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Fruit and vegetable peels – strong natural source of antimicrobics
S. Chanda*, Baravalia Y, Kaneria M and Rakholiya K
Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University,
Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
* author for correspondence email:[email protected]
Infectious diseases are leading cause of death world wide due to multidrug resistant strains of bacteria, reduced
susceptibility to antimicrobics and increase in untreatable bacterial infections. Natural products provide unlimited
opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Because of increasing threat
of infectious diseases, the need of the hour is to find natural agents with novel mechanism of action. Fruit and vegetable
peels are thrown into the environment as agro waste which can be utilized as a source of antimicrobics. It will be
economic, eco friendly and reduce pollution. Here we report the antimicrobial activity of peels of seven fruit and
vegetables against 11 microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The
Mangifera indica peel showed best and promising antimicrobial activity. This study will definitely open, scope for future
utilization of the waste products for therapeutic purpose.
Key words: Agro waste; peels; antimicrobics; natural extracts; Mangifera indica
1. Introduction
The introduction and increasing use of antibiotics for antibacterial therapy has initiated a rapid development and
expansion of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Infectious diseases are as old as life itself. They have played a
major part in shaping human history, not only because of the decimating effects of the various plagues through the
centuries, but also because of the intense efforts made to find cures for them, thus advancing medical sciences. It is
widely accepted that the increased availability and the use of antibacterial and antifungal agents in recent years has
resulted in the control and even eradication of diseases, but it has also led to the development of resistant strains.
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi affect millions of people world wide due to the global emergence of
multi-drug resistant bacterial strains; it is increasingly limiting the effectiveness of current drugs and significantly
causing treatment failure of infections [1].
1.1. Mechanism of drug resistance
The development and spread of resistance to currently available antibiotics is a worldwide concern. Bacterial resistance
is an increasing threat to the successful treatment of infectious diseases. As bacterial resistance continues to evolve,
some pathogens that were once considered routine to treat are developing, or have developed, resistance to almost
every antibacterial agent currently available [2]. Several mechanisms have evolved in microorganisms, which confer
them with antimicrobial resistance. Three mechanisms predominate in antimicrobial resistance: 1) enzymatic
inactivation of the antimicrobial agent, 2) substitutions, amplifications or modifications of the drug target reducing the
affinity of the drug to the target or 3) reduced access of the antimicrobial agents to the target by means of permeability
barriers or efflux pumps [3, 4]. These mechanisms can either chemically modify the antibiotic, or it becomes inactive
through physical removal from the cell, or modify target site so not recognized by the antibiotics. Examples include
methicillin-resistant staphylococci, pneumococci resistant to penicillin and macrolides, vancomycin-resistant
enterococci as well as multi-drug resistant Gram-negative organisms and fungi [5].
1.2. Role of pathogens in infection
S. aureus is a facultative anaerobic organism, which causes food poisoning and usually grows on the nasal membrane
and skin. It causes boils, abscesses, wound infection, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome and other diseases [6].
Klebsiella species cause diseases such as pneumonia, urinary and respiratory tract infections. K. pneumoniae are widely
distributed in hospitals and are increasingly being isolated from community-acquired infections [7]. S. typhi is a serious
public health problem in developing countries and represents a constant concern for the food industry [8]. P. mirabilis
is a secondary invader of ulcers, pressure sores, septicemia and occasionally meningitis and chest infections [9]. C.
albicans is the agent of candidisis; is one of the most pervasive pathogenic fungi, especially infecting immuno-
compromised hosts, in which it can invade various tissues [10, 11]. C. tropicalis is one of the non-albicans candida
strains that are emerging in fungal infections [12]. C. glabrata is a highly opportunistic pathogen of urogenital tract and
of the blood stream. It is especially prevalent in HIV positive people.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1.3. Approaches towards natural drugs
In recent years, multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic microorganisms developing due to indiscriminate use of
commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. This situation has necessitated
a search for new antimicrobial compounds and for this reason, researchers are increasingly turning their attention to
herbal products, looking for new leads to develop better drugs against pathogenic microbial strains [13]. The
emergence of antibiotic resistance is further complicated by the fact that bacteria and their resistant genes are traveling
faster and further. We are facing not only epidemics but pandemics of antibiotic resistance. Existing antibiotics are
losing their effect at an alarming rate, but development of new antibiotics is declining. There is a tremendous need for
novel antimicrobial agents from different sources. Screening of plants with validated methods can lead to identify
potentially useful molecules against infectious disease [14]. Medicinal plants produce a large number of secondary
metabolites with antimicrobial effects on pathogens [15]. All parts of plants individually or in combination show
antimicrobial properties. A significant part of the chemical diversity produced by plants is thought to protect plants
against microbial pathogens.
Many medicinal plants remain unexplored; screening of antibiotic resistance modifying compounds from plants
sources are expected to provide the basis for identifying leads for the isolation of therapeutically useful compounds.
The antimicrobial constituents are present in all parts of the plant viz. bark, stalks, leaves, fruits, roots, flowers, pods,
seeds, stems, latex, hull and fruit rind [16-18]. Recent research has revealed that fruit peels and seeds, such as grape
seeds and peels [19], pomegranate peel [20], wampee peel [21] and mango seed kernel [22] may potentially possess
antimicrobial property. This represents a potential area of future investigation. The reported antimicrobial activity of
some plants peel is listed in table 1.
1.4. Peel: eco-friendly source of novel antimicrobics
Numerous scientific investigations point at consecutive rich sources of antimicrobics, especially among fruits and
vegetables, but only few of them involve waste parts of fruits, i.e. seeds and peels. Many of the fruits and vegetables
skins are thrown in the garbage or fed to livestock. Fruits and vegetables wastes and by-products, which are formed in
great amounts during industrial processing, represent a serious problem, as they exert an influence on environment and
need to be managed and/or utilized. On the other hand, they are very rich in bioactive components, which are
considered to have a beneficial effect on health. Since last decade, efforts have been made to improve methods and
ways of reusing fruits and vegetables wastes. The important purpose is the valorization of the biocomponents in
byproducts from fruit and vegetable industries. Plant waste is prone to microbial spoilage; therefore drying is necessary
before further exploitation. Till now, agro industrial waste often is utilized as feed or fertilizer. But using this agro
waste therapeutically is a new idea which is slowly gaining popularity. They are high value products and their recovery
will be economically attractive. These are novel, natural, eco friendly and economic sources of antimicrobics, which
can be used in the prevention of diseases caused by pathogenic microbes and also reduce pollution.
In the, present investigation, we report the antimicrobial property of peels of different fruits and vegetables, that are
commonly available and readily consumed in India, and to indicate which of them can become a new source of natural
antimicrobics for pharmaceutical industries. Some promising fruit and vegetable peels are shown in figure 1. Seven
fruits and vegetables peels were evaluated for their antimicrobial property (Table 1).
2. Antimicrobial activity
The antimicrobial activity was done against eleven microorganisms by agar well diffusion method [23, 24]. DMSO was
used as the negative control.
3. Results and discussion
In this study, polar solvents (acetone and methanol) were more effective as antimicrobial agents than non-polar solvents
(hexane and chloroform). The maximum zone of inhibition was shown by acetone extracts followed by methanol
extracts of all the 7 peels. The fruit and vegetable peel extracts showed better antifungal activity than antibacterial
activity; Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria which contradict the previous
reports that plant extracts are more active against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria [25]. This
difference may be due structural differences in cell wall of these bacteria. The Gram-negative cell wall is complex and
multilayered structure; it has an outer phospholipid membrane carrying the structural lipopolysaccharide components,
which makes a barrier to many environmental substances including synthetic and natural antibiotics. The Gram-positive
bacteria contain a single outer peptidoglycan layer, which is not an effective permeability barrier [26]. The most
susceptible organism was fungi C. glabrata and Gram-negative K. pneumoniae. M. indica showed maximum and best
antimicrobial activity (Table 2).
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of some plant peels against some microorganisms causing infectious diseases
Pl ant name
Extract
Microorganisms
Reference
Citru
s gra
ndis (Rutaceae)
Hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol,
methanol, benzene: acetone
Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus
cer
eus, Sta
phyloco
ccus
aure
us, Esc
her
ichia
co
li,
Salm
onella
enteritidis
[27]
Citru
s re
ticu
lata
Blanco
(Rutaceae)
Oil
Alter
naria
alter
nata
,
Rhizoctonia
so
lani,
Curv
ula
ria
lunata
, Fusa
rium
oxy
sporu
m,
Helmin
thosp
orium ory
zae
[28]
Vitis vin
ifer
a
(Vitaceae)
80% ethanol
Sta
phyloco
ccus aure
us, B
acillus ce
reus Esc
her
ichia
coli, Salm
onella
infa
ntis, C
ampylobacter
coli
[29]
Citru
s re
ticu
lata
Blanco(R
utaceae)
Flavonoid extract
Esc
her
ichia
coli, S
taphyloco
ccus aure
us, S
taphyloco
ccus ep
ider
mid
is, Entero
cocc
us fa
ecalis,
Salm
onella
typ
him
urium, Entero
bacter
clo
aca
e [30]
Citru
s acida Roxb. (R
utaceae)
Oil
Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus
cere
us, Sta
phyloco
ccus
aure
us, Esc
her
ichia
co
li,
Entero
bacter
aer
ogen
es,
Salm
onella
typhim
urium,
Asp
ergillu
s ficu
um,
Asp
ergillu
s nig
er,
Asp
ergillu
s
fumig
atu
s, A
sper
gillu
s flavu
s, F
usa
rium salo
ni, F
usa
rium o
xysp
oru
m, Pen
cilliu
m d
igitatu
m,
Candid
a utilis
[31]
Ficus ca
rica
L. (Moraceae)
Aqueous
Bacillus
cere
us, Sta
phyloco
ccus
epid
ermid
is,
Sta
phyloco
ccus
aure
us, Esc
her
ichia
co
li,
Pse
udomonas fluore
scen
s [32]
Citru
s ber
gamia
Risso
(Rutaceae)
Ethanolic fraction
Esc
her
ichia
co
li,
Pse
udomonas
putida,
Salm
onella
en
terica
, Listeria in
nocu
a,
Bacillus
subtilis, Sta
phyloco
ccus aure
us, L
actobacillus la
ctis, Sach
aro
myc
es cer
evisia
e
[33]
Nep
heliu
m lappace
um L
.
(Sapindaceae)
Ether, methanol, aqueous
Esc
her
ichia
coli, Klebsiella
pneu
monia
e, P
seudomonas aer
ugin
osa
, Salm
onella typ
hi, V
ibrio
cholera
e, E
ntero
cocc
us fa
ecalis, Sta
phyloco
ccus aure
us, Staphyloco
ccus ep
ider
mid
is
[34]
Musa
sapientu
m (Musaceae)
Chloroform
, ethyl acetate,
aqueous
Sta
phyloco
ccus aure
us, B
acillus su
btilis, B
acillus ce
reus, S
alm
onella
enteritidis, Esc
her
ichia
coli
[35]
Tra
pa natans L.
(Trapaceae)
Petroleum ether, 1,4-dioxan,
chloroform
, acetone,
dim
ethylform
amide, ethanol,
aqueous
Bacillus ce
reus, M
icro
cocc
us flavu
s, S
taphyloco
ccus aure
us, A
lcaligen
es faec
alis, K
lebsiella
aer
ogen
es,
Klebsiella
pneu
monia
e, Pro
teus
mirabilis,
Pro
teus
morg
anii,
Pse
udomonas
putida,
Pse
udomonas
testoster
oni, Candid
a alb
icans, Candid
a alb
icans, Cry
pto
cocc
us
luteolu
s, T
rich
osp
oro
n beigelii, Asp
ergillu
s ca
ndid
us, A
sper
gillu
s flavu
s
[36]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Table 2 Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of seven fruits and vegetables peels
Plant name (Family) Extracts
Zone of Inhibition (mm)*
Gram positive Gram negative Fungi
SA SS CR EA KP PM ST CA CT CG CL
Mangifera indica L.
(Anacardiaceae)
HE – – – – – – 9 11.5 – 11 –
CH 13.3 11.7 14 10 14 13 11 – – 11 11
AC 15 12 12.7 11 18 13 11 11 10 12 12
ME 16 13.7 11.7 10 18 – 12 12 11 11 12
Lagenaria siceraria
(Molina) Standl.
(Cucurbitaceae)
HE 10 10 – – 12 9 10 9 – 10 –
CH – 10 9 – 13 9 – 10 9 11 10
AC 10 11 10 10 10 10 9 12 10 9 10
ME – – – 9 9 – 9 12 10 10 10
Solanum tuberosum L.
(Solanaceae)
HE – – – 10 10 – – 10 9 11 –
CH – 9 – 10 10 – 9 13 11 9 –
AC – – – 9 11 10 9 9 9 10 9.5
ME – 9 – – 15 11 – 10 9 11 9.5
Ananas comosus
(Linnaeus) Merr.
(Bromeliaceae)
HE – – – – 11.7 – – – – 9 –
CH 10 – 9 – 12.7 – 9.3 9.5 10 10.5 9.5
AC 11 10 9 9 10 9 9 10.5 9.5 11 10
ME 12 – – – 9 – – 12 9.5 11.5 10.5
Luffa acutangula (L.)
Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae)
HE – 9 – – – – 9.5 10 – 10.5 –
CH – 9 – – 13.5 – – – – 11 –
AC – – – – – – – 10 10 9.5 –
ME – – – 10 9 – 9 10 10 9 9.5
Momordica charantia L.
(Cucurbitaceae)
HE – – – – 9 – – 12 9 11 –
CH 11 10 9 – 11 11 – 10 – 12 9
AC 10 10 – – 11 10 – 11 10 9 10
ME 9 11 – – 11 12 – 12 10 11 10
Moringa oleifera Lam.
(Moringaceae)
HE – – – – 9 – – 13 – 10 –
CH – – – 10 10 – – 11 9 11 9
AC 10 10 11 10 13 10 10 11 10 10 10
ME 10 9 – – 10 11 – 10 9 10 10
* The values are mean (n = 3); –: No zone of inhibition; HE: Hexane; CH: Chloroform; AC: Acetone; ME: Methanol;
SA = Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29737; SS = Staphylococcus subflava NCIM2178; CR = Corynebacterium
rubrum ATCC14898; ST = Salmonella typhimurium ATCC23564; EA = Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC1304; KP =
Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIM2719; PM = Proteus mirabilis NCIM2241; CL = Cryptococcus luteolus ATCC32044;
CA = Candida albicans ATCC2091; CT = Candida tropicalis ATCC4563; CG = Candida glabrata NCIM3448
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Mangifera indica Lagenaria siceraria Solanum tuberosum Ananas comosus
Luffa acutangula Momordica charantia Moringa oleifera
Ficus carica Nephelium lappaceum Punica granatum Vitis vinifera
Luffa acutangula
Manilkara zapota Musa sapientum Trapa natans
Citrus grandis Citrus reticulata Citrus bergamia Citrus acida
Fig. 1 Some promising plant peels with antimicrobial property
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Conclusion and future aspects
It is known that the by-products of some vegetables and fruits represent an important source of sugars, minerals,
organic acid, dietary fiber and phenolics that have a wide range of action, which includes antitumoral, antiviral,
antibacterial, cardioprotective and antimutagenic activities. Thus new aspects concerning the use of the wastes
therapeutically are very attractive. The present investigation focuses on the possibility of using plant peel waste as a
source of low-cost natural antimicrobial. M. indica peel, usually a waste product which is thrown into the environment
has a very good antimicrobial potentiality. The demonstration of broad spectrum of antibacterial activity by M. indica
peels may help to discover new chemical classes of antibiotic substances that could serve as selective agents for
infectious disease chemotherapy and control. This investigation has opened up the possibility of the use of this plant in
drug development for human consumption possibly for the treatment of various infections caused by microbes. These
are novel, natural and economic sources of antimicrobics, which can be used in the prevention of diseases caused by
pathogenic microbes. Therefore, this study will definitely open up as a scope for future utilization of the waste for
therapeutic purpose. The results also indicate that selective extraction from natural materials, by an appropriate solvent,
is important for obtaining fractions with high antimicrobial activity.
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