FROM THE GLOBAL TO THE LOCAL..

Mari Fitzduff

BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY

‘All nice people are like Us and We – and everybody else is They’

Rudyard Kipling

HISTORY OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION

1940's: As applied behavioural science - Kurt Lewin. 1945: Peace Research Laboratory, Missouri. 1944/50 Game theory - maths applied to conflict. Prisoners dilemma. 1959: Centre for Research on CR Kenneth and Elise Boulding. (Journal of Conflict Resolution) 1960: Oslo centre, which became PRIO. Johann Galtung 1963: Conflict Research Society, London. John Burton. 1966: Stockholm (SIPRI) 1970's : Interest in Non-Violent Theorists: Ghandi, Quakers and Mennonites. Gene Sharp (1973) 1970's: "ADR" Alternative Dispute Resolution. (Negotiation/Mediation) 1970's: Problem Solving Workshops - Harvard. 1973: Bradford UK - degree programmes. 1973: Centre for the Study of Conflict (UNU/INCORE 1994) 1980's: ICAR - first post-grad US course, Harvard negotiation project, etc,. 1980-2001: Proliferation.

Multidisciplinary: Law, Economics, Social Psychology, International Relations, Sociology, Mathematics,Education, Public Policy (Kennedy School) Diplomacy, Politics, Anthropology,etc.

Undergraduate/Masters programs 80 in USA 15 in UK/Ireland 6 in Europe 14 in Japan 3 in Australia 4 in Latin America 7 in Israel 1 in Africa 1 starting in Peshawar,Pakistan(Coex alum!)

PhD programs 1. George Mason University 2. Notre Dame 4. Nova Southeastern 5. University of Manitoba 6. University of Sydney 7. University of Bradford 8. American University 9. Lancaster University 10 Bar Ilan University 11. University of Gotheborg 12. Uppsala University 13. Kings College London

Language variations.. Conflict Resolution          Dispute Resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution Negotiation Mediation          Peace Studies/Science    Conflict Management Conflict Transformation Conflict Prevention Peacebuilding Coexistence Work Social Integration Social Inclusion

JOURNALS IN THE FIELD

Journal of Conflict Resolution .http://jcr.sagepub.com/  This is now ranked 2/51 in the International Relations and 5/93 in Political Science!

The Journal of Peace Research which ranked at 9th in IR http://jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/52/2/175 Conflict Management and Peace Science which ranked 10th in IR. http://www.tandf

.co.uk/journals/titles/07388942.asp The American Psychological Association Journal: Peace and Conflict: The Journal of Peace

Psychology (quarterly) http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t775653690l Peace and Conflict studies http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/ brought out by NSU. Berkeley brings out a Journal called Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, http://www.bepress

.com/peps/ Defense and Peace Economics http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10242694.html The International Journal of Peace Studies at http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps/vol11_2/cover11_2.htm Negotiation Journal at http://www.pon.harvard.edu/publications/journal.php Journal of Religion, Conflict and Peace, at http://www.plowsharesproject.org/journal/ Two development and conflict journals i.e.  the Development and Conflict journal - http://www.journalpeacedev

.org/ at American University and Peace, Conflict and Development http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/index

.asp) 

GLOBAL CONTEXT

90% of states now multi-ethnic/religious eg 9/11, 81 nationalities.

Demands around identity now endemic Ireland - 100 languages. Northern Ireland 40 - forum elections Most states having difficulty with diversity Most conflict now due to mismanagement of

diversity

Coexistence as goal..rather than method.

Coex Masters: Intercommunal work - unique.

Coexistence is used to describe societies where:

Diversity is valued for its positive potential, Equality is actively pursued, Interdependence between different groups is recognized, and The use of weapons to address conflicts is increasingly obsolete

http://www.brandeis.edu/coexistence/work/coexist.html

CONFLICT EQUATION

(P) IC x MI x NL = (V) C (Perceived) Inequitable Context x Mobilised Identity x Negative Leadership

= (Violent) Conflict

History of Northern Ireland reflects the above equation.

The Basics ? Categorization. Simplification v complexity Belonging Meaning Heroism Followership. Transformation v Transactional leaders Power Context

Differing Theories of change in conflict work

Structural v psycho cultural Attitudes v behaviour Healthy relationships (Solutions not the problem ?) Balance of Diversity,Equality,Interdependence Change of leaders/politicians Greed versus Grievance Dialogue/Mediation. Justice versus ‘Peace’ Grass roots mobilization

Socio - EconomicDevelopment

Demobilization, disarmament and decommissioning

Equality workReconciliation work

Socio PoliticalActivity

Security Work

CommunityDevelopment& Leadership

META CONFLICT RESOLUTIONCR worker assists contact/dialogue on the above from a CR perspective (Fitzduff 2002)

JUST &SUSTAINABLE

SOLUTION

Meta Conflict Resolution Contextual Variables e.g.

DEBATES….mediation..

‘IMPARTIALITY’ ‘NEUTRALITY’

‘CO-PARTIAL’ ‘INCLUSIVE’

ASYMMETRICAL CONFLICTS

‘ADVOCACY’ VERSUS ‘CR/ADR’

Peace versus Conflict : Tactics ‘Peace” ‘Conflict’

Change Persons Change Contexts/Institutions

Mindfulness Applied /comparative studies

Inner Peace/Meditation Analysis. Strategic plans ‘Be the Change’, ‘Walk the Talk’ Law, Politics, Mediation. Demonstrations Evaluation. Pacifism Change behavior Peace Education Policy, Graduate studies Civil disobedience Skeptical about its

remit. Want a ‘Peace’ ministry Practical/pragmatic

strategies Often will not work with military Will work with military Opposition to power/government Work with power as

insider

‘Peace’ work v ‘Conflict’ work

Below are caricatures – both terminology and activities often overlap

Values: Emphasizes Personal values. Emphasizes

Effectiveness Ideological approach Evidence based Approach Non-violence as principle Uses non-violence

as tactic. Values Important Research/skills

important

Vocabulary Culture of peace, love Strategy, leverage, power spirit, children, doves Context analysis,

structural compassionate listening conflict dynamics, policy vision, spirit, prayer Leverage, tools/skill set

Career Relationship Personal/Social Activism Professional

Debates…

What kinds of contexts facilitate positive coexistence ?

Factors to be measured 1. Inequalities that are related to identity

2. Non-participation of minorities in all levels of legislature and governance

3. Security groups (police and army) that are not representative and not trusted

4. Exclusion of groups from economic life of a country

5. Negative political use of coexistence issues

Factors to be measured 6. Lack of cooperation and bonding social capital

between communities

7. Widespread identification of prejudice and discrimination between groups

8. Exclusion of cultural expressions of minorities such as language, art, music and symbols

9. Media that is not inclusive of all communities.

10. No Government Structures to ensure adequate and effective attention to coexistence issues

DEBATES.. Transactional versus transformational political leadership - how to develop it ?

Mediating Asymmetrical Conflicts

‘Post Conflict’ - Peace versus Justice

Cultural differences in dealing with conflict.

How do we evaluate our work ?

3 D’s Defense, Diplomacy, Development - the balance.

CHANGING STEREOTYPES

Long term co-operative work – successful, but takes time

Legislation – necessary but not usually enough

Group work – costly – but can give useful insights

Media – often effective Leadership by political parties, local

leaders, churches – often effective

END VISION

Assimilation ? Integration? Inclusion ? Separatism ? Pluralism ?

‘A pluralist society is one in which the existence of varying aspects of identity are seen to positively contribute to the social, economic and moral development of a vibrant and cohesive society’

Organizations now mainstreaming Coex work within their institutions.

United States State Department: Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization (S/CRS).

USAID Office of Conflict Management /Mitigation (CMM) within Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance

UNDESA: Capacity building in conflict management UNDP : Crisis Prevention & Recovery UNDPA: 150 new staff. United Nations Peace-building Commission /Peacebuilding Fund UK Government Post Conflict Stabilisation Unit) MOD U.K. Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit Conflict Humanitarian and Development Unit.(DFID) UK Global Conflict Prevention Pools. (FCA) UN Compact: Business and Conflict.

Contd.

Aid/Development Oxfam, CARE, Mercy Corps, World Vision, Action Aid, CAFOD,etc.

OAS Program for Promotion of Dialogue and Conflict Resolution The African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) EU: Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention Unit. (100 Mediators) World Bank Fragile and Conflict affected Countries. OSCE: Conflict Prevention Centre (CPC) Swedish Min Foreign Affairs, Secretariat for Conflict Prevention Swiss Government unit for mediation. Internal units within national governments dealing with issues of

equality diversity and interdependence – 44. AND….. UNDESA - MDG for Coexistence work ?

WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING

CAFOD Conflict Program Manager for East Africa Director Civic Education for National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC) in Rwanda Protection Officer for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Pristina Kosovo    Conflict Program Manager, United States Agency for International Development, West Africa Research Associate at ICRD International Center for Religion & Diplomacy Operations Officer of the Situation Center , European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) International Organization for Migration            Mediation Training Officer Massachusetts Office of Dispute Resolution and Public Collaboration    Second Secretary of the Security Policy Department, Latvia Arms Decommissioning Consultant                          Founder of a non-profit company Leaders of Tomorrow, with Ministry of Trade & Industry in Jordan              

            Completed PhD Harvard, Doctor of DesignPost Doctoral work at Cornell UniversityFaculty at the College of

William and Mary Project Manager for Creators of Peace                          Assistant Director for the Detroit Chapter of the American Jewish Committee. Policy Analyst with the Reut InstituteConflict Management Consultant for the Jerusalem Municipality

Department of Education

WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING contd.

Facilitator at Soliya                  Manager for New Program Development, National Council on Economic Education Deputy Team Leader at Internews Europe Senior Media Specialist at AED The Chief of Party (COP) for the a USAID-funded Darfur Community Strengthening Project

(DCSP)                               Program Director of EastWest Institute/Institute for Stability and Development, Serbia   Strategy Desk for the Israeli Government                     Women's Program Coordinator at the Wome’s Violence Center, Kazakhstan Executive Director Nashville Peace & Justice Center            International Development Enterprises, Winrock International (WI)Team Leader for the

USAID - ACDI/VOCA funded case study exploring value chain development for conflict-affected environments.           

Independent advisor to e.g. : PACT-Sudan, Impact assessment of the USAID-funded UJYALO ProjectCARE UK/International                        

The World Conference of Religions for PeaceConsultant to the Cohen Centre in France  Consultant with Turkish - Armenian Dialogues, a joint initiative of The Harvard

Humanitarian Initiative and the Fletcher School of Law andDiplomacy

WHAT OUR GRADUATE STUDENTS ARE DOING contd.

      Program Officer, Search for Common Ground in Israel     Adjunct lecturer at Tufts       Director of Training and Technical Assistance, Institute for ResponsiveEducation Consultant/Field Associate, CDA Collaborative Learning Project, Civic Education Officer at the Office of the Ombudsman, Malawai Government Senior Program Officer working with GTZ Forum for Dialogue and Peace           Chief Executive of Samerth Trust             Advisor for the West India Program of the Paul Hamlyn Foundation, UK            Director of Delegation Leaders Program for Israel Jerusalem, Seeds for Peace in Jerusalem Program Officer at the Eurasia Foundation of Central Asia. Lecturer in Coexistence work, Peshwar.

SID Hon COEX alumni ie. SID students who have taken Coex core courses. Conflict Program Analyst, UNDP Gaza Conflict Program Manager, Oxfam, Sudan region Head of UNDP Threat and Risk Mapping and Analysis Unit for Darfur Program officer for WANEP (West African Network for Peacebuilding.)

THE FUTURE OF DIVERSITY

Mobility/Pluralism is unstoppable… Polyethnic/religious states will be increasingly the

norm Majority/minority to Pluralism Transition from Ethnicity/Race to Power/Poverty

focus? Political identity constitutional arrangements? Move from disorientation into sense of gain