FSC Pres Site 2
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Transcript of FSC Pres Site 2
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The Energy Problem
The end of oil is coming;
The energy demand will be doubled in
the next 30 years
Insecurity in energy supplies
International tensions
However a major threat is moreurgent to be encountered ClimateChange
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The climate change and global warming dueto CO2 emissions (IPCC scenarios)
Without the propermeasures for CO2emissions eliminationthe climate change
will become a realthreat The Chinas and
Indias energydemand make thesituation much worst
The best scenario hasa high cost, howeverthe cost of theinaction is muchhigher
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The earth temperature change due toglobal warming by CO2 emissions
o Even with the bestIPCC scenario theglobal temperatureincrease until the
end of the centurywill be (1.83.2 0C)
o Without anymeasures thisincrease could behigher than 8 0C
o The increased globaltemperature will lastfor hundred years
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The global warming effects
Athropogenic warming and sea levelrise would continue for centuries evenif greenhouse gas concentrations were
to be stabilized Temperatures in excess of 1.9 to 4.6
C warmer than pre-industrialsustained for millennia.
Eventual melting of the Greenland icesheet, would raise sea level by 7 mcomparable to 125,000 years ago
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Precipitation change & extreme events
Due to precipitation changes fertile landdevastation it is possible in many areas.
The existing atmospheric models cannot exclude the appearance of the mostcatastrophic extreme events (verystrong typhoons, tornados, snow or hailstorms etc.).
Thus such extremely catastrophicevents it is possible to appear sooner orlater
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Why the results for global carbon dioxideemissions are so disappointing?
The main reasons are:
Confusion on the choice of the properelectricity generating technologies
Cost problems (IEA predicts a 45 trillionUSD cost up to2050)
Geo-strategic problems
Slow progress of Kyoto protocol policies A realistic assessment of the electricity
generating technologies it is necessary inorder to design a successful policy to
eliminate the global warming threat
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Clean Technologies forunlimitedand continuous electricity supply
Coal fired power plants with Carbon Captureand Storage
New generation Nuclear Fission power plants
Wind Parks with energy storage system
Solar Concentrating power plants with energystorage system
Solar PhotoVoltaic power plants with energystorage system
Biomass power plants (waste, farmed)
Nuclear Fusion
Geothermal and Hydroelectric are limited
resources of electricity
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Increased cost of KWh produced by theclean electricity technologies
CLEAN ELECTRICITY
TECHNOLOGY
KWh DIRECT PRODUCTION COST %
OF EXISTING BASE LOAD AVERAGE KWh DIRECT
COST (~ 6 cents)
Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) Power Plants
135-160 % (8-10 cents)
Nuclear Fission (New PowerPlants 3500 EURO/KW)
130-160 % (7.5-10 cents)
Wind Parks (With EnergyStorage System)
140-160 % (onshore) (8.5-10 cents)180-200 % (offshore) (11-12 cents)
Desert Solar Concentrating
Parks (With Energy StorageSystem)
300-350 % (18-21 cents)
Desert Solar Photo-Voltaic Parks(With Energy Storage System)
500-550 % (30-33 cents)
Biomass Power Plants 100-150 % (6-9 cents)
Nuclear Fusion - Non yet defined but most probably very
high (>1000 %) (>30 cents)
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The major problems of the clean
electricity technologies
clean Technology Major problems
Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) Power Plants
-The biggest problem of the CCS technology is to define theappropriate safe places for the geologic storage of CO2, toconvince local communities and to achieve public acceptance thatthe storage is safe.
Nuclear fission power plants -To define the proper places for the installation of the new power
plants- To accommodate the nuclear waste- To avoid nuclear weapon diffusion
Wind Parks (inshore or offshore)with energy storage system
Due to the unreliable source the energy storage system should belarge and expensive
Solar Concentrating power plantswith energy storage system
-The solar concentrating mirrors demand a lot of water forcleaning and cooling
-Relatively high investment cost and direct cost of the producedKWh
Solar Photo-Voltaic power plantswith energy storage system
Very high investment cost and direct cost of the produced KWh
Biomass power plants -Demands huge fertile lands (energy for the rich instead of foodfor the poor)-Spends a lot of energy thus their overall efficiency is small
Nuclear fusion -Method in experimental phase with doughfull results-Emit thermal energy to the biosphere
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The missing Ideal electricity generatingtechnology
An ideal solution to stop or limit theclimate change process below anysafe threshold it should be based on a
carbon free electricity generatingtechnology that could supply theprojected fossil fuelled generated
50% of electricity demand, includingelectricity for transportation
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The missing ideal electricity generatingtechnology to cover 50% of demand
Continuous high quality electricity generation Simple technology that can be applied in all
continents Low construction cost of its Power Plants and low
direct cost of the produced KWh Easy and fast deployed technology, based on
existing material and using local personnel forconstruction, operation and maintenance of itsPower Plants
Zero CO2 emissions and any other forms ofpollution Zero water demand Zero thermal energy generation to the biosphere Recycling construction material
Originated from renewable source (better solar)
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Solar Aero-Electric power plants withFloating Solar Chimneys
Is there an ideal electricitygenerating technology?
The reply is yes!! The technology of Solar Aero-
Electric power plants withfloating solar chimneys is very
close to the ideal technology
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Indicative picture of a Solar Aero-Electricpower plant with Floating Solar Chimney
A SAEP is made of threecomponents:
- A large (usually circular)solar collector with atransparent roof supported afew meters above the ground(The Greenhouse)- A tall, warm air up drafting,
Cylinder on the center of thisGreenhouse (The FloatingSolar Chimney)- A set of Air Turbines gearedto appropriate ElectricGenerators around the baseof the Solar Chimney (The
Turbo Generators).
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How SAEPs are operating
The Solar energy warmsthe ground below thegreenhouse and thusthe air inside it
(greenhouse effect). The warm air tends to
escape through theSolar Chimney to theupper atmosphere,replaced by freshambient air.
This up drafting streamof warm air leaves partof its thermodynamicenergy to the AirTurbines geared toElectric Generators,converting this energy
to Electrical
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Solar Aero Electric Power Plants (SAEPs)similarity to Hydro Electric Power Plants
SAEPPs are similar to Hydro-ElectricPower Plants
That is why I named them Solar Aero-Electric power plants (SAEPs)
Their Air Turbines convert the up draftingair dynamic energy (due to buoyancy) torotational energy, as Water Turbinesconvert the waters dynamic energy (due
to gravity) to rotational. In both Power Plants their Power Output is
proportional to H (Floating Solar Chimneyair up drafting height or Dam falling waterheight)
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History (1)
In 1926 ProfEngineerBernard Dubosproposed to theFrench Academy
of Sciences theconstruction of aSolar Aero-Electric PowerPlant in NorthAfrica with its
solar chimney onthe slope of thehigh heightmountain
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History (2)
Prof Dubos proposal was soonabandoned as very costly
Later in 1980 with thefinancing of Germangovernment,
Prof Engineer J. Schlaigh builta small prototype of a solarAero-Electric power plant of 50KW in Manzanares of Spain
The solar chimney was 196 m
high, with internal diameter 10m The greenhouse area was
45.000 sqm The prototype was operating
successfully for 8 years
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History (3)
Prof J.Schlaigh proposed to build Solar Aero-Electric powerplants with reinforced concrete solar chimneys of heights(500m-1000m)
In 2002 this simple solar technology was attracted my
attention, however I realized that the tall concretestructures (beyond the problems of earthquakes) will be ofhigh cost, that could be a large obstacle towards the largescale application of the solar chimney technology .
In 2003 I proposed the replacement of the concrete solar
chimney with a low cost alternative. A lighter than air fabricstructure, free standing and inclining by the external winds.
Due to its patented construction this Floating (in the air)Solar Chimney can encounter external winds and operatingsub pressures, executing its operational duties effectively
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The Floating Solar Chimney
The Floating SolarChimney is made by aset of successivetubular balloons (asshown in the figurebeside)
These tubes arelighter than air due tointernal lighter thanair gas (He or NH4)
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A small part of the main body of theFloating Solar Chimney
Compressed air
Lifting gas
InnerFabric
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Indicative diagram of the Floating SolarChimney under external winds
The main body of thefloating solar chimney isa lighter than air, warmair up drafting cylindermade of a set of
successive tubularballoons filled withlighter than air gas (He,NH3).
This air up draftingcylinder is made ofsuccessive parts attachedseparately to a heavy
inclining base with anaccordion folding lowerend.
This accordion typefolding end is unfoldingpartly when the structureis bending, securing that
the warm air does notescape from its bottom.
Direction of Wind
Main
Chimney
made of
parts
Heavy
Mobile Base
Folding Lower
Part
Chimney
Seat
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The seat, the heavy base and a smallpart of the Floating Solar Chimney
Upper Ring of
the heavy base
Strong fabric of
the heavy base
Lower ring of the
heavy base
Accordion typefolding lower
part
Seat of the
floating solar
chimney
Lifting Tube
Filled with liftingGas
Supporting Ring
Inflated or
Aluminum tube
Inner fabric wall
Upper Ring of
the heavy base
Strong fabric of
the heavy base
Lower ring of the
heavy base
Accordion typefolding lower
part
Seat of the
floating solar
chimney
Lifting Tube
Filled with liftingGas
Supporting Ring
Inflated or
Aluminum tube
Inner fabric wall
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The body with the heavy base of the FloatingSolar Chimney is inclining due to external winds
Wind direction
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Annual efficiency (% of horizontal solar irradiationon the greenhouse area) of SAEPs as function ofthe Floating Solar Chimney height
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
variable height of Floating Solar Chimney in m of internal diameter 60m
efficiency%
SAEPP of 4sqKm solar collector in a place of annual solar irradiation 1750KW/sqm
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Solar Aero-Electric power plant daily
operation due to thermal storage effect
0 5 10 15 200
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
solar time in hours
producedpower%
andsolarirradiation%
SAEPP of 4MW ,DD=1000m,H=700m,d=34m,Wy=1750KW/m2
ground only
plus tubes
-Ground only (blue)-Ground plus artificial thermal storage (green)-Solar irradiance % (red)
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The wind effect on the operational height of the FSCs
Due to the titling propertyof the FSC, its operationalheight is decreasing underexternal winds
The average annual FSCheight operationaldecrease depends on theaverage annual wind speedand the net lifting force ofthe FSC lighter than aircylinder
For example, for anaverage wind speed of 3m/sec and a net lift forceassuring a 50% bendingfor a wind speed of 10m/sec, the average height
decrease is 3.7%.
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
verage annual wind speed in m/sec
weibull constant k=2; decline 50 % for v=10 m/sec
dec
reaseinFSCHeight%
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Hydrogen production by SAEPs
SAEPs combined with appropriate electrolysisunits can produce hydrogen and oxygen.
Due to low electricity KWh price by SAEPsHydrogen price could become eventually lessthan 2.0 EURO/Kg.
Hydrogen can be used with fuel cell technologyas an alternative fuel.
Hydrogen and Oxygen produced simultaneouslyby electrolysis can be used in the promising highefficiency HxOy Hydrogen aspiration motors.
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The Floating Solar Chimney technologyThe main characteristics (1)
Due to the ground thermal storage (reinforced if necessarywith artificial thermal storage) they are generatingcontinuous electricity power profiles (24x365) of whichtheir daily averages are proportional to the daily solarhorizontal irradiation (direct and diffuse). Thus their
production can enter to the electric grid without limitations It is a low investment cost electricity generating
technology, thus the direct cost of the produced KWh islow (less than 6 cents/KWh)
The technology is very simple and can be applied in all
continents using local personnel. Its power plants can bemaintained and operated also by local personnel
The construction material of its power plants are alreadyexist and all of them are recyclable
Its power plants can be deployed very quickly
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The Floating Solar Chimney technologyThe main characteristics (2)
The technology it is not producing CO2 or any other pollution tothe local or global environment
The technology does not demand any cleaning or cooling water
The best lands for the technology application are the desert orsemi desert areas where the horizontal annual solar irradiationexceeds 2000 KWh/sqm
With a small part of these desert lands (3%) we can cover up to50% of the present and any future demand in electricity
Hence the technology does not compete for land with agriculturalproduction
If more fertile land fields are going to be used (for example inCyprus ,Greece, Spain, Italy, etc.) most of the ground below thepower plant greenhouses can be used simultaneously for farming
The technology can be used (project under research) for waterdesalination
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Optimized SAEP Dimensions and Rating
Due to low cost of the FSC fabricstructures the Optimum Rating of aSAEP is in the range of ~ 2.5-4.5 MW
The Greenhouse should be in the rangeof 100 ha (1 Km2)
The FSC should be 600m-800m high
with an internal diameter 35-40 m If this SAEP is installed in a place of
annual horizontal solar irradiation 1650-2200 KWh/m2 can generate 10-20
GWh/year
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Estimated construction cost of the SolarAero-Electric power plants (SAEPPs)
Estimated construction cost of glassed roof greenhouse~ 6 EURO/sqm.
Air turbines, Gear boxes, Electric generators, electrictransformers, switchgears and cabling ~ 300 EURO/KW
of rating power
Estimated Floating Solar Chimney constructionincluding its raising cost (and its seat cost) ~ 80X( d) in EURO
Thus a glass roof SAEPP, generating 20 GWh/year inMENA area (horizontal irradiation>2000 KWh/sqm/y),of rating power ~4.5 MW, of area ~1.0 square Km, andwith an FSC of H~800m and d=40m, should cost ~10.0million EURO
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The Desertec projectElectricity generation in MENAsdeserts and transmission to Europe (UHVDC lines)
In the context of the EURO-MENA political framework(President Sarkozy initiative) and the Desertec project, soonany European country or any other proper institution orcompany can lease a semi desert land in Middle East or North
Africa (MENA) and build an array of SAEPs (FSC Solar Farm)generating continuous electricity of several GW
The generated continuous electricity of several TWh per yearcould be transmitted to Europe, through Ultra high voltage DClines (>800 KV)
Under this plan up to 50% of the Europe electricity demandcould be produced, cost efficiently, by Solar Aero-Electric powerplants in MENA area and could transmitted to Europe
The semi desert area needed in order to cover 50% of Europeelectricity demand (for 1% efficiency) is ~270Kmx270Km
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Covering the missing 50% of worldclean base load electricity
The annual electricity demand is (year 2008)~20.000 Wh
A respectable part of the produced ~28 billion tonsCO2 is coming from fossil fueled electricity
generating technologies The annual electricity demand will be doubled in the
next 30 years. In 2040 the estimated electricitydemand is ~45.000 Wh
The electricity generation by all clean technologies
is not estimated to be more than 50% A large scale application of the Floating Solar
Chimney technology in desert or semi desert areascould generate the missing 50% of electricitydemand (22.500 TWh), cost effectively, eliminating
the global warming threat
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The necessary investments in the FSCtechnology for the 50% electricity generation
A cost effective choice, in order to minimize CO2 emissions,is to build, for the next 30 years, and for every year, SAEPswith Floating Solar Chimneys of overall rating power 160GW, that will produce annually >750 TWh
The global investment cost for this choice will not exceedthe amount of380 billion EURO/year or 11.5 trillion EURO
for the next 30 years These investments in electricity generation are reasonable
taking into consideration that the investment cost, in anyreasonable mixture of fossil fueled technologies, for thesame electricity generation is almost the same
The is estimating the climate change policies cost in45 trillion USD
The necessary land for the 30 years FSC power plants is1.000.000 sqKm (1000 Km X 1000 Km)
This land is only 3% of the desert unused land estimated to36 million sqKm
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Conclusion
The presented Floating Solar Chimney Technology is aserious, innovative electricity generating technology.The Technology is a many years research project by manyindependent institutions supported by experimental results.
The FSC Technology Power Plants can be constructedusing existing material and equipment.The technology is cost competitive to any other electricitygenerating technology.
The Floating Solar Chimney technology, supported by theexisting renewable or zero carbon emission technologies,can cover the worlds energy demand, eliminating the global
warming threat and securing worlds sustainable
development
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Major reference sources
An excellent presentation of theclimate change and the mitigationpolicies is given in the documents ofIntergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) IPCC information through key word
IPCChttp://www.ipcc.ch
EU information through the key words
EU energyhttp://www.energy.eu USA information through the key word
DOE USA http://www.doe.gov
http://www.ipcc.ch/http://www.energy.eu/http://www.doe.gov/http://www.doe.gov/http://www.energy.eu/http://www.ipcc.ch/