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Transcript of Fuel Cells and Capacitors Fatih Dogan Department of Materials Science and Engineering Missouri S&T,...
Fuel Cells and CapacitorsFatih Dogan
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO 65409
S. Chao, P. Jasinski , I. Kellogg, H-C. Park, V. Petrovsky,
A. Sarikaya, J. Shi, T. Suzuki
H. Anderson, S. Grasman, W. Huebner, M. O’Keefe, U. Koylu, S. Minteer, T. Schuman, J. Sheffield
Missouri Energy SummitColumbia, MO; 23 April 2009
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.60.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Pow
er d
ensi
ty, W
cm-2
Ts = 606 oC
Gas flow rate
900 cc min-1
600 450 300T
erm
inal
vol
tage
, V
Current density, Acm-2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005
Cathode:LaSrCoFeOx
Electrolyte: Y2O3-ZrO2
Anode:Ni 70wt%YSZ 30wt%
Fuel In
Depleted Fuel
Electrolyte
Oxidant In
Depleted Oxidant
Cathode Anodee
O2-
Anode
Cathode
YSZ electrolyte : ~ 15 um
Cathode Functional: ~ 25 um
Anode Functional : ~ 25 um
Anode Support : ~ 0.9 mm
Cathode Current Collector : ~ 25 um
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
I-V characteristics Power Density
F. Dogan, CRC Press Taylor & Francis, Chapter 11, p. 203-214, (2006)Suzuki et al. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (3), A527-531 (2005)
Early Market ApplicationsHydrogen and Fuel Cell Analysis:
Lessons Learned from Stationary Power Generation(DE-FG36-07GO17107)
Backup Power/UPS
• Advantages Increased
Durability/Reliability Low Maintenance Long Lifetime Remotely Monitored
• Disadvantages High Initial Cost Customer Fears
Current ApplicationsTelecommunication/Radio TowersGrid Sensitive EquipmentSmall Commercial Use
Material Handling Equipment
• Advantages No Degradation of
Power Over Time Reduced Downtime
(Rapid Refueling) Increased Productivity
• Disadvantages Retrain Workers New Fast Charging
Battery Technology
Current ApplicationsForkliftsGatorsAirport TrucksLawnmowers
Grid Independent Power
• Advantages Unaffected by Grid
Downtimes Provides Remote Power Increased Energy Efficiency
• Disadvantages Refuel Hydrogen Containers Higher Initial Costs
Lighthouse
Current ApplicationsCritical LoadsBank Data Centers
Portable Power/Consumer Electronics
• Advantages Much Lighter than Batteries
and Most Generators Low Noise Military Use has Proven to be
a Catalyst for the Consumer Market
• Disadvantages Moderate Lifetime Costly
Cell Phones
Current ApplicationsMilitary RadiosPortable PowerLaptops
Integrated High Energy Density Capacitors (IHEDC) DARPA Solicitation BAA07 -21
Program Manager: Sharon Beermann-Curtin, DARPATechnical Project Officer: Susan Heidger, AFRL/RDHP
High Energy Density Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Based on Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Ceramic with Silver Electrodes
PI: Fatih Dogan, H. Anderson and K. Corzine
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO I. Burn
IBC, Inc., Hockessin, DEA. Devoe
Presidio Components, Inc., San Diego, CA
Related research activities on dielectric materials at Missouri S&T
• NSF Center of Dielectric Studies, an Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC), with Penn State U.
• ONR-MURI on Development of Dielectric Materials for High Energy Density Pulsed Power Capacitors, with Penn State and Northwestern U.
Capacitor DesignCapacitor Design
Nano-Grain TiO2 Dielectric- Linear (k: ~140, BDS: ~200MV/m)- Low specific gravity (ca. 4.0)- Sintering temperature 900 °C
Silver Electrodes
ca. 70 layers of Dielectric - Dielectric layer thickness 10 m - 5 F capacitance
10 Capacitors Stacked Together
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Bre
ak
do
wn
str
en
gth
(k
V/c
m)
Grain Size (m)
Nearly full density TiO2 (in air)
Nearly full density TiO2( in O
2)
Porous TiO2 (in air)
Dielectric Breakdown Strength of TiO2 vs Grain Size
Grain Size: ~250nm
Achieving dense microstructureswith nano-sized grains ~250 nm
20 fully packaged single cell capacitors with the following specifications:
• Energy (J): greater than 100• Energy Density (J/cc): greater than 20• Dielectric Loss (at 1 kHz): less than 0.001• Discharge Time (µsec): less than 10• Voltage (kV) at operating temperature: greater than 1• Charge/Hold (hour): greater than 0.5• Lifetime (at full rating): greater than 1000 cycles• High Temperature Operation (degree C): greater than 200
DARPA “Integrated High Energy Density Capacitors” PHASE I HARDWARE
Campus Challenge Problem Solving CompetitionMNK-BAA-04-0003
Bio-Inspired Power Systems (BIPS)Bio-Inspired Sources for Long-Lasting andHigh Energy Density Power Storage with
Efficient Conversions
A Road Map Final Report Prepared for theAir Force Research Laboratories Munitions Directorate
(AFRL/MN)
Electric Organ Discharge (EOD) in Electric Rays
Overall energy stored in both lobes of an adult Torpedo Marmorata: ~135MJ or 38kWh
http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/ray/eod.htm
Electric Ray: Torpedo Marmorata;Total stored energy in EOD: 38 kWhr (135MJ)Power: >105 W
Human metabolism Hummingbird metabolism
Energy and Power Density A Ragone plot comparing relative energy storage delivery performance for the state-of-the-art man-made energy-storage devices, relative to the energy-storage performance achieved by Mother Nature with the hummingbird, the torpedo ray, and with human metabolism. Red lines indicate times for complete discharge of stored energy.
Cathode
Anode Sediment
Liquid
Air
Wiring
Schematic of the biofuel cell assembly showing the electrodes configuration in marine sediment.
Location of marines sediments collected from Gig Harbor near Seattle, WA.
Biofuel Cells
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Vo
ltag
e, U
[V
]
Current, I [mA]
0
1
2
3
4
5
Po
wer
, W [
mW
]
Dogan et al. “Biofuel Cells”, Encyclopedia Chem. Proces. 2009I-V characteristics & power density