FTTX Concepts and Applications

Gerd KeiserPhotonicsComm Solutions, Inc.

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FTTX Concepts and Applications

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FTTX Concepts and Applications

Gerd KeiserPhotonicsComm Solutions, Inc.

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Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writtenpermission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to theCopyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Keiser, Gerd.FTTX concepts and applications / by Gerd Keiser.

p. cm. — (Wiley series in telecommunications and signal processing)“A Wiley-Interscience publication.”Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-0-471-70420-1 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-471-70420-2 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-471-76909-6 (e-book)1. Optical communications. I. Title. II. Series.

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To Ching-yun and Nishla

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Contents

Preface xv

Chapter 1 Access Technologies 11.1 General Network Concepts 2

1.1.1 Network Architecture Concepts 21.1.2 Types of Networks 31.1.3 Network Terminology 41.1.4 First-Mile Concept 61.1.5 Network Market Opportunities 71.1.6 Terminology for Premises 8

1.2 Comparison of Access Technologies 9

1.2.1 Hybrid Fiber–Coax 91.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line 101.2.3 WiMAX 12

1.3 Passive Optical Networks 13

1.3.1 Basic PON Architectures 131.3.2 What Is FTTx? 14

1.4 Point-to-Point Links 16

1.5 Summary 17

Further Reading 17

Chapter 2 Optical Communications Essentials 192.1 Definitions of Units and Terms 19

2.1.1 Metric Prefixes 192.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectral Bands 202.1.3 Optical Spectral Band 212.1.4 Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy 222.1.5 Decibel Units 232.1.6 Refractive Index 26

2.2 Elements of an Optical Link 26

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2.3 Optical Fibers 282.3.1 Fiber Structures 282.3.2 Rays and Modes 31

2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation 33

2.5 Fiber Information Capacity 35

2.5.1 Modal Dispersion 352.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion 362.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion 37

2.6 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers 38

2.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 382.6.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering 39

2.7 Optical Fiber Standards 40

2.8 Summary 41

Problems 42

Further Reading 44

Chapter 3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 453.1 Operational Principles of WDM 46

3.1.1 WDM Operating Regions 473.1.2 Generic WDM Link 48

3.2 Standard WDM Spectral Grids 49

3.2.1 Dense WDM 503.2.2 Coarse WDM 503.2.3 PON Spectral Regions 51

3.3 Optical Couplers 52

3.3.1 Basic 2 � 2 Coupler 523.3.2 Coupler Performance 533.3.3 Tap Coupler 54

3.4 Bidirectional WDM Links 55

3.5 Summary 56

Problems 57

Further Reading 59

Chapter 4 PON Transceivers 614.1 Optical Sources for PONs 62

4.1.1 Source Characteristics 624.1.2 DFB and FP Lasers 634.1.3 Modulation Speed 644.1.4 Optical Transmitter Packages 65

4.2 Optical Receivers 65

4.2.1 Photodetector Types 664.2.2 Quantum Efficiency 67

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4.2.3 Responsivity 674.2.4 Speed of Detector Response 684.2.5 Receiver Bandwidth 694.2.6 Photodetector Noise 69

4.3 Receiver BER and OSNR 70

4.4 Burst-Mode Receiver Concept 71

4.5 Burst-Mode ONT Transmission 73

4.6 PON Transceiver Packages 74

4.7 Summary 75

Problems 76

Further Reading 77

Chapter 5 Passive Optical Components 795.1 WDM Couplers for PONs 80

5.1.1 Thin-Film Filters 815.1.2 Transmission Diffraction Gratings 86

5.2 Optical Power Splitter 87

5.2.1 Splitting Loss 885.2.2 Optical Splitter Structure 88

5.3 Optical Cables for PONs 90

5.3.1 Cable Structures 905.3.2 Fiber and Jacket Color Coding 92

5.4 Fiber Interconnections 93

5.4.1 Optical Connectors 935.4.2 Connector Losses 955.4.3 Optical Splices 97

5.5 Summary 98

Problems 99

Further Reading 100

Chapter 6 Passive Optical Networks 1016.1 Fundamental PON Architecture 102

6.2 Active PON Modules 104

6.2.1 Optical Line Terminal 1046.2.2 Optical Network Terminal 1056.2.3 Optical Network Unit 105

6.3 Traffic Flows 106

6.4 Passive Component Applications 108

6.4.1 Optical Cables for PONs 1086.4.2 Optical Power Splitters 108

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6.4.3 Splitter Enclosures 1106.4.4 Wavelength Couplers 110

6.5 PON Alternatives 111

6.5.1 BPON Basics 1126.5.2 EPON and EFM 1126.5.3 GPON Basics 113

6.6 Optics Path Attenuation Ranges 113

6.7 Standards Development 114

6.7.1 ITU-T 1146.7.2 FSAN 1146.7.3 IEEE 115

6.8 Summary 115

Problems 116

Further Reading 117

Chapter 7 BPON Characteristics 1197.1 BPON Architecture 119

7.1.1 Traffic Flow Schemes 1207.1.2 OLT Capabilities 121

7.2 ATM Basics 122

7.2.1 Use of ATM Cells 1227.2.2 ATM Service Categories 1237.2.3 Service Level Agreements 126

7.3 BPON Operational Characteristics 126

7.3.1 Voice and Data Traffic Flows 1277.3.2 Protection of Grants 1287.3.3 Video Traffic 129

7.4 Traffic Control 129

7.4.1 Fixed Bandwidth Allocation 1307.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 130

7.5 Standards Details 132

7.5.1 Recommendation G.983.1 1327.5.2 Recommendation G.983.2 1327.5.3 Recommendation G.983.3 1337.5.4 Recommendation G.983.4 1337.5.5 Recommendation G.983.5 1337.5.6 Recommendation G.983.6 1337.5.7 Recommendation G.983.7 1347.5.8 Recommendation G.983.8 134

7.6 Summary 134

Problems 135

Further Reading 137

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Chapter 8 Ethernet in the First Mile 139

8.1 EFM Options 140

8.2 EPON Architecture 141

8.2.1 OLT and ONT/ONU Functions 1428.2.2 EPON Traffic Flows 1428.2.3 Power Levels Received 145

8.3 MPCP Functions 145

8.3.1 Discovery Process 1458.3.2 Bandwidth Assignment 1468.3.3 Transmission Timing 147

8.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 148

8.4.1 P2P Ethernet Over Fiber 1488.4.2 P2P Ethernet Over Copper 149

8.5 Main EPON and P2P EFM Standards 149

8.6 Summary 150

Problems 150

Further Reading 153

Chapter 9 GPON Characteristics 1559.1 GPON Architecture 155

9.1.1 GSR Specification 1569.1.2 GPON Protection Switching 1579.1.3 Information Security in a GPON 158

9.2 GPON Recommendation G.984.2 159

9.2.1 Optical Performances 1599.2.2 Timing and Optical Power Control 1609.2.3 Forward Error Correction 161

9.3 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer 162

9.3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format 1629.3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format 1649.3.3 GEM Segment 165

9.4 ONT Management and Control 166

9.5 Summary 166

Problems 167

Further Reading 169

Chapter 10 FTTP Concepts and Applications 17110.1 Implementation Scenarios 171

10.1.1 Application Alternatives 17110.1.2 Installation Types 173

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10.2 Network Architectures 175

10.2.1 Optical Splitter Locations 17510.2.2 Network Design Variations 177

10.3 Local Powering Options 179

10.3.1 Indoor Power Supply 17910.3.2 Outdoor Power Supply 18010.3.3 Network Powering 181

10.4 Service Applications 181

10.4.1 Bandwidth Requirements 18210.4.2 Video Service Issues 182

10.5 Expanded WDM PON 184

10.6 Summary 185

Problems 186

Further Reading 187

Chapter 11 FTTP Network Design 18911.1 Design Criteria 189

11.1.1 System Requirements 19011.1.2 System Margin 19111.1.3 Power Penalties 191

11.2 Link Power Budget 193

11.2.1 Power-Budgeting Process 19411.2.2 FTTP 1310-nm Power Budget 19611.2.3 FTTP 1490-nm Power Budget 198

11.3 Photonic Design Automation Tools 199

11.3.1 Modeling Tool Characteristics 19911.3.2 FTTP Network Modeling Tool 200

11.4 Link Capacity Estimates 200

11.4.1 Basic Formulation 20011.4.2 Basic Rise Times 20111.4.3 FTTP Link Rise Time 202

11.5 Network Protection Schemes 203

11.6 Summary 204

Problems 205

Further Reading 207

Chapter 12 FTTP Network Implementations 20912.1 Central Office Configuration 209

12.1.1 Service Inputs to the FTTP Network 21012.1.2 Cable Layout and Interfaces 211

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12.1.3 WDM Coupler Placement 21212.1.4 Patch Cords and Intrafacility Cables 214

12.2 Feeder Cables 215

12.2.1 Feeder Cable Structures 21512.2.2 OSP Distribution Cabinet 216

12.3 Distribution Section 217

12.4 Installation of PON Cables 219

12.4.1 Direct-Burial Installations 22012.4.2 Horizontal Drilling 22312.4.3 Pulling Cable into Ducts 22412.4.4 Cable Jetting Installation 22512.4.5 Aerial Installation 22812.4.6 Cable Warning and Identification Markers 228

12.5 Summary 230

Problems 231

Further Reading 232

Chapter 13 Network Installation Testing 23313.1 International Measurement Standards 235

13.2 Basic Test Instruments 236

13.3 Optical Power Measurements 237

13.3.1 Definition of Optical Power 23713.3.2 Optical Power Meter 23813.3.3 Power Meter Applications 239

13.4 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer 240

13.4.1 OTDR Trace 24013.4.2 OTDR Dead Zone 24213.4.3 Fiber Fault Location 243

13.5 Optical Return Loss 243

13.6 Visual Fault Locator 244

13.7 Optical-Loss Test Set 245

13.8 Multifunction Test Instrument 245

13.9 Device Conformance Testing 246

13.10 FTTP Network Testing 247

13.10.1 Checking Individual Link Losses 24813.10.2 Optical-Loss Budget Check 24913.10.3 End-to-End Link Characterization 24913.10.4 ORL Measurements 25113.10.5 OLT and Video Output Checks 25113.10.6 ONT Output Check 252

CONTENTS xiii

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