FROM ENERGY CONSUMPTION TO INTEGRATED

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT:Comparative appraisal at neighbourhood-scale in the 1960s and 70s

public housing stock in Berlin, Santiago, Ulaanbaatar and Hanoi!

Breaking the Rules! Energy Transitions as Social Innovations International Conference.

June 14th, 2018

M. Arch. Renato D'AlençonP. Universidad Católica de Chile

Dr. Olivia KummelILS Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung gGmbH

Stephanie GeertmanIndependent Scholar affiliated with NUCE, Hanoi

3

01CONTENTS

This Slide

02INTRODUCTION

Energy and Urban

Integration

03OUR RESEARCH

What we are doing

04CONTEXT

To understand

differences.

05CASE STUDIES

Four cases with a

common past

07ULANBAATAAR

The role of urban

community in planning

08HANOI

Challenges in

reduction of energy

consumption.

09SANTIAGO

An energy revolution /

any urban change?

06BERLIN

Energy challenges and

industrialized housing

.

10CONCLUSION

.

| ContentsWHAT WE WILL SEE TODAY.

INTRODUCTIONENERGY AND URBANZATION / COMPLEXITY AND ADOPTION

5| IntroductionENERGY AND URBAN INTEGRATION

Energyconsumption

Energyefficiency

Urban development

redevelopment/refurbishment

post-socialist cities

n

Villa San Luis, an historic icon of the struggle of social models in the Santiago

OUR RESEARCHWHAT WE ARE DOING

FROM ENERGY CONSUMPTION TO INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

7

“ energy consumption and the urban redevelopment / refurbishment of public housing in a local specific context

”

| Our ResearchWHAT WE ARE DOING

Main Research Question: Could a comparative appraisal at neighborhood-scale in the 1960s and 70s public housing stock of Berlin, Santiago, Ulaanbaatar and Hanoi provide insights on climate-neutral approaches of energy use in cities, and although originallydeveloped in the socialist estates could these insightsinform innovative approaches towards energy reductionfor the support of more sustainable cities today?

9| Our ResearchWHAT WE ARE DOING

✓ Sub-Questions:

- What is the current role and potential of the 1960s and70s housing stock in supporting an energy efficient andsustainable urban development in each city?

- How do these cities perform to implement their specificgoals, policies and regulations related to on-goingchanges in energy and environment?

- How are urban actors involved at the scale of theneighborhood in each city?

- How do citizens and policymakers deal with the existingurban structure in each city?

10| Categories of AnalysisHOW WE EVALUATE THE CASES OF STUDY.

nUrbanization

public agendas on

environmental and urban

sustainable development

are stressed by a complex

array of ongoing

environmental problems

that have been tackled yet

not solved, and new,

growing problems

Climate Change

There is an increasing

concern for climate change

adaption and mitigation,

environmental degradation,

natural and man-made

hazards and risk

management, and the role

urban development has on

all of them

Energy Transition

Although changes in energy

production and

consumption are allegedly

main drivers in the current

environmental scenario,

seldom are energy

consumption and urban

development considered in

an integrated approach

Housing Stock

We focus on energy

transition and the

redevelopment /

refurbishment of public

housing in four post-

socialist cities, studying

1960s and 70s housing stock

in Berlin, Santiago,

Ulaanbaatar and Hanoi

Neighbourhood

A multi-variable integrated

comparative at

neighbourhood scale.

Understanding the scale of

the neighborhood will

enable to simultaneously

address the urban and the

built stock scales.

CONTEXTTO UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCES

SECTION BREAK NUMBER 03

13| EconomyGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GDP PER CAPITA (in current USD)

14

ENERGY USE BY COUNTRY

| Energy

ENERGY USE (kWh) per CAPITA Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) via The World Bank. OurWorldInData.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources/ • CC BY-SA

ENERGY USE (kg of oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP

15| EnvironmentECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT (the biologically productive area needed to provide for everything people use).

Ecological Footprint(the biologically productive area needed to provide for everything people use).

CO2 Emissions per Capita (in metric tons per capita).

CASE STUDIESFOUR CASES WITH A COMMON PAST

SECTION BREAK NUMBER 03

17

Chile

Chile suffered ad a bloody coup to end socialist government of Pres. Allende, and after the dictatorship in 1989 began a transition back to democracy under an market liberal model

Vietnam

Vietnam was unified under a Communist government but remained impoverished and politically isolated. In 1986, it initiated a series of economic and political reforms towards integration into the world economy.

Mongolia

Mongolia is the 18th largest and the most sparsely populated country in the world, with a population of around 3 million people, 30% of them nomadic or semi-nomadic

Germany

Ranked 4th in the Human Development Index (UNDP) Germany is seen as a leader of the EU, yet it struggles with energy transition and dependence and the East –West integration

| Case StudiesCHILE / GERMANY / MONGOLIA / VIETNAM

Mediterranean (Csa, Csb) and Temperate oceanic /Cfb)

Humid co-n tinental (Dfb) and Oceanic (Cfb)

Humid Sub tropical (Cwa) and TropicaSavanna (Caw)

Cool con-tinental (Dwb) and cold semi ard (Bsk)

BERLIN ENERGY CHALLENGES AND INDUSTRIALIZED HOUSING

CASE STUDY

19| Case - BerlinChallenges for Energy reduction.

Challenges Energy Reduction - GER & Berlin

(Picture/graph sources: mago/imagebroker on rbb24.de, 8 June 2018; Reussig, Hirschl, Lass 2014, 8)

20| Case - BerlinChallenges for Energy reduction.

Urban Design and

Planning in Berlin

(Picture source: Temporäre Kunstpromenade Marzahn, 8 June 2018)

21| Case - BerlinChallenges for Energy reduction.

The role of the urban

community in urban

planning processes

(Picture source: Strunk in SenStadt 2016, 18)

ULAANBAATAR THE ROLE OF THE URBAN COMMUNITY IN PLANNING

CASE STUDY

23| Case - UlaanbaatarChallenges for Energy reduction.

Challenges Energy

Reduction - Mongolia

& Ulaanbaatar:

Picture: Olivia Kummel, 2014

24| Case - UlaanbaatarChallenges for Energy reduction.

Urban Design and Planning in UB

Uses of buildings in Duchin Myangat in 2014. Drawing: E. Purev-Erdene

25| Case - UlaanbaatarChallenges for Energy reduction.

The role of the urban

community in urban

planning processes

(Picture source: Partnership for Transparency, 8 June 2018)

HANOI CHALLENGES IN REDUCTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

CASE STUDY

27| Case - HanoiChallenges for Energy reduction.

Challenges Energy Reduction - Vietnam & Hanoi:

- Vietnam is among the countries experiencing a very rapid economic growth (3,4% per year) and is among the countries most affected by climate change (5th on the climate risk index), this poses challenges to the country’s urbanization process;

-14,927 persons were killed in floods in 15 Vietnam between 1989 and 2015 or at least 553 deaths and missing per year (Luu et. al. 2017)

-Momentarily Hanoi also ranks among the highest air polluted cities in the world. In the region of Asia, Hanoi is listed number 12 on the pollution index, the city Hanoi had only 38 days of clean air in 2017.

29| Case - HanoiHanoi Energy Reduction Initiatives & Urban Growth

Hanoi Energy Reduction Initiatives

& Urban Growth

- To support the development of a more sustainable Hanoi, the recent Hanoi Master Plan (2020-2030) consists of a strategic spatial plan with at its core the development of a Green corridor covering 60% of the total area of the city, leaving 40% for urbanization;

- On the city level of the capital of Vietnam, the Hanoi People's Committee launched in March 2018 its Energy Efficiency and Conservation plan;

- Hanoi's energy saving in 2018 is expected to be between 2% and 3% less energy consumption in comparison with the forecasted demand

Hanoi Green Corridor

30| Case - HanoiPublic Housing Stock Hanoi – 1960-1980s

Hanoi Public Housing Stock & Potentials for

Urban Sustainability including energy

reduction

- Hanoi is characterized by a high percentage of participation in construction the city: during the 1990s 70% of housing in Hanoi was build by people themselves (Geertman 2007);

- Participation by residents in the public housing stock is high due to the heritage of collective living principles in these areas;

- Public housing estates in Hanoi have become centers for sustainable behaviors/uses for example: communal growth of food (gardens), separating waste, many markets for re-using products, some estates became recycle centers;

- The Vietnamese government does not (yet) perceive this housing stock as a potential example for sustainable growth

Example of Hanoi Kim Lien Public Housing Estate

SANTIAGO AN ENERGY REVOLUTION - ANY URBAN CHANGE?

CASE STUDY

32

In the last years, there has been an spectacular change in the energy matrix towards Non Conventional Renewable Energies, particularlyPVs and Eolic. Is there any parallel or repercussion of this change in the city or the Urban development?

| Energy Transition in the Energy Generation MatrixPhotovoltaic Development in the Atacama Desert.

Recenlty Built PV Parks, close to Diego de Almagro, Atacama Region

Solar Potential in South America in kWh/m2 daySource: UNEP

Finis Terrae Photovoltaic Park , 160 MW, in the Antofagasta Region

Energy Transition in the Energy Generation Matrix

33| Urban Growth and PlanningTHE METROPOLITAN AREA OF SANTIAGO.

Fragmented City / Fragmented Planning

- 37 Municipal Governments exist within the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, with independent decision-making and budget without an effective city-wide Government

- Clear socio-economic differences between Municipalities, reflected in strong socio-spatial segregation, consistent across any indicator (see map).

- Urban growth organized around transportation roadways (highways, subway lines), a city modelled after the car.

- Weak planning instruments and poor coordination among the different sectors (Ministries of Housing and Urbanism, Public Works, Environment Protection, Culture)

Socio-economic groups and Green Areas Typologies in the Metropolitan Areaof Santiago. Source: Observatorios de Ciudades UC, OCUC

o

oVilla San Luis

Villa Mexico

Macul Ravine

34

o

oVilla San Luis

Villa Mexico

Flooding events have been occurring related to changes in the rain events in the mountains whererain replaces snow due to an increase of max and min temperatures in approximately 1 to 2ºC

| Case - SantiagoClimate Change related Macul Ravine Flooding 1991

Macul Ravine Flood in 1991 Santiago. Picture: Video still Televisión Nacional de Chile TVN

Macul Ravine

Socio-economic groups and Green Areas Typologies in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago.

Map

sU

C, O

CU

C

37| ConclusionChallenges for Energy reduction.

Potentials for:

• linkage between urban design and energy efficiency through concrete planning and measures

• local adaption of the socialist planning paradigm to climate and culture

• adaption of local habits of energy consumption

• awareness raising to energy efficiency in comparison to different climate zones

38

✓ BerlinAmt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (2014) Kernindikatoren zur nachhaltigen

Entwicklung Berlins. 2. Datenbericht. PotsdamHagemeister, Ulike; Haller, Christoph (2009) Bürgermitwirkung im

Stadtumbau. In: Altrock, Uwe et al. (eds) Jahrbuch Stadterneuerung 2009:Schwerpunkt Megacities und Stadterneuerung. Universitätsverlag der TUBerlin, Berlin. pp 261-277

Reussig, Fritz; Hirschl, Berlin; Lass, Wiebke (2014) Climate-Neutral Berlin2050: Results of a feasibility study. Senate Department for UrbanDevelopment and the Environment. Berlin

✓ UlanbaataarD’Alençon, Renato; Kummel, Olivia; Ershuu, Purev-Erdene (2016) Social

Development and Space Patterns in Ger Settlements. In: Inner Asia. Vol.18 (2), 223-244. doi: 10.1163/22105018-12340066

Gotov, Narangerel (2013) Development Plan of Ulaanbaatar City.Unpublished power point presentation for the Urban Forum II. 27thSeptember. Ulaanbaatar

Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB) Master Planning Agency (2013):Adjustment of the Masterplan for developing Ulaanbaatar city until 2020,Development orientation of 2030. Unpublished Power Point Presentation,22nd May

Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim; Kummel, Olivia; et. al (2014): Exposure toWASH-borne hazards: A scoping study on peri-urban Ger areas inUlaanbaatar, Mongolia. In: Habitat International. Vol. 44, 403−411

| References.

✓ HanoiGeertman, S. & Kim, B. (Forthcoming). “Hanoi: A study of informally developed

housing and its role in the political arena of a post-reform communist city,”in Informal Urbanization, edited by R. Rocco & J. Balengooyen. Routledge.

Le Quang Binh, Doan Thi Ha, Nguyen Thi Thu Nam, Mai Thanh Tu. (2015).Report on movements to protect # 6700 trees in Hanoi. Hanoi, VietnamLawyers Association, Hong Duc Publisher.

The Diplomat. (2016). “Vietnams growing environmental activism,” retrievedonline 30 May 2017: URL: https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/vietnams-growing-environmental-activism/

UN-Habitat. (2014b). Vietnam Housing Sector Profile. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.

✓ SantiagoDohnke, J., Heinrichs, D., Kabisch, S., Krellenberg, K., Welz, J. (2015): Achieving a

socio-spatial mix? Prospects and limitations of social housing policy inSantiago de Chile Housing Studies 30 (6), 839 – 857.

Climate Adaptation Santiago (CAS). http://www.ufz.de/climate-adaptation-santiago/

Raineri, Ricardo (2016) Transición Energética En Chile: Una Verdad Incómoda.Clapes UC

Vergara, Verónica and Deín Portela (2009) Villa México: Historia y Memoria.Santiago: Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Programa de Recuperación deBarrios.

THANKS!AND FEEL FREE TO KEEP IN TOUCH

M. Arch. Renato D'AlençonP. Universidad Católica de Chile

El Comendador 1916, 7520245 Providencia Santiago CHILE

+56.2.2354-5613

dalencon@uc.cl

Dr. Olivia KummelILS Institut für Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung gGmbH

Brüderweg 22-24, 44135

Postfach / P.O.Box 101764, 44017 Dortmund, GERMANY

+49.231. 9051-250

Olivia.Kummel@ils-forschung.de

Stephanie GeertmanIndependent Scholar

affiliated with NUCE, Hanoi

geertman.stephanie@gmail.com