FTTH Pre-con-2 (proyecto en ingles).pdf

7/25/2019 FTTH Pre-con-2 (proyecto en ingles).pdf

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2 Nov 09 Pre-Conference Session

Agenda

FTTH Overview

FTTHs Enabling Technologies

Principles of Fiber Optics

Building Blocks of FTTH

Deployment

Testing and Commissioning FTTH Network

Future Trends


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What is Fiber-to-the-Home ?


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Current Telecom Network Linking Your Home

Upstream speed < 1Mbps

Downstream speed < 10 Mbps

TelephoneExchangeBuilding

Optical fiber

backbone

HDB

Landed Houses

Condominium

Optical fiber

Copper cable


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Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) Network

Upstream speed up to 1 Gbps

Downstream speed up to 1 Gbps

TelephoneExchangeBuilding

Optical fiber

backbone

HDB

Landed Houses

Condominium

Optical fiber

Optical fiber all the way to subscriber


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FTTH Supports Existing and New Exciting Applications


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Fiber-To-The-X


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Variations of FTTx

OLT

ONU

ONU

FTTH

FTTB

FTTC

FTTN

Passive Splitter

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

Copper Cable

Copper Cable

ONU

ONU

Voicenetwork

DataNetwork

Videoserver

Satellitestation

FTTH : Fiber-to-the-HomeFTTB : Fiber-to-the-BuildingFTTC : Fiber-to-the-CurbFTTN : Fiber-to-the-Node


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Phone Line 64kbps

High Speed Internet 1.5 Mbps

SD TV 3.5Mbps

HD TV 16Mbps

Escalating Growth of Bandwidth Demand

Total : 21 Mbps per subscriber Household

Todays Bandwidth Requirement

* SDTV and HDTV using MPEG2 compression technique. Using MPEG4, 2Mbps (SDTV) and 6Mbps (HDTV)


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VoIP 160 kbps

High Speed Internet* 50 Mbps

SD TV 3.5 Mbps*

HD TV 16 Mbps*

Escalating Growth of Bandwidth Demand

Total : > 50 Mbps per subscriber Household

Tomorrows Bandwidth Requirement

Tele-working/ e-Learning 5 Mbps

VoD/PVR* 5 Mbps

* High-Speed Internet usage includes IPTV, online shopping, online gamingSDTV and HDTV using MPEG2 compression technique. Using MPEG4, 2Mbps (SDTV) and 6Mbps (HDTV)VOD/PVR : Unicast Interactive Video-On-Demand/Personal Video Recording

New applications (Ultra HDTV etc.)


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Demand for Bandwidth Keeps Spiraling Upwards

Mobile applications, wirelessInternet

Online gamingVideo conferencing

Tele-working

E-learning

Tele-medicineStreaming video


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Fiber-To-The-Home

Point to Multipoint Passive Optical Network (PON)

Advantages of PON : No active equipments in the field increased network reliability, lowered operation cost Sharing of OLT by multiple subscribers lower cost per subscriber Scalability, unlimited bandwidth to each subscriber


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Variations of PON systems

APON ATM PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps, users/PON 32. Renamed to BPON

BPON Broadband PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps downstream and 155Mbps upstream,(latest BPON standard expanded to 1.2Gbps down, 622Mbps up) users/PON 32

EPON/GEPON Ethernet PON/Gigabit Ethernet PONIEEE 802.ah compliant, framing Ethernet, maximum bandwidth 1 Gbps up and downstream, users/PON 16

GPON Gigabit PONITU G.984 compliant, framing GFP/ATM, maximum bandwidth 2.5Gbps downstream, 1.25 Gbpsupstream, users/PON 64

WDM-PON Wavelength Division Multiplex PONProtocol independent, maximum bandwidth 1-10Gbps, users/PON 100s

Hybrid TDM/WDM-PON, SUCCESS-HPONStandford University aCCESS-Hybrid TDM/WDM PON


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Fiber-To-The-Home (Contd)

Point to Point Active Optical Network (Also called Active Optical Ethernet or AOEN)

Fiber rich network, high deployment cost


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Deployment around the World

FTTH in Japan

The number of FTTH subscribers has exceeded 10 Millions,It is poised to surpass ADSL subscribers by end of 2008 or early 2009


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KT MegaPass


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HKBN Commercial


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Verizons Fios Service in US

Verizon Fios Commercial


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Articles on FTTH in Singapore


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Singapores NextGen NBN Network

Redundantfiber path

Dark fiber

P2P fiberlink

PON

Dedicatedwavelengthlink

Redundant

fiber path

CO


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FTTH Demonstrations to Ministers and Government Officials


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How Does it All Fit In ?


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Part 1 :Fiber Optic Principles


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The Structure of a Optical Fiber

8-10 m

125 m

245 m

CoreLightwave transmission pathMade of Silica (Silicon Dioxide SO2) withdopant to increase refractive index

For multimode fiber, diameter is either 50 mor 62.5 m

CladdingTo keep the light in the core throughrefractive index differential

Made of Pure Silica

CoatingProtect the glassNormally made of acrylate

Note : 1 m = 1 x 10-6 m

Core

Cladding

Coating


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Mechanical properties of the optical fiber

Do you know that a single strand of fiber has a higher tensile strength thancopper or steel per unit cross-sectional area ?

Per square inch of cross-sectional area, an optical fiber can carry the weight of

about 66 grown-up elephants without breaking !

Strength(kpsi)

Strength(GPa)

OpticalFiber

Wire

Steel

AlloysWire

Copper

Alloys5000Series

AluminumCoating

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1.38

2.07

2.76

3.45

4.14

4.82

0.69

Kelvar


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The Principle of Signal Transmission in Optical fiber

Total internal reflection

2 < cn2

n1

n2 > n1

2

n2

n1

2 = c

(1)

Light is refracted

and escapes

(2)

2 = c

Light stays atBoundaryc=critical angle

n2

n1

2(3) 2 > c

Light reflected back into coreTotal internal reflection occurs

Core

Cladding

Core

Cladding

Core

Cladding


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Refractive Index Profile of Optical Fiber

Single-mode

Multimode n

50 m

DispersionShifted

r

n

Standard Step-Indexed

(Match-cladding)

r

62.5 m

n

Depressed Cladding

Graded index


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Important Parameters of Optical Fiber

Core diameter

Mode Field Diameter

Numerical Aperture

Cut-off Wavelength

Macrobending and Microbending

Attenuation

Dispersion

Modal Dispersion

Chromatic Dispersion

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Geometrical Specifications


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Direction of light transmission

Attenuation of Fiber

The attenuation is measured in dB/km

Power is measured in dBm = 10 x Log10 (Power output in mW/1mW)

Loss is measured in dB = (Power output in dBm/Power input in dBm)

Note that 3dB loss means 50% of the power is loss


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1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Wavelength(nm)

0

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.1

Attenuation(dB/km)

Attenuation Curve of Optical Fiber (Attenuation versus Wavelength Curve)

Higher attenuation (or water peak) due to OH-Present in the fiber core

Reduced or zero water peak attenuation forG.652D and some G.655 fibers


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Dispersion is one of the unique characteristics of light wave transmissionin glass (eg. Optical fiber, glass prism). This is not seen in electrical

transmission in copper cable.Dispersion refers to broadening of light pulse (in time domain) over time ,therefore causing pulse distortion and therefore limiting the transmissionspeed

Dispersion

Dispersion limiting bit rate

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ? ? ? ? ?


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Dispersion Curve for Optical Fiber

11001200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Wavelength(nm)

0

5

10

15

20

-15

-10

-5

Dispersion(ps/nm.km)

Standard

Single

mode

Fiber(

G.652)

Non-Disper

sionS

hifted

Fiber(

NDSF)

Non-ZeroDis

persio

nShift

edFib

er

(NZDSFG.6

55)

ZeroD

ispers

ionSh

iftedF

iber

(ZDSF

G.653)

Non-Zero

Disper

sionS

hifted

Fiber

(NZDSFG.6

55)Ne

gative

Disper

sion

More of the different fiber standards later

Components of Chromatic Dispersionmaterial dispersionwavelength dispersion


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Components of Chromatic Dispersion

11001200 1300 1400 1500

Wavelength(nm)

0

5

10

15

20

-15

-10

-5

Dispersion(ps/nm.km)

1600

Total chromatic dispersionMateriald

ispersion

Waveguidedispersion

Material dispersion is due to variation of index of refraction of the fiber core. Hardly modifiableunless materials is changedWaveguide dispersion is due to light traveling in core and cladding have different speeds. Changingthe portion of light in cladding and core will shift the waveguide dispersion curve to the left or right


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How long can optical fiber lasts ?

Weibull Plot the measure of strength of the fiber

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 103

2

5

10

50

70

90

99

Tensile strength

P

robabilityoffailure(%)

Weibull Plot for 50 core high OH Optical Fiber

Increased probability offailure when tensile stressincreases


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Part 2 :

Building Blocks of FTTH


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Fiber-To-The-Home



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GEPON Products ( FiberOpto )

Large Carrier Class OLTProduct Code: AUS-OLT16 14U height chassis Maximum 16 PON cards or 1024 ONUs

Medium Carrier Class OLTProduct Code: AUS-OLT04 4.5U height chassis Maximum 4 PON cards or 256 ONUs

ONU P/NAUS-ONU2A2x RJ45 ports1x 12V dc adapter port200mm x 170mm x 45mm approx.Weight 0.65kg approx.Power consumption < 10WPanel alarms and status LEDs

ONU P/NAUS-ONU3A4x RJ45 ports1x 12V dc adapter port200mm x 170mm x 45mm approx.Weight 0.65kg approx.Power consumption < 15WPanel alarms and status LEDs

ONU P/NAUS-ONU7C2A116x RJ45, 16x RJ11, 1x F-connector port1U rack mountable with 220V ac IEC socket480mm x 305mm x 43.5mm approx.Weight


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Elements of Fiber Optic Link

Optical Fiber

Transmitter Receiver

Datainput

Dataoutput

Electrical-to-Opticalconversion

Optical-to-Electricalconversion

VideoAudioRS232RS422RS485

Electrical

Interface

Data

Encoder/

modulator

Light

Emitter

AmplitudeModulation (AM)FrequencyModulation (FM)Digital Modulation

LEDLaser Diode (LD)

UserDataInput

VideoAudioRS232RS422RS485

Electrical

Interface

Data

Decoder/

Demodulator

PIN DiodeAvalanchPhotodiode (APD)MaterialsSilicon (Si)

Indium GalliumArsenide(InGaAs)Germanium (Ge)

AmplitudeModulation (AM)FrequencyModulation (FM)Digital Modulation

UserDataOutputOptical

InputOpticalOutput

Light

Detector


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Optical Network Systems Components Overview

(1) Optical Transceiver (Transmitter/Receiver)

(2) Amplifiers (SOA,EDFA etc.)(3) Dispersion Compensation module (DCM)(4) WDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer consists of WDM device, Filters(5) Connectors(6) Patch cords and pigtails

(7) Cable and fibers(8) Racks and shelves(9) Joint closures(10)Fiber Splicing and testing

Tx

Tx

Tx

Tx

Rx

Rx

Rx

Rx

WDM WDMEDFADCM

EDFA


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Optical Transceiver

Transmitter and Receiver Transceivers, emits light signals across theoptical fiber and detects the signal at the receiving end of the optical link.

Main components of the Transmitter :

(1) Modulator(2) Light source(3) Collimator/Isolator

SFP (Mini-GBIC) transceiver WDM GBIC Transceiver

SFP: Small Form Factor Pluggable XFP : 10G SFPSFF : Small Form FactorGBIC: Gigabit Interface Converter

WDM SFF Transceiver

XFP Transceiver


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Collimator

Other Components of Laser Source

Device to focus the output diverging laser beam from a LD intoparallel beam for long distance transmission through optical fiber

Laser Source

Collimator

Optical Fiber

Isolator

An optical isolatoris an optical component which allows the transmission oflight in only one direction. They are typically used to prevent unwanted feedbackinto an optical oscillator such as a laser cavity, causing the laser to be unstable.


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Optical Detectors/Receivers

Light detectors perform the opposite function of light emitters they convertoptical signals back into electrical impulses 2 main types :

PIN diode (PD)

Avalanche Photodiode (APD)

PIN Photodiode

slower response time

high linearity lower cost ($1~$500)

Avalanche Photodiode (APD)

Higher gain expensive ($100~$2000) Require high voltage supply

O


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Optical Filters

Optical filters are important devices which can select specific wavelengths of light to pass

through and can be used in WDM application to demultiplex signals

Different types of filters :

Thin film filter

Mach-Zehnder Interferometer filter

Arrayed Waveguide Grating AWG

Acoustic-Optical Tunable Filter

Fabry-Perot Cavity Filter

Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)

Waveguide grating

couple

rcoupler

Oth O ti l D i


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Optical Amplifiers

Semi-conductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)

Erbium Dope Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Raman Amplifier

Dispersion Compensation Modules

Optical Couplers and Splitters

Opto-mechanical Switches

Circulator

Optical Switches/Fiber Selector

Optical Cross-Connect

Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer

Other Optical Devices

Optical Amplifier


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Optical Amplifier

Transmitter

Receiver

Pre-Amplifier

Inline Amplifier

Post-Amplifier

To amplify optical signal as it traverse down the fiber It does not clean up the signal, the noise is amplified as well as the signal Optical amplifier only does 1-R (re-amplify)

A full 3-R amplifier does Re-amplify, Re-time, Re-Shape.A complete 3-R amplifier requires Optical-Electrical-Optical OEO conversion which isexpensive

E bi D d Fib A lifi (EDFA)


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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Pump laser (980 nm)

Erbiumdoped fiber (10s meter)

Output amplified signal

Input signal

Pump laser can be forward, reverse and bidirectional

980 nm pump laser is used to inject energy into erbium-doped fiber with energy level toamplify signal at 1550nm Output power is high, therefore used widely in longhaul applications normally operates in 1550 nm and 1625 nm windows, the DWDM region. 1310 nm EDFA is

not common but available

Raman Amplification


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Used in ultra longhaul application, in combination with EDFA instead of using erbium-doped fiber, it uses the transmission fiber itself for theamplifcation

EDFA RxTx

RamanPump

Hybrid Raman-EDFA

SignalPower

Distance

SignalbeforeRamanamplification

SignalafterRamanpump

Raman Amplification

Advantages are higher OSNRand flatter gain profile

Disadvantages are higherpump power requirement andcausing nonlinearity


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passive device in which port 1 couples to port 2 and port 2 couples to port 3. Noother selection of ports conducts light. Light will not even travel in the reversedirections, port 2 to port 1 and port 3 to port 2 It works on the principle of polarization (Faraday Rotator).

Couplers

Simplest optical devices. It is passive and it combines and splits lights Bidirectional It can be made wavelength-dependent and wavelength-independent, with different orsame split ratios

The terms coupler and splitter sometimes used interchangeably

2 or more outputs2 or more inputs ..

..

3-portcirculator

1 2

3

Circulator



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Optical Add-Drop MultiplexerTo add and drop wavelengths in optical domains

Opto-mechanical Switches

Miniature mechanical device to switch optical path,e.g. 3-D MEMS switches

Fiber SelectorDevice to select output path of light from a single input path and vice versa

Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)Cross-connect device to switch light path in

optical domain

MEMS : Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems


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Optical fiber cable


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Optical fiber cable

The role of the cable is to protect the fiber mechanically against externalstress and pressure, ingress of moisture and water, excessive bending andkinks

Fiber (250 m)

Protective Buffer tube (with water-resistant gel)

Outer protective jacket

Strength and water blocking layer (Aramid yarn)

Central strength member(Steel or GRP)

Water-resistant fillingcompound

Buffer : made up of Polypropylene(PP), Polyamide or PolyesterOuter Jacket : Polyethelene (PE)for outdoor and PVC for indoorcableGRP : Galvanized Reinforced

Plastic

New Generation FTTH Cable


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FTTH Aerial Drop Cable

Bend Insensitive fiber

ITU-T G.657A/B Fiber

Bending loss(dB/km)

Bending radius (mm)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20

StandardG.652D

G.657A

G.657B

Low Friction Indoor Cable


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Small diameter low friction indoorcable adopted by NTT

Source :Fujikura

Pushing cable into narrow limitedavailable spaces in hidden conduits

Optical Cable Manufacturing Process


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p g

A Typical Fiber Cable Manufacturing Line

Patch cord, Pigtails and Cable Assemblies


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, g

For cross-connect and patching at the termination racks andequipments

Fan-out cord

Patch cord

Pigtails

Types of Optical Connectors


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SC connector FC connector ST connector

SC duplexconnector

LC connector

FDDI connectorLC duplexconnector

MT-RJ connector

ESCON connector

Single fiber :

Multi-fiber :


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Outdoor Fiber Installation Hardware


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Building entrance

(cable vault)

Buried enclosure(splice trays)

Pedestal enclosure(or streetside cabinet)

Undergroundconduitmanhole enclosure

(splice trays)

Direct buriedcable

Aerialenclosure(splice trays)

FiberOpticcable

Indoor Fiber Installation Hardware


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Joint Closures


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Used to connect and protect the joints of 2 or more cables

In-Line Closure

Dome Closure

Termination Racks and Optical Distribution Frame


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Termination Racks and Shelves

Normally located in the Exchanges or Central Offices (CO), these racks areused to house the termination shelves for optical fiber cables. These shelvesare used for cross-connect patching or connection to transmitting devices at the

COs.

A typical termination rack with shelvescontaining optical distribution frames,

patch panels, splicing housing, activetransmission equipments


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Optical Distribution Shelf

Optical Distribution Box

Optical Patch Panel

Optical Wall Outlet

Other Innovations


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Protective Union Adaptor

Factory-Preterminated DropClosure/Fiber Distribution Point

Source : Corning

Source : FiberOpto Asia

Other Innovations (Contd)


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Fiber Identifier

Source : Fujikura


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Tea Break


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Part 3 :

Deployment Technologies

Building the Fiber Optics Network


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Methods of jointing fiber cables

1. Fusion Splicing

2. Mechanical splicing

FTTH Deployment in MDUs


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Snapshots of FTTH deployment in Singapore

Mechanical Splicing


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Fiber ends mechanically mated, with index matching gel in between the mated

surfaces

Advantages : Quicker, cheaper, no power requirement

Disadvantages : End user skeptical about the long term reliability (will gel dry up ?

), loss is higher than fusion splicing, cannot know the loss performance during

splicing

Getting popular in access network, especially in FTTH applications in Japan

Average Splice Loss : 0.15 dB

Mechanical Splicing


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Principle of Mechanical Splicing

Cross-section viewConstruction

Index matching gel

V-groove

V-groove

wedge

Compression

parts

U-shape sleeve

Compression

parts

fiber

fiber

Termination of fiber cable


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(1) Connector epoxy assembly and polishing

(2) Field-installation connectors

(3) Splice-On connector

(4) Splicing with pigtails

Connector endface machine polishing

Field-Installable Connector

With Toolkit


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Build-in Wedge. Toolkit unnecessary

Before assemblyAfter assembly

With Toolkit

Fiber stub Mechanicalsplice with

index

matching gel

Inserted fiber

Factory polish

Air blown fiber

Deployment Techniques for Optical Fiber Network


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Air-blown fiber

Air-blown fiber

Air-Blown Cable (Outdoor and Indoor)


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Blowing machine

Fiber optic cable

Cable duct


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Horizontal-tunneling


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Or simply just bury the cables..


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Testing and CommissioningFTTH Network

Fiber Testing and Maintenance


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VFL

Power Meter and Light Source

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

Back Reflection Meter

Scope

How to interpret an OTDR Trace

Fresnel Fresnel reflection at fiber


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Fresnel

reflection

Loss due to

connector-pairs

or splicing joint

Fiber

imperfection

end

noise

Fiber attenuation

Fresnel reflection:Reflection when light enters

a medium which has

different index of refraction

km

OpticalPowerLevel

Pulse width versus dynamic range


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km

OpticalPowerLevel

Broad pulsewidth

(100ns)Large event deadzone

Low noise

Medium pulsewidth

(50ns)

Small pulsewidth

(3ns)Short event deadzone

Noisy trace

Connector-pair


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distance

Power

marginReceiver sensitivity

Tx Rx

Connector pair

or mechanical spliceFusion splice

Screen-Shot of OTDR for Reflectance Measurement


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Back Reflection Meter (Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer OCWR)


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Light source Power meter

Light source

Termination

point

Connector pair (splice)

under test

2x1

coupler

Power meter

Compliant to FOTP-107 (EIA recommendation)

50:50 split

Reflected power

Pin (dBm) (assume -5.2dBm)

Preft(dBm)

Assume -54 dBmReflectance = Pin (dBm) Preft (dBm)

= -5.2 (-54) = 48.8 dB

Visual Fault Locator


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Visual light source injected into fiber link and locate the fault

Detectable fault includes micro/macro-bending, high loss, fiber breaks

Fault location

Power Meter and Light Source


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Power Meter measure received signal power

Light source launch optical in modulated and unmodulated wave into fiber-

under-test

The most straight-forward way to test the fiber loss

Testing Network Attenuation using Power Meter and Light Source

Test Jumper 1Step 1 :


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Light source Power

meter

Pref(dBm)

Light source Power

meter

Test

Jumper 1

Pref2 (dBm)

Step 2 :

TestJumper 2

Assume Pref2 =

-10.8 dBm

Light source Power

meter

Test

Jumper 1

Step 3 :Test

Jumper 2

Fiber cable under

test

Ptotal (dBm), assume = -15.2 dBm

Tested cable loss =

Pref2-Ptotal =-10.8 dBm (-15.2 dBm) = 4.4 dB

Assume Pref1 =-10.4 dBm

Make sure Pref1-Pref2 < 0.5 dB

Optical Fiber Scope

Abl t f i l i ti d i ti f th t d f f


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Able to perform visual inspection and examination of the connector end face forirregularities, i.e. scratches, dirt etc.

Magnification can be up to 400x

Fiber-To-The-X (X = Building, Curb, Node, Premises, Home)


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Variations of FTTx

Passive Splitter


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OLT

ONU

ONU

FTTH

FTTB

FTTC

FTTN

Passive Splitter

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

Copper Cable

Copper Cable

ONU

ONU

Voice

network

Data

Network

Video

server

Satellite

station

FTTH : Fiber-to-the-Home

FTTB : Fiber-to-the-Building

FTTC : Fiber-to-the-Curb

FTTN : Fiber-to-the-Node

Fiber-To-The-Home



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Advantages of PON : No active equipments in the field increased network reliability, lowered operation cost

Sharing of OLT by multiple subscribers lower cost per subscriber

Scalability, unlimited bandwidth to each subscriber

Variations of PON systems

APON ATM PON


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APON ATM PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps, users/PON 32. Renamed to BPON

BPON Broadband PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps downstream and 155Mbps upstream,

(latest BPON standard expanded to 1.2Gbps down, 622Mbps up) users/PON 32

EPON/GEPON Ethernet PON/Gigabit Ethernet PONIEEE 802.ah compliant, framing Ethernet, maximum bandwidth 1 Gbps up and downstream, users/PON 16

GPON Gigabit PONITU G.984 compliant, framing GFP/ATM, maximum bandwidth 2.5Gbps downstream, 1.25 Gbpsupstream, users/PON 64

WDM-PON Wavelength Division Multiplex PONProtocol independent, maximum bandwidth 1-10Gbps, users/PON 100s

Hybrid TDM/WDM-PON, SUCCESS-HPONStandford University aCCESS-Hybrid TDM/WDM PON

Fiber-To-The-Home (Contd)



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Fiber rich network, high deployment cost

Point To Point FTTH (Ethernet in the First Mile)

OLT @ exchange


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TX/RX

TX/RX

TX/RX

TX/RX

10Km

1490 nm

Downstream

1

100/1000 Base BX10-D

10Km10KmRange

1310 nm1310 nmWavelength

UpstreamTransmission

direction

12Number offibers

100/1000 Base BX10-U100/1000 Base LX-10

1490 nm

1310 nm

OLT @ exchangeSubscriber

Ethernet

10/100 bT

Ethernet

10/100 bT

PON Basic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

ONTs filters out its own data based onMAC/VPI/VCI/ID from downstream


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1

N

OLT

ONT

ONT

1490 nm

1310 nm(lower cost

optics)

1550 nm

(Video)

MAC/VPI/VCI/ID from downstream

TDM. Downstream security maintained

by encryption

Continuous TDM broadcast

1 N

1 NTDMA assigned burst

1 N

1 N

Continuous TDM broadcast with

Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA)

Downstream

Upstream Video

.

.

.

.

Video Overlay

EPON Downstream Traffic


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EPON Upstream Traffic


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ITU T G 984

GPON


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ITU-T G.984

Gigabit PON , or GPON

Downstream TDM 2488 Mbps, 8KHz frame

Upstream

TDMA 1244 Mbps, 8 KHz frame

Standards Summary

ITU-T G.984

GPON

ITU-T G.983

BPON

IEEE 802.3ah

EPON (GE-PON)


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Out of band (Fixed OH)Out of band (Fixed OH)In-band Ethernet messagesPON Control

~2300 Mbps~ 480 Mbps600 to 900 MbpsRevenue BW

GEMATMEthernetPON MAC

FSAN, ITU-T

Standard

VoIP, GEM

CES (PWE3), GEM

Up to 128

~ 95%

Scramble

1244 Mbps

2488 Mbps

FSAN, ITU-TIndividual carrier not among

carriers

Interoperability

StandardOut of scopeOAM&P

VoATM, VoIPVoIPVoice

CES (AAL1)CES (PWE3)TDM

Up to 64Up to 32Split

~ 80%~50 to 72%Efficiency

Scramble8B/10BLine coding

155 Mbps1.25 GbpsUpstream

622 Mbps1.25 GbpsDownstream

NTTs FTTH Technologies (GEPON)

Subscriber based path control

Provide application-independen access line


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Provide application independen access line

Per-user VLAN not service-based VLAN

Source : NTT

Subscriber based QoS control

NTTs FTTH Technologies (GEPON) (Contd)


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Guarantee minimum bandwidth, limited maxium bandwidth for each

subscriber

User can use the allocated bandwidth for any application services

Realized by VLAB-based QoS control function

Source : NTT

Types of FTTH Passive Splitters


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Fused Bi-conical Tapered (FBT) splitters

fabricated by fusing two fiber cores. Normally

for small split ratio

Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Splitters


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Waveguide circuit etched onto silicon substrate, much like IC chips

Advantages are compact size and largersplit ratio of up to 1x128 splits

Splitter modules

Directly mountablet li t


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onto splice tray or

ODF

Mountable onto optical housings or shelves and on racks

Splitting Ratio Minimum Losses per port

Splitting Ratio versus Minimum Loss


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1 x 2 3 dB

1 x 4 6 dB

1 x 8 9 dB

1 x 16 12 dB

1 x 32 15 dB

1 x 64 18 dB

1 x 128 21 dB

HDB

Risers (x5)

10 units/floor 1 2 3 4 5 10

2-f cable for each living unit (LU)

Wall plate installed

in each LU


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12 storey

Exchange

2nd floor

upward

occupied

FDT in riser

one for every floor

or every 3 floors

MDF room

Mid-span cable access at every FDT

Riser cable

Cable joint

closure

Equipment racks

And termination

panels

MH

Splitter

Mounted

in rack

Optical Budget Planning

Allowable maximum total transmission loss = Lmax

Lmax >= Total link loss


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max

Lmax = PT PR M

PT = Transmitter Power level

PR = Receiver sensitivityM = System Margin

distance

Power

marginReceiver sensitivity

Tx Rx

Total link loss (dB) =

Fiber Loss x L + N x Connector loss + N x Splicing loss + Loss


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Fiber Loss x L + Nc x Connector loss + Ns x Splicing loss + LossTR

Fiber Loss = fiber loss in dB/km

L = length of optical link (km)

Nc = number of connectors

Connector loss = connector-pair insertion loss (dB)

Ns = number of splice location

Splicing loss = splicing loss (dB)

LossTR = coupling loss in transmitter and receiver

PON testing methodology

Test equipments to be used


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Back Reflection Meter (or Optical Continuous-wave Reflectometer OCWR)

Visual Fault Locator (VFL)

Live Fiber Detector (LFD), used to detect live fibers

OTDR

PON wavelength-isolating power meter that should be capable of

measuring the burst optical power of the ATM or Ethernet traffic upstream

from the ONT


(1) During installation

distribution

D ONU


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splitter

Each cabled segment link loss measurement, e.g. A-B, C-D, E-F etc.

End A of feeder fiber and each splitter output port, e.g between A-D, A-E etc.

Loss uniformity at each splitter output ports are checked

A

feeder

B

C

E

D

F

ONU

OLT


distribution

D ONU


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splitter

OTDR measurement from each splitter output end : D , F etc

OTDR measurement from end A is only done if the splitter outputs are

connected to different distribution fiber lengths, else we will see multiple traces

overlap each other and not able to detect (we will demonstrate during hands-

on session

A

feeder

B

C

E

D

F

ONU

OLT

(2) During Service Activation


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Test power output from OLT to ensure sufficient power output is delivered to the

ONT. This is done only during initial activation since it is disruptive.

Use wavelength-isolating PON power meter to be connected as pass-through

device.

splitter

ONU

(3) Trouble-Shooting

Aff t d ONT P ibl P bl L ti


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Affected ONTs Possible Problem Locations

All ONTs or several ONTs (the In the exchange

Most distant one) Along the feeder

At the splitter input location (patch panel,

connectorOne ONT At the last drop

Along the drop cable or distribution cable

Faulty splitter output port

splitter

ONU

OLT

Feeder Distribution Drop

ONUconnector

Patch panel Passive

Splitter (1x4)

connector


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ONU

OLT

Fusion splicingMechanical

splicing

Pin

PoutReceiver sensivity

-28dBm

Launch power

+4dBm

Total link budget = +4 (-28)

= +32 dB

Testing Through Passive Splitter


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Multiple Fresnel Reflections due to multiple splitter branches

Testing Through Passive Splitter How To Locate Fault

OTDR

ONU

Event occurs at

branch no. 4


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SplitterOLT

Remote Fiber Test System (RFTS)


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Source : SEC


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Future Trends

Next steps in PON standardards

March 2006: IEEE met and agreed to explore options for a 10 Gbit/s PON

standard


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standard

Option 1: 10 Gbit/s down + 1 Gbit/s up

(estimated throughput of 9 Gbit/s down / 700 Mbit/s up)

Option 2: 10 Gbit/s down + 10 Gbit/s up

(estimated throughput of 9 Gbit/s down / 6 Gbit/s up)

Standardised commercial product by end of decade

FSAN is also exploring next gen standards

Either 10 Gbit/s version of GPON (TDM based)

Or Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON

WDM PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON)

T3/E3

ATMStandards? Work in progress

NGN FSAN activity


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Optical

Network O/O

11 22

3131 3232

11 ..3232

FR

SAN

GbE

E/B/GPON

OLT

TDM (2G)Packet (3G)

Transport

WDM

Service

GPON, EPON, SDH/SONET, GbE, ESCON, etc

Voice, Internet, IPTV, SAN, etc..

WDM PON Approaches

ONT

WDM11 3232

11 22Changes to OSP changing splitter to WDM


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OLT

ONT

ONT

11 ..3232

Colorless ONTs

OLT

ONT

ONT

ONT

Splitter11 ..3232

11 ..3232

3131 3232

Colored ONTs with built-in filters

and selected wavelength lasers

Colorless ONTs (i.e. wavelength

locking technology)

OR

No Changes to OSP

11 ..3232

FTTH-Wireless Hybrid

A Optical-plus-wireless technology to areas where cable laying is eitherexpensive or difficult


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Example : NTTs WIPAS (Wireless IP Access System)

Source : NTT

Long Reach PON

Reach of traditional PON = 10 20 km

Distance limited by Passive nature of the PON, and power loss through


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passive splitter

To increase distance reach or increase splitting ratio beyond 64, to 128 or

higher, need some form of power amplification Solutions :

PON amplifier

Able to amplify optical signal bi-directionally at 3 FTTH wavelengths

Optical Switching

Optical Switches that switch or route

Network links at physical optical layer


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Technology for the future


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FTTH Pre-con-2 (proyecto en ingles).pdf

Documents

Transcript of FTTH Pre-con-2 (proyecto en ingles).pdf