two still operational. "Company officials noted the pipeline punctures areagainst IMF and World Bank reforms ending subsidies on fuel pricit said. An oil ministry official says exports are proceeding normaport city of Al-Mukalla, thousands of Yemenis were reported to hav

ceful demonstration on 30 June, urging President Ali Abdullah Salereforms.

Prime Minister Abdulkarim al-Iryani told parliament that the governits decision to raise fuel, flour and basic food prices by up to 40 peincrease fuel prices again until 2003. (Middle East Economic Diges

It is of particular interest to note that such revolts in opposition always triggered by the relative increase (often 30 % or more), w

crease (frequently only a few cents being added to "dirt cheapractically no role at all.

This applies especially to Nigeria where fuel-price increases hrioting, even though fuel had already become – viewed objecdrinking water.

When Ghana discarded its traditional cheap-fuel policy in the nearly tripled within a relatively short time, the country got into way to remedy the situation was for the government to tem

country's supply of fuel. Immediately, black-market traders from began selling fuel at four times the previous price level. After agovernment resumed its official imports, thus forcing the blacby about one-half. This found the approval of the public at largof the politically risky maneuver was that fuel cost twice as mu

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

60/96

Fuel Prices and Purchasing Power

Undoubtedly, in the macroeconomic sense, such imported gooand fuels, even the streets and roads in some countries) due tcurrency share of the overall cost) should be calculated on a foUS $, basis because that is how the importer or the government h

For the country's political leaders, however, it is important to knowthe world over do not care about the world market; what theown purchasing power on the home market.

Thus, governments should not only be aware of price levels itries, they should also heed the arguments of a protesting poppopular "purchasing power argumentation". As such, in a chNigeria, public debate according to the motto "once again, ourCoca Cola, which is little more than water" can be regarded as

Purchasing-power indices are always relative by nature, andcarefully prepared for any increase in fuel prices, particularly in price changes in the aforementioned subsidizing countries.

General purchasing-power statistics like those published by thof little help because they are not readily adaptable, and their impossible to investigate.

For the purposes of this publication, then, a universally obtainlocally produced and sold commodity was chosen as the benchm

egg (large, grade A).

Subjective assessment of fuel prices

(according to purchasing power or "egg inde

The "egg index" for calculating the purchasing-power designed especially for application in developing and em where people do not tend to think in terms of world-marketa country's own domestic currency may not serve reliably a

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

61/96

[

Price of

eggs

[US cents/egg]

20

20

20

20

15

8

12

13

10

7

13

(4 -) 1212

14

6

13

Price of

gasoline

[US cents/liter]

78

96

119

111

63

51

47

74

73

36

32

2832

9

16

16

Price of

diesel

[US cents/liter]

61

69

93

111

57

45

33

51

41

25

30

2527

5

7

10

Country

Luxembourg

Germany

Italy

England

Tanzania

Malawi

Madagascar

Macao

North Korea

Ethiopia

Ghana

China1

USA 2

Turkmenistan

Indonesia 3

Saudi Arabia

Category

4

European Union

high

taxation of fuel

3

medium

taxation of fuel

2

low fuel

taxation

1

subsidizing and

oil-producing

countries

1 Free price formation, with eggs costing more in supermarkets.2 Note: 1 US gallon = 3.785 liters

3 Eggs of average size

The results of purchasing-power comparison can therefore be sum

• In Europe, diesel fuel costs via purchasing-power compchicken eggs per liter (average: 4 eggs); and gasoline costssuper (average 5 eggs). That price is generally regarded as

and just.

• In subsidizing and oil-producing countries (e.g., Turkmand Saudi Arabia), diesel fuel in particular is likely to cost oeven one-eighth as much (read: 1 or even 1/2 chicken eglow fuel prices are rightfully unlikely to find much underst

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

62/96

State Management of Fuel Taxation6

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

63/96

General Taxation of Petroleum Prod

Importance of Fuel Taxation for Ove

Revenues

Potential State Revenues from Fuel

(in million US $)

• Motorization

• Mileage and consumption

• Estimates for fuel tax revenues

State Expenditures out of Fuel Taxes

Problems and Outlook

• Loss of revenue through fuel smuggling

• Outlook on fuel taxation and resource bases

State Management of Fuel Taxation6

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

64/96

General Taxation of Petroleum Products

If the general economic policy is to avoid subsidization of fuelproducts as commercial goods, as outlined in chp. 5.1 - 5.3, threvenue and expenditures management by the state will require gation.

The taxation of petroleum products affects 3 major sectors:

• the transport sector (mainly road, rail and air transport),

• the energy sector (mainly electricity production) and

• the household sector (in developing countries mainly the coof meals with kerosene)

It is general practice to differentiate the tax percentages on petro

ding to their end uses, as exemplified for Kenya below:

Proportional share of taxation in retail prices of petroNairobi, Kenya:

Regular gasoline

Super gasoline

Automotive diesel

Fuel oil

Heavy diesel

Liquid petrol. gas

Kerosene

0 10 20 30 40

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

65/96

Kerosene, which is used mainly by lower income groups, frequeboth for social reasons and to help prevent massive deforestati

The main statement of the above diagram is to delimit the rapetroleum products, i.e.:

• Of all fuels, transport fuels carry the highest taxation,• industrial fuels are taxed less,

• cooking energy may be tax-exempt or even subsidized.

There is, in fact, a general rule of thumb, according to which thefuels – like regular and super gasoline in the above Kenyan cathe way for taxation of fuels and energy in other sectors as we

The size of the fuel-consuming sectors and the structure of sumption may vary from country to country, but OLADE1 has caaverage shares for Latin America as a whole:

• 31.6 % for transportation

• 33.4 % for industry

• 35.0 % for residential and other purposes.

Importance of Fuel Taxation for Overall State Re

Within the highly sophisticated tax systems of industrialized couan increasingly important role.

In developing countries, collection of income taxes and sales taxe

of state revenue is quite difficult and much in arrears.Thus, in sub-Saharan Africa the fuel tax on petroleum products the government's total tax revenues for 1990.2

In some cases, the tax on fuel may even become the single mo

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

66/96

In European countries, fuel taxes frequently constitute the thtax , as illustrated by the following German federal budget tabl

Thus, German taxes on fuel and vehicles in the year 1997 yield

(66 000 + 15 000) = 81 000 million DM or 48 800 million US $.

This enormous amount is the result of a systematic policy oover the past 40 years (1956 through 1996), as outlined in

33 2721

1

Corporate tax Solidarity tax

Toba

The most important tin Germany 1997 in

252Wage tax

243Sales tax

FUEL TAX

66

49Business tax

Note: The fuel tax also includ

Value a

tax V

(on to

pric

0 %

2 %

Pump price

of diesel

[DM/100 l]

50

52

Applied diesel

tax rate

[DM/100 l]

15

30

Pump price

of super

gasoline

[DM/100 l]

71

61

Applied

gasoline tax

rate

[DM/100 l]

31

32

German

fiscal year

1956

1966

8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999

67/96

Potential State Revenues from Fuel Taxation (in

Estimates of potential state revenues from fuel taxation are methe finance ministry, but also for the ministry of transport/publiare practically indispensable for the sector approach generally tdonors and banks.

All such revenue estimates should be based on fuel consu

expressed in liters per year.

For cases in which statistical data on annual fuel consumptionliable or even nonexistent (holds true in many developing couinstead be based on the number of vehicles, mileage/distanceeach type of vehicle, and average fuel consumption (e.g., per

Motorization

Detailed motorization figures (vehicles per 1000 inhabitants) fo

are shown in the tables included in chp. 7, and present-populatito per-capital GNP have been annexed to the table in chp. 7.

Mileage and consumption

Average aggregate distance traveled per year (in kilometers; 1970category in

Fuel Prices 1999

Documents

Transcript of Fuel Prices 1999