From Quarks The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius… to the Universenaumann/talks/CERN_LHC_Intro... ·...
Transcript of From Quarks The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius… to the Universenaumann/talks/CERN_LHC_Intro... ·...
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The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
From Quarksto the Universe:
Big Bang in the Lab
From Quarksto the Universe:
Big Bang in the Lab
Th. NaumannDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
DESY
Th. NaumannDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
DESY
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The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
UNOOSA acts in Outer Space and studiesthe largest - the Universe.
Particle physics studiesthe smallest - the building blocks of matter
repeating the Big Bang in the Lab.
We both aim for aunique picture of the world extending
from microcosm to macrocosm.
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The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
The World's biggest laboratoryfor particle physics research
near Geneva
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The LHC: Citius, Altius, Fortius…
James Gillies, Head, communication group, CERN
27 November 2006
Large Hadron Collider
LHC
hosts the largest experiment of mankind
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Lab UNO OSA Wien
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Protons circulate in opposite directions
100 m under
ground
LHC:27 kmaround
They are accelerated to 7 TeV and collide inside 4 experiments.
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One of the fastest racetracks on the planet
Several thousand billion protons travel at almost the speed of lightround the 27 km ring over 11 000 times a second.
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Emptier and colder than outer space:
With a temperature 1.9 K above zero,the LHC is colder than outer space.
The pressure in the LHC beam pipes isabout ten times lower than on the moon.
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The largest and most complex detectors ever built
… measure the tiny particles to highest precision.They record the signals from 100 million electronic channels
in up to a billion proton collisions every second.This produces up to one petabyte of raw data per second.
Cathedrals of ScienceCathedrals of Science
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CMS: heavier than the Eiffel tower
Cathedrals of ScienceCathedrals of Science
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One of the hottest places in the Galaxy…
When two beams of protons collide theygenerate temperatures more than a billion times
those in the very heart of the Sun.
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Around 10 000 scientists from all over the world
20 European Member Statesand around 60 other countries
collaborate in CERN's scientific projects.
LHC cost: 3 billion € , experiments cost: similarUS contribution to LHC project: 531 million US $
Flags of CERN’sMember States
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Methodology
Whythis machine ?
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Big Bangin the
Lab What isthe originof mass?
How didthe Big Bang
happen?
What is Dark Matter +Dark Energy?
Is Naturesuper-
symmetric?
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What isMass?
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MATTER MATTER FORCE FORCE
FERMIONSFERMIONS BOSONSBOSONS
The Building Blocks
QUARKS
LEPTONS
QUARKS
LEPTONS
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Matter and Mass
Why do particleshave masses?
Why are theyso different?
What is theOrigin of
Mass?
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The Higgs Boson
To understand how the Higgs works,
imagine that a crowded room is like space filled with the Higgs field.
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This increases his resistance to movement: he acquires mass -just like a particle moving through the Higgs field.
A celebrity walks in.As he moves across the room he attracts a cluster of admirers with each step.
The Higgs Boson
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A Higgs boson
is produced anddecays instantly
in the LHC:
H → Z* + ZZ* → e− + e+
Z → μ− + μ+
μ− μ+
e− e+
simulatedHiggs decay
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The
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
The
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
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Dark Matter
Not enough visible mass to holdrotating spiral galaxies together
Separation of dark and ordinary matterin two colliding galaxy clusters
Photos courtesy of NASA
Gravitationallenses
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The Cosmic Inventory
H + He gas4,1%Dark
Energy72%
HeavyElements
0,03%
Luminous Matter4,6%
Stars0,5%
Dark Matter23%
Supernovae acceleratedexpansion –What is Dark Energy:
• Einstein’s cosmological constant Λ ?• scalar (Higgs-like) field? • Quintessence ?
Motion in and of galaxies,gravitational lenses:• Save Newton's law by Dark Matter:• A hidden mirror world of
Weakly Interacting Massivesuper-symmetric Particlesmight form a halo of90% of galaxy matter.
The tip of the iceberg:
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electronelectron
selectronselectron
quarkquark
squarksquark
photonphoton
photinophotino
Fermion
Boson
Boson
Fermion
mirror worldunifies
bosons with fermionsforce with matter
Super-SymmetrySuper-Symmetry
Super -Symmetry Super -Symmetry
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Super-Symmetry
Is Dark Matter made ofSUSY particles?
undiscovered - must be heavy!
Standard particles SUSY particles
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SUSY breakingselectronselectron
electronelectron
SUSY:brokenSUSY:broken
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Is the World2-dimensional ...
3-dimensional ...
10-dimensional ?
Only our 4 dimensionsexpanded after the Big Bang.The other 6 stayed compact.
Elementary particles = excited strings ?
string radius:Planck length = 10-35 m- or within reach of LHC ?
Extra Dimensions
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Gextra
dimension
q
qe
e
γZ
Our space-time
Gextra
dimension
q
qe
e
γZ
Our space-timeq
qe
e
γZ
Our space-time
Gravitation might act in extra dimensions.If so, it may become strong at the LHC and create
Mini Black Holes:
Energy may escape into extra dimensions,or reaction rates may become large.
Extra Dimensions
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Mini Black Hole
decay in the
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LHC:uncover the
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
LHC:uncover the
Dark Sidesof the
Universe
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and shedlight on its
birth
and shedlight on its
birth