From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory,...
-
Upload
cynthia-young -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory,...
![Page 1: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From the Black Holeto the Telescope:
Fundamental Physics of AGN
Esko ValtaojaTuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland
Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Helsinki University of Technology
or, ”The usefulness of flux density monitoring”
![Page 2: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
BH massBH spin
viewing angle
accretionrate
environment?age?redshift?gas content?magnetic fields?... ?
![Page 4: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WHAT IS REALLY FUNDAMENTAL?
![Page 5: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
100 brightestradio AGN:
highly selected,highly boostedsample
viewingangle
(Hovatta et al.in preparation)
NEEDLARGERSAMPLES!
![Page 7: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© Alan Marscher
![Page 8: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
NEED: basic GLOBAL and LOCALparameters from observations asinputs to theory / simulations...... which, in turn, should givepredictions which observers can test
GLOBAL: e.g., BH mass vs. jet speed?LOCAL: e.g., magnetic field strength along the jet?
© AlanMarscher
![Page 11: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SIMULATIONS?
![Page 12: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Aloy et al. 2003 Gómez et al. 2001
Qualitativeagreement-but need alsoquantitative:global andlocal parametersvs. simulatedparameters-and also-parameter space
![Page 13: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Exponential, sharp flares (Valtaoja et al. 1999)
Theory and simulations: quite different flare shapes(Gomez et al. 1997) ... are we missing something crucial?(And: flat optically thin spectra, = -0.25!)
![Page 14: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
VLBA with all frequencies and polarization...(Savolainen et al., 2006, 2007)
LOCALdata!
![Page 15: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
...gives us local information along and transverse to the jet(which you cannot get from single and/or low frequency VLBI)
electron energy densityvs. distance: constant?
+ jet/mf structures, instabilities,nonrelativistic plasma, speeds...
FIRST STEPS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE INTERNALSTRUCTURE OF JETS ...BUT WE LACK SIMULATIONS ANDTHEORY FOR COMPARISON!
magnetic fieldvs. distance: 1/r?
![Page 16: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
THEORY?
...far from the humble life of an observer...
![Page 17: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3C 279, June 1991:six theories,six acceptable(?)fits to data...
![Page 18: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mar
sch
er &
Gea
r sh
ock
-in
-jet
mod
el (
1985
)
(picturecourtesy ofMarc Türler)
![Page 19: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ten years of 3C 279 cm-to-optical variations modelled as”M & G” shocks in a jet (Lindfors et al., 2006, originalcode developed by Marc Türler)
![Page 20: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© A
lan
Mar
sch
er
KNOW whereradio variationscome from:spatial andtemporalanchor
![Page 21: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Origin of gamma-rays?
external photondominated (EC)”where the photons are”
synchrotron photondominated (SSC)”where the electrons are”
INVERSECOMPTONRADIATION
![Page 22: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
EGRET vs continuum sample: radio flare starts before gamma flare[Valtaoja & Teräsranta 1995; Lähteenmäki& Valtaoja 2003] P = 99,9 %
3C 279: the moredistant the shock, theweaker the gamma flare [Lindfors et al. 2006]
P = 99,98%
![Page 23: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1) radio flare / new shock emerges
2) gamma-ray flare (EC photons)
- - - parsec(s) - - - - - - parsec(s) - - -
![Page 24: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
1) radio flare / new shock emerges from radio core
2) shock grows, gamma peaks (SSC photons)
- - - parsec(s) - - - - - - parsec(s) - - -
![Page 25: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
radiogamma
Average delay from TFD/VLBI zero epoch to strong gammaflares ~ 2 months = parsecs, so External Compton fails...
...but the only alternative,synchrotron-self-Comptonalso fails (Lindfors et al.2005, 2006)
EC photonsare here!
radiocore
![Page 26: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Blazar sequence?(Ghisellini et al. 1998)
One-parameter(total power) family:
Most powerful sourceshave lowest synchrotronpeak frequencies
CLASSIFICATION?
![Page 27: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
...but fuller samples destroy the sequence!
Nieppola et al. 2006:381 Northern Veron-Cetty&Veron BL Lacs,a ”complete” sample
(also Giommi et al. 2005; Padovani 2007 + others)
![Page 28: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
dee ja nyypeak
![Page 29: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
There is no blazar sequence.
![Page 30: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
BH MASS as the fundamental parameter?(work in progress, Tuorla & Metsähovi):
BH MASS
2 main observables:
L(peak) DOPPLER-
(peak) CORRECTED!
2 main jet parameters:
jet speed)viewing angle)
from SEDs from continuum and VLBImonitoring: D + app + (Lähteenmäki and Valtaoja 1999)
from spectroscopyand imaging
![Page 31: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
(Hovatta et al., in preparation)
Jet speeds andviewing anglesfrom variabilityand VLBI
![Page 32: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Big BH mass fast jet ?
![Page 33: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
BH MASS as the fundamental parameter?(work in progress, Tuorla & Metsähovi & UNAM):
BH MASS
2 main observables:
L(peak) DOPPLER-
(peak) CORRECTED!
2 main jet parameters:
jet speed)viewing angle)
from SEDs from continuum and VLBImonitoring: D + app + (Lähteenmäki and Valtaoja 1999)
from spectroscopyand imaging2 more
observables:L(peak, IC)
(peak, IC)
![Page 34: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Radio monitoring provides movies (with not too manyframes missing) instead of snapshots: temporal anchor
Only in radio we are pretty sure where the fluxand the variability comes from: spatial anchor
Especially when combined with other multifrequency andmultiapproach data, radio monitoring is a very powerfultool for testing various theoretical models, AGN classificationand unification, and a key for deriving the fundamentalproperties of jets.
![Page 36: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: From the Black Hole to the Telescope: Fundamental Physics of AGN Esko Valtaoja Tuorla Observatory, University of Turku, Finland Metsähovi Radio Observatory,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081514/5697bfd61a28abf838cae1a9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)