Fuctions of GIT
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Functions of GIT
Dr. Hazrat Bilal Malakandi, PTDPT (IPM&R,KMU), MSPT* (KMU)
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• What is digestion?
• what is GIT? What are its parts?
• What are accessory organs of GIT?
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Basic GIT Functions
• Primary function
– Movement of
nutrient
molecules from
the external
environment to
the internal
environment
• Done through the
processes of:
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• Secondary functions
– Mass balance• Ensuring daily fluid
input and output are equal
– Protection• GI tract provides a
huge external surface for pathogens to gain entrance into the internal environment
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Functions of GIT
• Ingestion of food
• Digestion of food
• Secretion of digestive juices
• Absorption of water, salts, vitamins and
end products of food digestion
• Excretion of waste products
• Helps erythropoiesis by secreting intrinsic
factor needed for vit. B12 absorption.
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Functions of tongue
1. Speech
2. Taste
3. Chewing
4. Swallowing
5. Lingual lipase
6. Cleansing of teeth
7. Moistening of lips
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Functions of Stomach
1. Storage
• Until food is processed in stomach and
intestine
• Limit = 1- 1.5 lit
2. Mixing (with gastric secretions)
• Unless semi fluid mixture: chyme
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3. Absorption
– Poor absorptive area
• No villi
– Alcohol, some drugs (e.g. Aspirin)
4. Slow emptying
• At a rate suitable for digestion and
absorption in small intestine
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Functions of Small intestine
• Two main functions
– Digestion
– Absorption
• Digestion
– 90 % of digestion occurs in small intestine
– Carbohydrates glucose
– Proteins Amino Acids
– Fats Fatty acid & glycerol
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• Absorption
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Function of colon
• Absorption of H2o and electrolytes from
chyme (by proximal ½).
• Storage of fecal matter until it can be
expelled (by distal ½).
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Major Functions of the Liver
1. Carbohydrate metabolism: maintains blood sugar levels.
a. Low Sugars levels: (control- glucagon)
glycogenolysis glycogen > glucose
b. High sugars levels: (control- insulin)
glycogenesis glucose > glycogen
2. Lipid metabolism
a. Break down fats: lipolysis, beta oxidation
b. Synthesize cholesterol
c. Stores triglycerides
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3. Formation and secretion of bile
4. Nutrient and vitamin metabolism
5. Inactivation of various substances
6. Synthesis of plasma proteins
7. Immunity
8. Storage of Vitamins (A, B12, D, E, and
K) and iron
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Functions of Mucus
1. Lubrication
• Coats the wall of gut (prevents actual contact of food with gut wall)
• Low resistance for slippage
2. Protection
3. Adherent qualities
• Adherence of fecal particles
4. Resistant to digestion
5. Mild buffering properties
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Functions of Saliva
1. Digestion i. Salivary Amylase
Secreted by salivary glands
ii. Lingual lipase Secreted by glands on the tongue
2. Articulation3. Moistening of food4. Mastication 5. Water regulation (thirst)6. Swallowing 7. Keeps mouth clean8. Neutralization of gastric acid
Relieve of heartburn
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10.Protection from bacteriai. Wash away bacteria
ii. Wash away the food of bacteria
iii. Destroy bacteria
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11. Tooth Protection
1. By neutralizing acid
2. By affecting mineral dissociation equilibrium by means of its calcium phosphate content.
3. Proline-rich proteins protect the tooth enamel and bind toxic tannins
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Bile functions
– Digestion of fats
• Emulsification
– Large fat particles →small fat particles
– Absorption of fats
– Excretion
• Bilirubin
– End product of hemoglobin destruction
• Excess cholesterol
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