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Transcript of From War to Détente Section 21.2 American personnel being evacuated from US embassy in Saigon,...
![Page 1: From War to Détente Section 21.2 American personnel being evacuated from US embassy in Saigon, April 1975.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032709/56649eab5503460f94bb16be/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From War to Détente
Section 21.2
American personnel being evacuated from US embassy in Saigon, April 1975
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What is Vietnamization?
• Nixon’s policy of withdrawing US troops while training S. Vietnam to take over the fighting
– Part of Nixon Doctrine
• Nixon Doctrine
– US would provide financial & weapon support to anti-communist allies
– But no US troops!
Above: South V. army officer; below: as labeled
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Vietnamization
Capture from clip on Vietnamization
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What were the Paris Peace Talks?• Peace conferences between
US/S. Vietnam and N. Vietnam
• Started in 1968
• S.V. and U.S. insisted N.V. withdraw from South, and that the Thieu (regime in South) remain in power.
• N.V. demanded U.S. withdraw and a coalition government w/Vietcong
Above: cartoon shows exhausted dove labeled ‘Vietnam Talks’ impaled atop the Eiffel Tower; below: U.S. negotiators in Paris
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Who was Henry Kissinger?• Nixon’s chief foreign policy
adviser
• Eventually Nixon’s Secretary of State.
• German Born Jewish escapee of Nazi oppression.
• Harvard Professor.
• kept foreign policy secret from press b/c of unpopularity of war
Above: Kissinger on the phone; below: Kissinger on cover of Time
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Describe the the Secret War of Nixon and Kissinger:
• Massive bombing of communist bases in Laos and Cambodia
• Wanted to cut off supply line and bring N.V. to the negotiating table
• Utilized Madman Theory– Nixon wanted N.V. to think he
was crazy enough to Nuke• From 1969-1973 US conducted
over 3, 600 missions• Did not work• Led to invasion of Cambodia
(April 1970)
Above: Nixon and Kissinger confer; below: aerial photo of bombing Cambodia
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Secret War
Capture from clip on Cambodia bombing and the issue of secrecy
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How did the public react?• Kent State University
– 4 students died during violent protests
• Pentagon Papers
– NY Times article revealed that US Govt. had lied to the American public about war
• Did not directly implicate Nixon
• But public now believed that the government (Nixon) could not be trusted
• Significance: Nixon becomes obsessed with stopping leaks of info to the press
Below: Time magazine further spreads the story the NY Times had broken
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Pentagon Papers
Capture from clip on Pentagon Papers
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Describe the Final Years of the War:• Vietnamization failed
– S.V. troops defeated handily by N.V. troops
• October 1972- U.S. and N.V. agree to cease-fire.
• All U.S. troops would leave Vietnam, POWs would be returned, VC could play an active role in a coalition government in the South
• Kissinger: “Peace is at hand.”• Thieu refused to sign the treaty and
peace fell apart
Above: Kissinger meets with Vietnamese leaders; below: Nixon does the same
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What was the Christmas Bombing?• To force peace, Nixon
intensified bombing during a 12 day campaign – lasted from December
18-30.• Bombed major N.V. cities
and installations in Laos and Cambodia
• Killed thousands of civilians
• NY Times called the bombing “diplomacy through terror.”
Above and below: USAF carpet-bombing SE Asia to ‘force peace’
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POWsCapture from clip on US POWs
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• US and NV agreed to peace terms (1/1973)
• Last US troops left in March of 1973
• War b/t South and North resumed
• Saigon scene of chaos as S.Vietnamese desperately tried to flee on US helicopters
• April 1975 Saigon fell
Describe the Fall of Saigon:
Above: another image of fleeing S.V. civilians boarding helicopter; below: desperate civilians try to climb wall of US embassy
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Saigon Falls
Capture from clip on the fall of Saigon
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Describe the cost of War• 58,000 Americans
dead • 300,000 wounded• $150 billion dollars• American self-
confidence of WWII gone– US lost its first war
• Two million Vietnamese died – land lay in ruins
Above: still from “Goodnight Saigon”; below: at the Vietnam Veterans’ memorial
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The War Ends
Capture from clip about the cool reception returning soldiers got and the disinterest of the public in the end of the war
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What does Détente mean?• An easing or relaxing of
tensions
• Period during Nixon’s presidency noted for better relations between the US and USSR/Red China
• Hawks saw it as sign of our weakness and loss of resolve
Above: Nixon with Mao Zedong; below: Nixon with Leonid Brezhnev
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How was the world different in the 1970s from the 1950s?
• US and USSR not the only powers
• Five Economic Superpowers had developed
• US, USSR, Japan, China, EEC (European Economic Community)
• USSR and China were enemies!
Composite night-time satellite shot indicates spread of prosperity (electricity for lighting) around the world by the mid-70s
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Describe Nixon and Kissinger’s view of foreign policy:
• Believed in Realpolitik– The politics of reality
• US should form alliances based on its national economic interests rather than on ideology, i.e.:– Form alliances even with
communist nations!• N+K wanted balance of power• Several powerful nations would
prevent one from getting too powerful
• Is there any irony to Cold Warrior Nixon’s new policy?
Otto Von Bismarck
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Describe the US policy toward China from 1949-1970:
• Refused to recognize communist government
• No diplomatic relationship
• Formed alliance with Taiwan
– Where Chiang Kai-shek’s anticommunist govt. had formed after 1949
• Blocked admittance into UN
• China had aided communists in Korean and Vietnam Wars
Above: map shows the tiny island of Taiwan; below: Chiang’s nationalists march
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How was détente between the US and China achieved?
• Nixon expressed desire to visit China to Time magazine reporter (1970)
• US Table Tennis Team (ping pong) visited China (4/71)
• Trade embargo ended days later
• US allowed China admittance into UN (as a permanent member to the Security Council)
• Kissinger went on secret mission to lay groundwork
• Nixon traveled to China (2/72)
• Visited Great Wall & Mao
Above: Nixon and Mao shake on it; below: Nixon toasts Premier (second in command) Chou En-Lai
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• Nixon traveled to Russia
• Signed Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT) with Brezhnev
• SALT curtailed number of ballistic missiles
• Agreed to trade technology and grain
How was détente between the US and the Soviet Union achieved?
Above: Nixon and Brezhnev toast; below: Brezhnev sees an advantage to détente
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Describe the election of 1972:• Democrats nominated George
McGovern– Liberal Anti-war platform– Immediate end to war, $30
billion cut in defense spending, pardoning of draft dodgers
• Nixon threatened by third party candidate George Wallace– Appealed to Southern and
blue collar voters– Paralyzed by would-be
assassin and dropped out• Nixon won by landslide
– But his downfall had begunTop: George McGovern on Time cover; below:
Wallace button from before the shooting