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EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF GRANITE WITH WASHED GRAVEL ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE VARYING WATER/CEMENT

RATIO AND GRAVEL FINENESS

BY

AZEEZ, LATEEF OLUGBENGA(MATRIC NO: 119042062)

Supervised by

Dr. C.B. Echeta

Submitted to

THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE (MSc) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (STRUCTURES OPTION)

JANUARY, 2015

CERTIFICATION

It is hereby certified that this project, EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

GRANITE WITH WASHED GRAVEL ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE, VARYING WATER/CEMENT RATIO AND GRAVEL

FINENESS is an original work carried out by AZEEZ, LATEEF OLUGBENGA, of the

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Lagos, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Masters of Science (MSc.)

degree in Structures option.

--------------------------------------- ----------------------------

Dr. C.B. Echeta Date

Supervisor

--------------------------------------- ----------------------------

Prof. G.L. Oyekan Date

Head of Department

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………….vi

List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………..vii

List of Plates .………………………………………………………………………………..ix

List of Figures…….. …….…………………………………………………………………..x

Abstract ….………………………………………………………………………………......xii

CHAPTERS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Research 1

1.2 Research Significance 1

1.3 Research Purpose 1

1.4 Research Scope 2

1.5 Aim of the Research 5

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES 6

2.1 Concrete Materials 17

2.1.1 Cement 18

2.1.2 Aggregates 25

2.2 Functional Requirement of Concrete in its Fresh State 5

2.3 Advantages of Fresh Concrete 42

2.4 Types of Concrete 43

2.4.1 Conventional Concrete 43

2.4.2 In-Situ Concrete 43

2.4.3 Unconventional Concrete 45

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2.4.4 Ready-mixed Concrete 45

2.4.5 Light weight Concrete 46

2.4.6 Light weight Aggregate Concrete 49

2.4.7 Aerated Light Weight Concrete 49

2.4.8 Foamed Concrete 50

2.4.9 No-Fines Concrete 50

2.5 Production of Concrete 52

2.5.1 Specifying Concrete 52

2.5.2 Concrete Mix ratio 56

2.6 Development of Strength (Curing of Fresh Concrete) 58

2.6.1 Method of Curing 59

2.6.2 Curing Slabs and other External concrete 63

2.6.3 Curing Columns, Beams and Walls 63

2.6.4 Setting and Hardening of Concrete 64

2.6.5 Temperature Regulations in curing concrete 65

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 66

3.1 Materials Used for the Project 66

3.1.1 Coarse Aggregate 66

3.1.2 Fine Aggregate 67

3.1.3 Cement 67

3.1.4 Water 67

3.2 Equipment Used for the Project 67

3.2.1 Weighing Machine 67

3.2.2 Compression Testing Machine 69

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3.2.3 Moulds 69

3.2.4 Other Equipment 70

3.3 Mix Proportions 70

3.4 Casting and Curing 74

3.5 Testing

76

3.5.1 Specific Gravity of Aggregates 76

3.5.2 Sieve Analysis 77

3.5.3 Slump Test 78

3.5.4 Compressive Strength Test using concrete cubes 80

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 81

4.1 Results 81

4.1.1 Sieve Analysis 81

4.1.2 Specific Gravity 90

4.1.3 Slump Test 90

4.1.4 Compressive Strength 92

4.2 Discussions 94

4.2.1 Sieve Analysis and Physical Properties 94

4.2.2 Slump test 95

4.2.3 Compressive Strength at various gravel replacement level 96

4.2.4 Compressive Strength with gravel fineness at different w/c ratio 101

4.2.5 Comparing the 7-day and 28-day compressive strength 107

4.2.6 Effect of Curing Age with Compressive Strength of Concrete Produced

with 0% Gravel Replacement Level 113

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4.2.7 Effect of Curing Age with Compressive Strength of Concrete Produced

with 40% Gravel Replacement Level 114

4.2.8 Effect of Gravel inclusion on weight of test samples produced 115

6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 116

6.1 Conclusions 116

6.2 Recommendations 117

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

vi

ACKOWLEDGEMENT

All thanks be to Almighty Allah, the Giver of Life

I will also like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has in one way or the other,

contributed immensely towards the successful completion of my Masters Degree Programme,

most especially, my Wife, Mrs Monsurat Azeez, who has been very supportive through thick

and thin, my Mother-in-Law, Alhaja Raheem who continually encourages me to make sure I

complete the programme even when I had lost hope in it. I say a very big Thank you ma.

Words alone cannot appreciate the effort of my wonderful family friends Mr & Mrs Ajayi,

for their unrelenting support through the final stage of the project work.

Not forgetting my amiable supervisor, Dr. C.B Echeta, for his guidance and thorough

supervision through the course of the project work, likewise Engr Afolabi, for his support in

the absence of Dr. Echeta, you are all wonderful sir.

I say a very big thank you to everyone and God Bless.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 2.1 Recommended Composition of Standard Sand 24

Table 2.2 Recommended Compressive Strength of Cement 26

Table 2.3 Percentage Passing of Singled-Sized and Graded Aggregates 29

Table 2.4 Grading Requirements for coarse and fine Aggregates in Normal-Weight

Concrete. 29

Table 2.5 Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregate Concrete (ASTM C-637) 29

Table 2.6 Proportion by Weight of Coarse to Fine Aggregate 31

Table 2.7 Grading Zones of the Fine Aggregates 32

Table 2.8 Specific Gravity of Cement and Aggregates 35

Table 2.9 Limits of Deleterious Substances in Aggregates 39

Table 2.10 Groups of LWC 47

Table 2.11 Physical Properties of LWA 48

Table 2.12 Typical Data for 10mm to 20mm No-Fines Concrete. 51

Table 2.13 Estimated Quantities of Materials required /m3 of Compacted Concrete or

Mortar 54

Table 2.14 Estimated Materials required for Concreting 1m2 of Surface 55

Table 2.15 Batch Volume of Materials for various Mixes 57

Table 2.16 Sizes of Farma

57

Table 2.17 Volume of Various Gauge Boxes 58

Table 2.18 Results Showing How Concrete Becomes Stronger in Age 64

Table 3.1 Gravel grading obtained from different percentage proportions by mass 71

Table 3.2 Mix Proportion of Concrete using Gravel Grading A 72

Table 3.3: Mix Proportion of Concrete using Gravel Grading B 72

Table 3.4 Mix Proportion of Concrete using Gravel Grading C 73

Table 3.5: Mix Proportion of Concrete using Gravel Grading D 73

Table 3.6: Mix Proportion of Concrete using Gravel Grading E 73

Table 4.1 Sieve Analysis for Granite coarse Aggregate 82

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Table 4.2. Sieve Analysis for Gravel coarse aggregate 84

Table 4.3. Sieve Analysis for sharp sand 85

Table 4.4 Sieve Analysis for Gravel grading A 87

Table 4.5 Sieve Analysis for Gravel grading B 87

Table 4.6 Sieve Analysis for Gravel grading C 88

Table 4.7 Sieve Analysis for Gravel grading D 88

Table 4.8 Sieve Analysis for Gravel grading E 89

Table 4.9: Specific Gravity of Aggregates used for Concrete production 90

Table 4.10 Slump Test Result for Gravel grading A 90

Table 4.11 Slump Test Result for Gravel grading B 91

Table 4.12 Slump Test Result for Gravel grading C 91

Table 4.13 Slump Test Result for Gravel grading D 91

Table 4.14 Slump Test Result for Gravel grading E 92

Table 4.15 Compressive Strength result for Gravel grading A 92

Table 4.16 Compressive Strength result for Gravel grading B 93

Table 4.17 Compressive Strength result for Gravel grading C 93

Table 4.18 Compressive Strength result for Gravel grading D 94

Table 4.19 Compressive Strength result for Gravel grading E 94

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LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

Plate 3.1 Gravel Sample Being Washed and Air-dried 66

Plate 3.2 50kg Avery Weighing Machine 68

Plate 3.3 Digital Sensitive Weighing Machine 68

Plate 3.4 Compression Testing Machine 69

Plate 3.5 Concrete cube moulds 70

Plate 3.6 Separation of the Gravel Material into different Grading 71

Plate 3.7a Casting of Concrete Samples in the Concrete Laboratory 74

Plate 3.7b Casting of Concrete Samples in the Concrete Laboratory 75

Plate 3.8a Curing of Test samples 75

Plate 3.8b Curing of Test samples 76

Plate 3.9 Sieve Analysis of Samples 78

Plate 3.10 Slump test being carried out on the concrete mix 79

Plate 3.11a Compressive strength test carried out on Test Samples 80

Plate 3.11b Compressive strength test carried out on Test Samples 81

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure-2.1 Constituents of Concrete 17

Figure-2.2 Classification of Artificial Cement 19

Figure-4.1 Grading Curve for Granite coarse Aggregate 83

Figure-4.2 Grading Curve for Gravel Coarse Aggregate 84

Figure-4.3 Grading Curve for Sharp sand 86

Figure-4.4 Gravel Grading Curves 89

Figure-4.5 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading A replacement

(0.65w/c) 96

Figure 4.6 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading A replacement

(0.675w/c) 97

Figure 4.7 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading B replacement

(0.65w/c) 97

Figure 4.8 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading B replacement

(0.675w/c) 98

Figure 4.9 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading C replacement

(0.65w/c) 98

Figure 4.10 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading C replacement

(0.675w/c) 99

Figure 4.11 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading D replacement

(0.65w/c) 99

Figure 4.12 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading D replacement

(0.675w/c) 100

Figure-4.13 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading E replacement

(0.65w/c) 100


(0.675w/c) 101

Figure-4.15 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel fineness, 20% gravel

(0.65w/c) 102


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(0.675w/c) 102


(0.65w/c) 103


(0.675w/c) 103


(0.65w/c) 104


(0.675w/c) 104


(0.65w/c) 105


(0.675w/c) 105


(0.65w/c) 106


(0.675w/c) 107


(0.65w/c) 107


(0.67w/c) 108

Figure-4.27 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading B replacement

(0.65w/c) 108

Figure-4.28 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading B replacement

(0.675w/c) 109

Figure-4.29 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading C replacement

(0.65w/c) 109

Figure-4.30 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading C replacement

(0.675w/c) 110

Figure-4.31 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading D replacement

(0.65w/c) 110

Figure-4.32 Variation of Compressive Strength with gravel grading D replacement

(0.675w/c) 111

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(0.65w/c) 111


(0.675w/c) 112

Figure-4.35 Variation of Compressive Strength with curing age (0.65 w/c ratio) 113




xiii

ABSTRACT

This report presents the research work carried out on the effect of gravel fineness and varying

water-cement ratio on the compressive strength of concrete produced from partial

replacement of granite with washed gravel. 1:2:4 concrete mix (Cement: Fine Aggregate:

Coarse Aggregate) was used, with a varying water-cement ratio of 0.65 and 0.675, and a

gravel replacement level at 20% interval between 0% and 100%, (0% being the control)

totalling six batches for a single gravel grading. Five different gravel grading (Grading A,

Grading B, Grading C, Grading D, and Grading E) were also used in the research, with

fineness modulus’ 3.46, 3.71, 3.90, 5.12 and 5.60 respectively. A total of Six Hundred and

twenty-four (624) nos. 150 x 150 x 150 mm concrete cubes were cast and cured in a water

tank at room temperature. The cubes were crushed for strength in sets of three at curing ages

of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively. A slump test was carried out on each batch of concrete

produced to determine the workability of the resulting mix and the specific gravities of the

materials were also determined.

It was observed that the workability of the concrete mix decreased with increase in gravel

content and increased with increase in water-cement ratio, both true and collapsed slump

were observed in mix with 0% replacement level of granite, with water-cement ratios 0.65

and 0.675, and changes with subsequent gravel inclusion in the concrete mix. It was also

observed that for all curing ages, the compressive strength increases from 7 days to a

maximum at 28 days. The highest compressive strength was observed in the concrete with

gravel grading ‘A’ inclusion at 40% replacement level, with an optimum water-cement ratio

of 0.65.

It was also observed in concrete produced from gravel inclusions that the compressive

strength increased from gravel replacement level of 0% to gravel replacement level of 40%

after which it reduced constantly until it gets to a minimum value at 100% gravel inclusion.

The result also showed that compressive strength is inversely proportional to fineness

modulus of the gravel, using an optimum water-cement ratio 0.65 for the mix.

Therefore, With the gravel similar to that used in gravel grading ‘A’ in this research, a

concrete compressive strength greater than that of a normal granite concrete, with appropriate

0.65 water-cement ratio is recommended for design.

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It is therefore recommended that further research be carried out using unwashed gravel and a

replacement level of 10% interval. Moreso, attention should be focused on the effect of

moisture content of the aggregates, as they tend to be kept in an open area for a long time

before the completion of the laboratory work

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