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![Page 1: From Research to Practice: A Collaborative Approach to Prevention through Design John Gambatese School of Civil and Construction Engineering Oregon State.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d8e5503460f94a77b4c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From Research to Practice:A Collaborative Approach to Prevention
through Design
John GambateseSchool of Civil and Construction Engineering
Oregon State University
20th Annual Willis Construction Risk Management ConferencePlano, TX
September 16-17, 2014
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Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998
Safety Headline
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Safety Headline: Caring
Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 31, 1998
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Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998
Safety Headline: Taking action
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Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998
Safety Headline: Results
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Why do accidents (still) occur?
Source: Construction Industry Institute, “Making Zero Accidents a Reality,” EM160-21, 2006
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Safety Performance of Construction Industry
• Why do some companies perform better than others?
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012325 413 477 497 527 613 644 770 518 765 995 936 1,117 1,073 1,129 1,195 1,333 1,297 1,766 2,085 2,403 2,272 2,086 2,637
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
14.3 14.2
13.0 13.1 12.2 11.8
10.6 9.9 9.5
8.8 8.6 8.3 7.9 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.3 5.9
5.4 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.7
7.19
6.125.32
4.313.44
3.00 2.66 2.301.60 1.59 1.67
1.03 1.02 1.23 1.16 0.88 0.72 0.58 0.68 0.57 0.64 0.81 0.43 0.40
Industry*
CII
Year and Work-hours (MM)
Tota
l Rec
orda
ble
Incid
ence
Rat
e (T
RIR)
*OSHA Construction Division, NAICS 236-238 (SIC 15-17) Reflects OSHA reporting change
Source: Construction Industry Institute, Austin, TX, 2013
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Models of Accident Causation
Planning
Design
Construction
Inspection
Source:Reason, J., “Human Error: Models and Management.” British Medical Journal, Vol. 320, 768-770, March 2000
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Accident and Risk Pictures
Source:Hale, A., “Construction Safety Management: Do we know what works?” CIB W099 Construction Safety Conference, Lund, Sweden, June 2-3, 2014.
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System Failures
Active failures: Unsafe acts committed by people who are in direct contact with the system.
Latent failures: Inevitable “resident pathogens” within the system.
Source: Behm, M. and Powell, D. (2014). “Problem Solving: Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored?” ASSE Professional Safety, Feb. 2014, pp. 34-40.
“Risk reduction recommendations … are shifting slightly to include additional higher-order controls.”
However, the “results suggest that safety professionals may be stuck in an administrative control rut, fixated on identifying single causes close to the work operation.”
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Accident Influences
• Hierarchy of influences in construction accidents• Loughborough ConCA
Model
• Safety Culture• “The organizational
principles, norms, commitments, and values related to the operation of safety and health” (NORA 2008)
Hierarchy of influences in construction accidents
accident
work team workplace
materials equipment
actions behaviour capabilities
communication
layout/space lighting/noise hot/cold/wet local hazards
suitability usability condition
attitudes/motivations knowledge/skills
supervision health/fatigue
site constraints work scheduling housekeeping
design specification
supply/availability
Immediate Accident
Circumstances
Shaping Factors
permanent works design, project management, construction processes safety culture, risk management
client requirements, economic climate, construction education
Originating Influences
Shaping Factors
permanent works design, project management, construction processes safety culture, risk management
client requirements, economic climate, construction education
Originating Influences
Wo
rke
r Fa
cto
rs
Sit
e F
ac
tors
Material/ Equipment
Factors
Originating Influences(Client, industry, design, safety culture)
Shaping Factors(Project, worker)
Immediate Accident Circumstances
Sources:Gibb et al., Civil Engineering, ICE, London, 2006.
“National Construction Agenda for Occupational Safety and Health Research and Practice in the U.S. Construction Sector.” NORA Construction Sector Council.
Accident
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Designing a Safety Program
• How to further reduce the number of injuries and fatalities on projects?
• Suggestions from current research……
Source:Hagan, P.E., Montgomery, J.F., and O'Reilly, J.T. (2009). “Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry: Engineering & Technology.” Itasca, IL, National Safety Council.
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Designing a Safety Program
• A starting point……Hierarchy of Controls
Reliability of the Control
EliminationEliminate the hazard during design
SubstitutionSubstitute a less-hazardous material
or form during design
Engineering Controls“Design-in” engineering controls,
Incorporate warning systems
Administrative ControlsWell-designed work
methods & organization
PPEAvailable, effective,
easy to use
Prevention through Design (PtD)
Low
High
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Designing a Safety Program
• Balancing priorities• Axioms (self-evident truths that require no proof) of safety?
High
Low
Preliminary Design
Front-End Design
Startup
Infl
uen
ce
Maxim
um
re
turn
on
eff
ort
s
Maxim
um
resou
rce
deplo
ym
en
t
I nitiation
Engineering
I nfluence
Management of Change
Detailed Design
Costs
Res
ourc
es
Dep
loye
d
Construction
High
Low
Preliminary Design
Front-End Design
Startup
Infl
uen
ce
Maxim
um
re
turn
on
eff
ort
s
Maxim
um
resou
rce
deplo
ym
en
t
I nitiation
Engineering
I nfluence
Management of Change
Detailed Design
Costs
Res
ourc
es
Dep
loye
d
Construction
High
Low
Preliminary Design
Front-End Design
Startup
Infl
uen
ce
Maxim
um
re
turn
on
eff
ort
s
Maxim
um
resou
rce
deplo
ym
en
t
I nitiation
Engineering
I nfluence
Management of Change
Detailed Design
Costs
Res
ourc
es
Dep
loye
d
Construction
Source: Heinrich, H.W. (1931). “Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach”
(Graphic courtesy of Bechtel Corp.)
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Design of Constructor’s Safety Program
“Making Zero Accidents a Reality” – Safety Management Best Practices:
1. Demonstrated management commitment2. Staffing for safety3. Safety planning – pre-project/pre-task planning4. Safety training and education5. Worker involvement and participation6. Recognition and rewards (Caution!)7. Subcontractor management8. Accident/incident reporting and investigation9. Drug and alcohol testing
Source:Construction Industry Institute, “Safety Plus: Making Zero Accidents a Reality,” Research Summary 160-1
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A Focus on Workers: Situational Awareness (SA)
Sources:Artman, H. (2000). “Team Situation Assessment and Information Distribution.” Ergonomics, 43(8), 1111-
1128.Hallowell, M. (2013). “Human Factors Engineering: Situational Awareness and Signal Detection Theory.”
• A motivated, active, and continuous extraction of information from an environment and the ability to use knowledge to anticipate trajectories and act effectively (Artman 2000).
State of the environment
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Decision Actions
Feedback
Level I:Detection
Level II:Comprehension
Level III:Projection
Environmental awareness
Risk perception
Analysis under uncertainty
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“Addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work-related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” (www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/)
Prevention through Design (PtD) = “Safety Constructability”
Designer Involvement: “Prevention through Design”
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Why Prevention through Design (PtD)?
22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA related to design1
42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 related to design1
60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began2
63% of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to design decisions or lack of planning3
1 Behm, M., “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Constr. Safety Concept” (2005)2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions3 NSW WorkCover, CHAIR Safety in Design Tool, 2001
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Barriers to PtD Implementation
• No or minimal construction safety in designer education and training
• Competing priorities (e.g., safety vs. cost/schedule)
• Lack of knowledge of how to design for safety
• Unclear authority and responsibility for PtD
• Difficult for assess risks during design
• Contractual separation of design and construction
• Cost/time required to implement PtD
• Fear of increased liability
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Enablers of PtD Implementation
• A committed owner/client
• Positive safety culture
• Design engineer experience and training
• Construction and safety
• Integrated project delivery methods
• Design/construction visualization tools
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Source:Everett, J.G. and Slocum, A.H. (1994). “Automation and Robotics Opportunities: Construction versus Manufacturing.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 2, pp. 443-452.
• Integrated production system similar to manufacturing industry• Design of the process
coincident with design of the product
Design and Construction Integration
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What are the impacts of PtD on projects?
Survey of design and construction professionals in the UK:• Change as a result of implementing PtD (% of respondents)
Item DecreaseNo
Change Increase
Design cost (n=35) 6% 46% 49%
Construction cost (n=38) 34% 24% 42%
Design duration (n=37) 8% 57% 35%
Construction duration (n=39) 38% 44% 18%
Construction quality (n=39) 8% 28% 64%
Construction worker productivity (n=30)
13% 33% 53%
Construction worker health & safety (n=45)
4% 9% 87%
End-user health and safety (n=42) 5% 10% 86%Source: NIOSH PtD in the UK study, 2010
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• Bechtel’s steel design process
• PtD elements:• Temporary access platforms
• Lifting lugs
• Shop installed vertical brace ladders
• Bolt-on column ladders and work platforms
PtD Example – Steel Design
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Temporary ladder, platform, and safety line
Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.
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Modular Platforms
Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.
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Brace Lifting Clips and Rungs
Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.
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Photos courtesy of URS/Washington Division
PtD Example – Prefabrication and Modularization
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PtD as a National and International Initiative
• NIOSH PtD National Initiative• NORA Construction Sector Council CHPtD
Workgroup
• OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable
• ANSI/ASSE PtD Standard Z590.3-2011
• U.K.: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
• Singapore: Design for Safety Pledge, 2012
• Other EU countries, Australia, South Africa, and more
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PtD in Planning and Design
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Example PtD Program
The Haskell Co.: “Safety Alert System” (SAS)
• Designer safety education, training, awareness
• Safety reviews during design• All disciplines• Identify hazards• Incorporate safety suggestions into design
• Safety symbols on design drawings• Alert constructors to safety hazards• Include reference to related OSHA standards
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PtD Process – Detailed Design
Design Kickoff Design
Internal Review
Issue for Construction
External Review
Trade contractor involvement
• Establish design for safety expectations
• Include construction and operation perspective
• Identify design for safety process and tools
• QA/QC
• Cross-discipline review
• Focused safety review
• Owner review
Source: Hecker et al., 2005
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www.construction-institute.org
PtD Tools – Databases and Checklists
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www.safetyindesign.org
PtD Tools – Databases and Checklists
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www.dbp.org.uk
PtD Tools – Databases and Checklists
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PtD Tools – Visualization, 4D CAD, BIM
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PtD Tools – Design Risk Assessment
www.constructionsliderule.org
Which is safer to build? How much safer?
Steel-framed building
Concrete-framed building
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SliDeRulE Website
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SliDeRulE Website
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SliDeRulE Website
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Design Option Evaluation
Option Evaluation Sheet Intel D1D Programming
Option Title Subfab vs Basement Opion #1
Option Description D1B (Similar) Basement W/ 14' SubfabDescription of Issue:
Evaluation Criteria ScoreFSCS GOALS wt. worse better total Comments
5- *0 5+
C1 Dollars / Sq Ft 1 1 1 1 1 1 -5 11.9 M Impact to Base Build Cost
C2 Tool Install Cost 1 1 1 2 1.9 M Cost Savings
E1 Energy Conservation 1 1 -1 added building Volume
E2 Reduce Emissions 1 1 -1 More materials
S1 Support 2 Technology and 1 1 1 1 3 Move Available space
5 HVM Generations
S2 Maintain Existing Reliability and 1 1 1 More room for maintenance
Maintainability
S3 Improved Life Cycle Safety 1 1 1 2 Ergonomics - Cable Instalation
S4 Maximize Reuseability and 1 1 1 0 Small Benifet to Electrical
Fungibility Only adapts to Copy D1b
B FABS
D1 Overall Construction Duration 1 1 1 2 w eeks faster than POR ( Trench)
D2 Consructability 1 1 1 Better than Trench
D3 Tool Install Duration 1 1 1 2 More space available
5 Total Score
Comments:
Source: Intel Corporation, Lifecycle Safety Process
Multi-criteria Alternative Analysis Tools
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1. Hazard identification• What construction safety
hazards does the design create?
2. Risk assessment• What is the level of safety and
health risk associated with each hazard?
3. Design option identification and selection• What can be done to eliminate
or reduce the hazards?• Remember the hierarchy of
controls……
PtD Design Review
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PtD Design Review: Energy Mnemonics
• A condition or action that has the potential for an unplanned release of, or unwanted contact with, an energy source that may result in harm or injury to people, property, or the environment
Source:Fleming, M.A. (2009). “Hazard Recognition.” By Design, American Society of Safety Engineers.Construction Industry Institute, “Strategies for Improving Hazard Recognition,” Research Summary 293-1, July 2013.
“Follow the Energy”
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PtD Design Review: Guidewords
Dimensions• Size, weight, height, depth, shape, clearance
Actions/Interactions• Access, support, sequence, placement, connection,
human-machine interface
Position• Orientation, location
Surroundings• Perimeters, openings, surfaces (coatings), obstructions
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Dimensions: Size/Weight
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Dimensions: Height/Depth
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Dimensions: Shape
Source:“Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety,” National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America
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Actions/Interactions: Access
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Erector Friendly Column• Holes at 21” and 42” above
floor levels for guardrail cables
• Holes at high locations for fall protection tie-offs
• Column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floor
• Seats for beam connections
Source:“Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety,” National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America
Actions/Interactions: Connection
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Actions/Interactions: Machine-user Interface
Source: Construction Industry Institute, “Real-time Pro-active Safety in Construction,” safety training course
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Position: Ergonomics
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Surroundings: Perimeters
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Surroundings: Openings
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Surroundings: Coatings
• Non-isocyanate
• Low volatile organic compounds (VOC)
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Benefits of PtD
• PtD as a driver of innovation
Source: Culvenor, J. (2006). “Creating Transformational Change through Innovation in Risk Management Keynote Address: ‘Creating transformational change through innovation in risk management’.” Risk Management Research and Practice: An Educational Perspective, Welsh Risk Pool and University of Wales, Bangor, Trearddur Bay Hotel and Conference Centre, Holyhead, Anglesey, UK, March 30-31, 2006.
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Additional Motivation
• Sustainable development
Source: http://sustainablesafetyandhealth.org/scsh-overview/
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Safety and Owners
• Strong safety leadership and culture• Recognize business value of good safety performance• Procure based in part on safety performance
• Contractor and Designer
• Project delivery methods that integrate design and construction
• Safety in contracts• Construction and design contracts
• Promote PtD• Select design alternatives higher on the hierarchy of controls
• Participate in safety
Source:Toole, T.M. and Gambatese, J.A. (2014). “PtD Program Guidelines,” www.designforconstructionsafety.org.Construction Industry Institute, “The Owners’ Role in Construction Safety,” Research Summary 190-1, March
2003.
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www.designforconstructionsafety.org
More PtD info…
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Current and Future Research
• Precursor analysis to prevent low-frequency, high-impact events
• Impacts of degree of connectivity on construction worker safety
• Worker risk tolerance and behavior assessment
Graphic source: NASA Accident Precursor Analysis Handbook, NASA/SP-2011-3423
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Current and Future Research
• Safe and effective speed reductions for freeway work zones
• Connection between lean design/construction and construction worker safety
• Use and re-use of formwork: safety risks and reliability assessment
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From Research to Practice: A Collaborative Approach to Prevention through Design
• Thank you for your interest!
• Questions? Comments?
• For more information:• [email protected]