From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes –...
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![Page 1: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From Gene to Protein
![Page 2: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular
functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton, muscle fibers etc.) Materials transport (hemoglobin carries oxygen,
carrier proteins or channels in cell membranes etc.)
Hormones or signals (insulin etc.) Pigments provide colors (chlorophyll, melanin) Immune function (antibodies)
![Page 3: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Protein Structure Sequence of amino
acids Only 20 possibilities
The sequence is determined by genes (DNA)
Different proteins have different sequences and thus fold into very different 3-d shapes
![Page 4: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
From Gene to Protein DNA is transcribed
into RNA in the nucleus
RNA carries the code to ribosomes where the code is translated into a protein (polypeptide)
![Page 5: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Where Ribosomes Are
Either in the cytosol (fluid of the cell) Makes proteins for inside the cell
Or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum Makes proteins to be shipped
![Page 6: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ribosomes in the Rough ER
Make proteins which then get wrapped in a membrane made by the ER
Known as a vesicle
Can be transported andkept separate from thecytosol
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The Function of the Golgi
Vesicles from the ER usually go to the Golgi
Can be modified, tagged, sorted and shipped to a new location
![Page 8: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Final Destination Vesicle can take protein to any
organelle or can form new organelle like a lysosome or vacuole
Can take protein to a membrane (organelle or plasma membrane)
Can expel protein outside of cell (i.e. into blood stream)
![Page 9: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chloroplast and Mitochondria Are thought to have once been free-living bacteria
Somehow got taken in by a cell and began living with it, eventually becoming a part of
Called endosymbiosis
So they make someof their ownproteins
Most genes haverelocated to nucleus
![Page 11: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Evidence for Endosymbiosis
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar size to most bacteria
Contain their own DNA which has a similar structure to bacterial DNA
Contain their own ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes
Reproduce similarly to bacteria
![Page 12: From Gene to Protein. Proteins Review Accomplish most of the major cellular functions Enzymes – catalyze reaction Structural fibers (cytoskeleton,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ce45503460f949b0422/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Main Point
Genes code for traits by coding for proteins which have functions throughout the cell
Proteins go to different organelles and accomplish most functions of the cell
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Cell Animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKW4F0Nu-UY
Way more in depth- made for Med School students – but helps visualize dynamic nature of cell and see some major organelles/activities
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R.A.F.T. Assignment - Individual Role: Functional protein
Audience: A newly made protein either in an organelle or in the blood
Format: A written method of your choice (story, poem, song, cartoon etc.)
Topic: “The Talk” – telling the protein where it came from and how it got there.