Chapter 28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901–1912.
FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM America: Past and Present Chapter 23.
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Transcript of FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM America: Past and Present Chapter 23.
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FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF
PROGRESSIVISM
America: Past and Present
Chapter 23
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The Spirit of Progressivism
Progressivism not a coherent movement Shared values
• sense of evangelical Protestant duty
• faith in the benefits of science
• commitment to improve all aspects of American life
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The Rise of the Professions
Professions bulwarks of Progressivism• Law
• Medicine
• Business
• Education
• Social work
Professionalism strengthened through entrance exams, national associations
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The Social-Justice Movement
Reformers forsake individualized reform to address larger structural problems
Apply scientific methods to social reform
Social work became a profession
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The Purity Crusade
Crusade against vice 1911--membership in Women's
Christian Temperance Union hits 250,000
1916--19 states prohibit alcohol 1920--18th Amendment prohibits
alcohol
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Woman Suffrage, Woman's Rights
Women fill Progressive ranks• National Conference of Social Work
• General Federation of Women's Clubs
1890--National American Woman Suffrage Association formed
1920--Nineteenth Amendment passed Suffrage seen as empowering women to
benefit the disadvantaged
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Women’s Suffrage Before 1900
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A Ferment of Ideas:Challenging the Status Quo
Progressives, pragmatists, measure value of ideas by actions they inspire
Reject social Darwinism John Dewey--education should stress
personal growth, free inquiry, creativity
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A Ferment of Ideas:Challenging the Status Quo (2)
1901--Socialist party formed Unites intellectuals, factory workers,
tenant farmers, miners, lumberjacks Promises Progressive reform rather than
overthrow of capitalism 1912--Socialist presidential candidate
Eugene Debs polls over 900,000 votes
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Reform in the Cities and States
Progressives wanted government to follow the public will
Reform government• reorganize for efficiency, effectiveness
• new agencies address particular social ills
• posts staffed with experts
Government power extended at all levels
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Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics
Decline in voter participation• 77% from 1876-1900
• 65% from 1900-1916
• 52% in the 1920s
• remains near 52% through 20th century
Interest groups get favorable legislation through lobbying
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Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876-1920
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Reform in the Cities
Urban reform leagues form professional, nonpolitical civil service
Appointed commissioners replace elected officials in many cities
City manager idea spreads Reform mayors
• Tom Johnson of Cleveland
• "Golden Rule" Jones of Toledo
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Action in the States
State regulatory commissions created to investigate economic life
Initiative, referendum, and recall created
1917--17th Amendment provides for direct election of U.S. senators
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Action in the States:Reform Governors
Robert La Follette of Wisconsin• “Wisconsin Idea” taps experts in higher
education for help in sweeping reforms
Other Progressive governors• Joseph Folk of Missouri
• Hiram Johnson of California
• Charles Evans Hughes of New York
• Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey
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The Republican Roosevelt
Often defies convention Brings an exuberance to the presidency Surrounds himself with able associates
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Busting the Trusts
1902--wave of trust-busting led by suit against Northern Securities Company
1904--Northern Securities dissolved Roosevelt reputed a "trust-buster" Comparatively few antitrust cases under
Roosevelt
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"Square Deal" in the Coalfields
1902--United Mine Workers strike in Pennsylvania threatens U.S. economy
U.M.W., companies to White House Roosevelt wins company concessions by
threatening military seizure of mines Roosevelt acts as broker of interests
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Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height
1904—A four-way election• Republican—Theodore Roosevelt
• Democrat—Alton B. Parker
• Socialist—Eugene V. Debs
• Prohibition—Silas C. Swallow
Roosevelt wins 57% of popular vote, 336 electoral votes
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Regulating the Railroads 1903--Elkins Act prohibits railroad rebates,
strengthens Interstate Commerce Commission Widespread popular demand for further railroad
regulation after Roosevelt’s reelection 1906--Hepburn Act further strengthens Interstate
Commerce Commission • membership from five to seven
• may fix reasonable maximum rates
• jurisdiction broadened to include oil pipeline, express, sleeping car companies
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Cleaning Up Food and Drugs
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) prompts federal investigation of meatpacking industry
1906--Meat Inspection Act• sets rules for sanitary meatpacking
• requires government inspection of meat products Samuel Hopkins Adams exposes dangers of
patent medicines 1906--Pure Food and Drug Act
• requires manufacturers to list certain ingredients
• bans manufacture and sale of adulterated drugs
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Conserving the Land
First comprehensive national conservation policy• Roosevelt works with Gifford Pinchot, chief of
Forest Service
• policy defines “conservation” as wise use of natural resources
Quadruples acreage under federal protection
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National Parks and Forests
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Conserving the Land (2)
Roosevelt’s challenge• attacks “malefactors of great wealth”
• criticizes conservatism of federal courts
• agitates for pro-labor legislation
Popular response• business leaders blame for financial panic
• overwhelming majority support
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The Ordeal of William Howard Taft
Taft able administrator, poor president Conservative Republicans resurge Taft loses support of Progressives
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Party Insurgency
Tariff splits Republicans• Progressives: high tariff favors trusts
• Conservatives: high tariff protects business
1909 Payne-Aldrich Act provokes Progressives to break with Taft
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The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Gifford Pinchot leading conservationist, Roosevelt appointee
Pinchot accuses Interior Secretary Richard Ballinger of selling public lands to friends
Taft fires Pinchot Progressives antagonized
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Taft Alienates the Progressives
1910--Taft successfully pushes Mann-Elkins Act to strengthen ICC• empowers ICC to fix railroad rates
• Progressive Republicans attack Taft’s plan of a Commerce Court to hear ICC appeals
• progressives obstruct Taft’s negotiations
1910--Taft attacks Progressive Republicans, Democrats gain Congress
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Taft Alienates the Progressives (2)
Legislation protecting laborers Sixteenth Amendment creates income tax Taft a greater trustbuster than Roosevelt Taft, Roosevelt attack one another publicly 1912--Taft renominated by Republicans,
little chance for victory
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Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912
Roosevelt--Progressive ("Bull Moose") • “New Nationalism”
• federal regulation of economy
• wasteful competition replaced by efficiency
Woodrow Wilson--Democrat• "New Freedom" for individual
• restrain big business, government
Democrats win White House, Congress
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson former president of Princeton, governor of New Jersey
Progressive, intellectual, inspiring orator One of America's most effective
presidents
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The New Freedom in Action
1913--Underwood Tariff cuts duties 1913--Federal Reserve Act reforms
banks, establishes stable currency 1914--Clayton Antitrust Act outlaws
unfair trade practices, protects unions 1914--Federal Trade Commission
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New Freedom in Action: Retreating from Reform
November, 1914--Wilson announces the "New Freedom" has been achieved
It was “a time of healing because a time of just dealing”
Statement stuns many progressives
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Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism
Reasons for the move • distracted by the outbreak of war in Europe
• needs conservative Southern support
• Republicans seem to gain by attacking his programs
1916--Presidential election
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Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism (2)
Wilson renews reform in reelection bid• Federal Farm Loan Act
• intervenes in strikes on behalf of workers
• attempts to ban child labor
• increases income taxes on the rich
• supports women’s suffrage
Program wins Wilson a close election
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The Fruits of the Progressivism
Reform of government at all levels Intelligent planning of reform World War I ends Progressive optimism