Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Frontalassociationarea

Speech

Smell

Hearing

Auditoryassociationarea

Vision

Visualassociationarea

Somatosensoryassociationarea

Reading

TasteSom

atos

enso

ry co

rtex

Mot

or co

rtex

Fissures (deep grooves)

divide the cerebrum into lobes

If Christopher is in a car accident and due to brain damage loses his sight, which lobe of the brain were probably damaged?

When you go to the refrigerator and reach for a carton of milk, which lobes of the brain are you using?

When you are listening to music on earphones, which lobe of the brain are you using?

When an Olympic gymnast does a flip on the balance beam, which lobes of the brain is she using?

Occipital

Frontal & Occipital

Temporal

Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, & Temporal

Regions of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon

Figure 7.12b

Surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) purpose: to increase surface area

Brain stem Cerebellum

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.13c

Somatic sensory area – receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors (audio, visual, olfactory, and taste)

Interpretation areas of the cerebrumSpeech/language region

Broca’s area – involved in our ability to speak

Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Figure 7.14

Primary motor area – sends impulses to skeletal muscles

Layers of the Cerebrum

Gray matter› Outer layer› Composed mostly of neuron cell bodiesWhite matter› Fiber tracts inside the gray matter› Example: corpus callosum connects

hemispheres Figure 7.13a

Diencephalon Sits on top of the brain stem Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

•Thalamus

•Hypothalamus

•Epithalamus

Thalamus

Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Transfers impulses to the correct part of

the cortex for localization and interpretation

Hypothalamus Under the thalamus Important autonomic

nervous system center› Helps regulate body

temperature› Controls water balance› Regulates metabolism

An important part of the limbic system (emotions)

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

Epithalamus Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine

gland) Includes the choroid plexus – forms

cerebrospinal fluid

Brain Stem

Attaches to the spinal cord

Parts of the brain stem› Midbrain› Pons› Medulla oblongata

Midbrain Mostly composed of

tracts of nerve fibers Has two bulging fiber

tracts – cerebral peduncles

Has four rounded protrusions – corpora quadrigemina› Reflex centers for vision

and hearing

Pons The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of

breathing

The lowest part of the brain stem Merges into the spinal cord Contains important control centers

› Heart rate control› Blood pressure regulation› Breathing› Swallowing› Vomiting

Medulla Oblongata