From Palestine to Israel

8/6/2019 From Palestine to Israel

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From Palestine to Israel:From Palestine to Israel: Al Al- - NakbaNakba and the Creation of Israeland the Creation of Israel


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From Palestine to IsraelFrom Palestine to Israel

Background: The Palestine MandateBackground: The Palestine Mandateand World War IIand World War II - - backgroundbackground

From Palestine to Israel: ThreeFrom Palestine to Israel: ThreePhasesPhases Aftermath or: creating a Jewish Aftermath or: creating a Jewish

Democratic StateDemocratic StateShort IDs: Plan D, Dayr Yassin, AlShort IDs: Plan D, Dayr Yassin, Al- -NakbaNakba


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Palestine at the End of the MandatePalestine at the End of the Mandate

Population: 2/3 are PalestinianPopulation: 2/3 are Palestinian- -Arabs ArabsLand Ownership: about 7% in Jewish handsLand Ownership: about 7% in Jewish hands

Arabs (Muslim Arabs (Muslim& Christians)& Christians)

JewsJews OtherOther

1,310,8661,310,866 599,922599,922 31,56231,562


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The significance of World War IIThe significance of World War II

for the Palestine Mandatefor the Palestine MandateThe Zionists strengthened their positionThe Zionists strengthened their positionpolitically, military, and economicallypolitically, military, and economically. .

The international environment changedThe international environment changeddramatically in the Zionists favordramatically in the Zionists favor. .


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The Zionists strengthened

themselves politicallyDespite immigration restrictions, theDespite immigration restrictions, theZionists had to support Britain against theZionists had to support Britain against the

Germans.Germans.Shifting of Zionist focus to the US andShifting of Zionist focus to the US and American Jews. American Jews. American Jews supported the Yishuv American Jews supported the Yishuvduring the war.during the war.


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themselves militarilyThe Jewish Agency reinforced theThe Jewish Agency reinforced theHaganah (f. 1920)Haganah (f. 1920)

Zionists joined the British army andZionists joined the British army andformed the Jewish Brigade, fighting informed the Jewish Brigade, fighting inNorth Africa.North Africa.Creation of Jewish militant organizations:Creation of Jewish militant organizations: The IrgunThe Irgun Lehi ( Stern gang )Lehi ( Stern gang )


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themselves economicallyThe most modern factories and industriesThe most modern factories and industriesin the Middle East were owned andin the Middle East were owned and

operated by Jewsoperated by Jews, and these only, and these onlyexpanded during the war.expanded during the war.The agricultural sector also fourished.The agricultural sector also fourished.


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The Weakness of PalestinianThe Weakness of Palestinian

SocietySocietyPolitical leadership imprisoned or exiledPolitical leadership imprisoned or exiledInternal political fragmentationInternal political fragmentation

Intervention by Arab statesIntervention by Arab statesLack of organized armed forcesLack of organized armed forcesEconomically: minor industrialization,Economically: minor industrialization,

impoverished peasantryimpoverished peasantry


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International DevelopmentsInternational DevelopmentsThe Nazi genocide had produced widespread sympathyThe Nazi genocide had produced widespread sympathyfor the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine.for the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine.British confinement of illegal Jewish immigrantsBritish confinement of illegal Jewish immigrantsembarrass Britain.embarrass Britain.The US pressured the British to ease immigrationThe US pressured the British to ease immigrationrestrictions.restrictions.The conflict between Britain and the Jewish authoritiesThe conflict between Britain and the Jewish authoritiesencouraged the Soviet Union to express its sympathy forencouraged the Soviet Union to express its sympathy for

Zionist objectives.Zionist objectives.The Palestinian Arabs, for their part, were nowThe Palestinian Arabs, for their part, were nowrepresented in the international arena by the Arab represented in the international arena by the Arab League.League.


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From Palestine to Israel: ThreeFrom Palestine to Israel: Three

PhasesPhases19451945- -1947: The Zionist war of terror1947: The Zionist war of terror(mainly) against the British(mainly) against the British

December 1947December 1947 May 1948:May 1948:Intercommunal war and the beginning of Intercommunal war and the beginning of the mass Palestinian exodusthe mass Palestinian exodusMay 1948May 1948 1949: War between Israel and1949: War between Israel andthe Arab statesthe Arab states


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UN Partition PlanUN Partition PlanResolution 181Resolution 181

Taken from Benny Morris,Righteous Victims, p. 185


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Plan DPlan D A military blueprint (Haganah) A military blueprint (Haganah)The objective of this plan is to gain control of the areas of theThe objective of this plan is to gain control of the areas of theHebrew state and defend its borders. It also aims at gaining controlHebrew state and defend its borders. It also aims at gaining controlof the areas of Jewish settlement and concentration which areof the areas of Jewish settlement and concentration which arelocated outside the borders [of the Hebrew state] against regular,located outside the borders [of the Hebrew state] against regular,semisemi- -regular, and small forces operating from bases outside orregular, and small forces operating from bases outside orinside the state....inside the state....Mounting operations against enemy population centers locatedMounting operations against enemy population centers locatedinside or near our defensive system in order to prevent them frominside or near our defensive system in order to prevent them frombeing used as bases by an active armed force. These operations canbeing used as bases by an active armed force. These operations canbe divided into the following categories:be divided into the following categories: Destruction of villages (setting fire to, blowing up, and planting mines inDestruction of villages (setting fire to, blowing up, and planting mines in

the debris), especially those population centers which are difficult tothe debris), especially those population centers which are difficult tocontrol continuously.control continuously.

Mounting search and control operations according to the followingMounting search and control operations according to the followingguidelines: encirclement of the village and conducting a search inside it.guidelines: encirclement of the village and conducting a search inside it.In the event of resistance, the armed force must be destroyed and theIn the event of resistance, the armed force must be destroyed and thepopulation must be expelled outside the borders of the state.population must be expelled outside the borders of the state.


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Dayr Yassin MassacreDayr Yassin Massacre

April 9, 1948 April 9, 1948


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Palestinian military operationsPalestinian military operations

Defense of villagesDefense of villages and cities (Jaffa s defense byand cities (Jaffa s defense byHasan Salmah)Hasan Salmah)

Attempts to capture main roads (temporary Attempts to capture main roads (temporary

blockage of the road to Jerusalem by Abd alblockage of the road to Jerusalem by Abd al- - Qadir alQadir al- -Husseini) and attack isolated JewishHusseini) and attack isolated Jewishsettlementssettlements

Arab Army of Salvation, sponsored by the Arab Arab Army of Salvation, sponsored by the Arab

LeagueLeagueSporadic retaliation (the Hadassah convoy as aSporadic retaliation (the Hadassah convoy as aretaliation for the Dayr Yassin massacre)retaliation for the Dayr Yassin massacre)


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1949 Armistice1949 Armistice


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Al Al- -Nakba ( The Disaster )Nakba ( The Disaster )

The uprooting of the Palestinian people in 1948The uprooting of the Palestinian people in 1948is known asis known as alal- -NakbaNakbaCoined by Constantine ZureiqCoined by Constantine ZureiqResults on the ground:Results on the ground: ~700,000 (formerly 90% of the population of ~700,000 (formerly 90% of the population of

Mandatory Palestine that became Israel) becameMandatory Palestine that became Israel) becamerefugeesrefugees

531 villages and towns depopulated531 villages and towns depopulated Only 160,000 Palestinians were allowed to stay; livedOnly 160,000 Palestinians were allowed to stay; lived

under military rule until 1966under military rule until 1966


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Al Nakba Al Nakba


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UN General Assembly resolutionUN General Assembly resolution

194 (December 11, 1948)194 (December 11, 1948) The refugees wishing to return to their homes The refugees wishing to return to their homesand live at peace with their neighbours shouldand live at peace with their neighbours shouldbe permitted to do so at the earliest practicablebe permitted to do so at the earliest practicabledate, and that compensation should be paid fordate, and that compensation should be paid forthe property of those choosing not to return andthe property of those choosing not to return andfor loss of or damage to property which, underfor loss of or damage to property which, underprinciples of international law or in equity,principles of international law or in equity,should be made good by the Governments orshould be made good by the Governments orauthorities responsible.authorities responsible.


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The Palestinians after 1948The Palestinians after 1948

Israeli Arabs Israeli Arabs remained in Israel andremained in Israel andacquired Israeli citizenship. Under militaryacquired Israeli citizenship. Under militaryrule until 1966rule until 1966

Arab controlled Palestine (until 1967): the Arab controlled Palestine (until 1967): theWest Bank and the Gaza stripWest Bank and the Gaza stripPalestinian refugees (Lebanon, Syria,Palestinian refugees (Lebanon, Syria,Jordan) and diasporasJordan) and diasporas


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The Exodus of the Arab The Exodus of the Arab- -JewsJews

( Mizrahim )( Mizrahim )~1,000,000 Jews lived in Muslim countries~1,000,000 Jews lived in Muslim countriesof the Middle East prior to 1948of the Middle East prior to 1948856,000 left their homes in Arab states856,000 left their homes in Arab states600,000 migrated to Israel600,000 migrated to IsraelUpon arrival, most sent to interim camps,Upon arrival, most sent to interim camps,then to remote settlements andthen to remote settlements anddevelopment townsdevelopment townsMizrahimMizrahim consist ~50% of the Israeliconsist ~50% of the Israelipopulationpopulation


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Interim camps ( ma abarot )Interim camps ( ma abarot )

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