Spiral Galaxy M81

Introduction to AstronomyFrom Darkness to Blazing Glory

Jeff Scott

JAS EP

Homework DVD

This is a spiral galaxy. There are billions of this type in the Universe. The cloudy areas are a mix of gas, dust and stars. The center has a black hole as well as millions upon millions of closely packed stars systems.

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This DVD contains :

•Your semester’s homework assignments.

•Your generic homework sheet.

•The textbook glossary.

•Website suggestions.

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Earthrise photo taken by an Apollo Astronaut. On the Moon.

Comet Tempel 1

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A special thank you to NASA, NOAA and USGS for the images, photographs and diagrams.

Credit: NASA, H.Ford (JHU), G. Illingsworth (USCC?LO), Mclampin (STScl), G.HARtwig (STScl), the ACS Science Team and ESA

This DVD provides instruction for student homework assignments.

Each chapter has its own assignments. The teacher will assign due dates. You may use the generic homework page at the end of the DVD by printing out a copy.

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Cone Nebula (NG2264)

The picture on the right is of a nebula. It is a cloud in space made of dust and gas. These clouds can be enormous.

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Table Of Contents

Reports Pg. 7

Chapter 1 Astronomy Basics Pg. 8

Chapter 2 Time Pg. 10

Chapter 3 Solar System Overview Pg. 13

Chapter 4 Our Sun Pg. 15

Chapter 5 Terrestrial Planets Pg. 17

Chapter 6 Outer and Exoplanets Pg. 29

Chapter 7 The Moons Pg. 37

Chapter 8 Rocks N’ Ice Pg. 43

Chapter 9 The Stars Pg. 49

Chapter 10 Galaxies Pg. 10

Chapter 11 The Universe Pg. 60

Stephan’s Quintet Galaxy Grouping

Each galaxy contains many billions of stars. The galaxies in the center and upper right are barred spiral galaxies. The one in the upper left is a spiral galaxy while the one in the lower left is an elliptical galaxy. Notice the colors. Yellow – gold galaxies would be older with less energy.

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Chapter 13 Early space Exploration

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Chapter 14 Soviet Space Exp. 1959-

Pg. 65

Chapter 15 American Space Exp.

1959- Pg. 67

Chapter 16 Space Exp. 1979 - 2009

Pg. 68

Chapter 17 SETI Pg. 73

Chapter 18 The Night Sky Pg. 75

Glossary

Have you ever seen shuttles launch? The ground shakes and the noise can heard for many miles. The Americans launch most of their rockets at Cape Canaveral, Florida. From here the first astronauts went into space as well as the Apollo astronauts who went to the Moon.

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Chapter 12 History of Rocketry

Pg.62

Do all the work shown in red lettering. You can either complete the work on a Introduction to Astronomy worksheet (which you can print out and located at the end of the CD, or you can use your own paper, unless the teacher has other instructions.

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Report MenuOuter Planets Report

(Comparing and Contrasting Outer Planets)

Universe Report(Intelligent Design Versus The Big Bang)

Mercury, Gemini or Apollo Report(Manned Space Exploration the 1960s and

early 70’s)

SETI Report(Aspects of the SETI World)

Rocket Report(Comparing American and Russian Rockets)

Telescopes Report(Types of Telescopes in History)

Each report is have the following requirements:

Title, Name, Class and Date

750 words minimum

At least two diagrams

MLA ( Or teacher instructed)

format.

A bibliography

No more than 10% of the text in

quotations.

Your teacher may have additional requirements. The quantity of the reports to complete is up to the teacher.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Astronomy

Define:ExoplanetsAstrologersRenaissancePtolemy’s TheoryHeliocentric SystemSuper NovaTaikonauts

Hubble picture of interacting galaxies: apr 194

Observation: Write down and turn in four observations about this picture.

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This is a planetary nebula. It is a dying star casting off its atmospheric layers.

Observation:What does the shape and color remind you of? Is this a three dimensional object?What is probably in the middle?Write down your answers and turn them in.

Option:Cut and paste this address and study this planetary nebula in depth http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/NVA2~8~8~12308~112849:Hubble-Probes-the-Complex-History-o

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Chapter 2Time

Terms to Define:OrbitRotationMoonthsYearDayEquatorMoondayVernal Equinox

This is the Hubble telescope. It explores the past. How?

How is looking out in to space, exploring the past? Write your opinion. Minimum 50 words.

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Time is relative to speeds, locations and distances. A measuring constant astronomers use is the speed of light in a vacuum such as space. But some scientists are beginning to wonder… What if light changes speed in vacuums?

When travelling close to light speed, the vision of the star field distorts and turns shades of blue. Also time will slow on board the ship relative to the pace of time outside it.

When something is moving away from you at a very great rate of speed, the color will shift to red.

These blue and red shifting are called Doppler Shifts. It is a way of detecting if something is moving towards or away from you rapidly.

Credit NASA Glenn Research Center

The Universe has a red tinge to it. What does that mean? Minimum 25 words.

Credit NASA

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Observation:You see two objects that travel around the Sun. Mercury orbits the Sun once every 88 earth days. Venus completes one orbit in 225 earth days. How long is a year for each planet? Why are they different?

Venus

What does this mean about our years and years in general?What if there are no orbiting objects around, would there be years?Why or why not?Write down your answers in essay form.

Mercury

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Chapter 3Solar System Overview

Define:Plane of the EclipticHeliosphereKuiper BeltOort CloudHeliopauseBow ShockTerrestrial PlanetsTrans – Neptunian Plutoid

Observation:Looking at the two Voyager probes, and the way the artist has made this picture, what do you think these probes will encounter when they pass the heliopause? Minimum 25 words.

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Observation:This is an artist’scomparison of the Epsilon Star System and ours.Write down the commonalities and differences?Minimum 4 each.

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Chapter 4Our Sun

Terms to DefineSection 1PlasmaFusionPhotonSunspotsSolar FlaresSpirculesInfrared Red RaysRadiation Zone

Terms to Define Section 2Granules Solar WindsProminencesChromosphereConvection ZoneTransition ZonePhotosphere

Observation: Looking at the diagram, where would the greatest temperatures and pressures be? Why? Minimum 25 words.

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ObservationThese are all pictures of the same sun… Our Sun.From your observations, why do you think scientists would take pictures of the Sun with different lenses and techniques?

Write your opinions. Minimum 25 words.

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Chapter 5The Terrestrial Planets

Mercury/VenusDefine:AtmosphereElliptical OrbitSilicatesMoleculesPlanet

Earth Section 1 Planet EarthDefine:LithosphereIgneous RockCrustMineralsCoreFossilsCalcium CarbonateAthenosphere

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Observations: Write down five (one each object) observations concerning these celestial bodies.

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A view of the Pacific Ocean from the International Space Station, at sunset. Notice the height of some clouds. The big one is a cumulonimbus thunder head.

Definitions: Coriolis, Wind Erosion, Salinity, DownwellingUpwelling, Tides, Amphidromic PointThermohaline Circulation

Earth Section2Fire and Water

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Earth Section 3 The LandDefine:Plate TectonicsContinentsMagmaEarthquakesTrenchesFissuresLavaVolcanic Activity

Looking at these two images, what differences in eruptions can you detect? Minimum 50 words.

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Earth Section 4 The WeatherDefineHurricanesEye WallEyeBlizzardsTornadoFloodingTropical DepressionFunnel CloudsAvalanche

A view of a hurricane from space. Credit NASAObservations: Write down five

observations you have made of the storm.

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Credit NASA, GSFC

To the right is a diagram showing the process of the production of

precipitation. Notice the ground temperature. Also notice how high the water vapor rises.Write out the process in you own words as if you are a water molecule.Minimum 50 words.

Earth Section 5 Our Air and Space ShieldDefine:Aurora BorealisIonosphereDynamo EffectOzone LayerMagnetic Field

A view of an aurora borealis from space

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You see that an aurora borealis can occur on Saturn as well as Earth. What else can you see, concerning this event, that they have in common?

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In your own words, describe the atmosphere that is between you and space. Describe its: support of life, protections and its flexibility of stopping space objects yet allowing air travel.Minimum 50 words.

Have you ever thought of what is between you and the dangers of space? Just thin gasses!It allows bullets to go through it, yet stops dangerous cosmic rays and mid sized asteroids and comets.

MarsDefineAsteroid BeltAreologyMicrobesOrographic Clouds

Looking down at the Martian North Pole of Mars

Write down five observations concerning this picture.

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These are pictures of the famous: “Face on Mars”. The above picture was taken by Viking probe in the 1970s. The picture to the right was taken by another probe in 2001. Hmmm… Why do they look so different? Write down your best guesses. Minimum 25 words.

Hint: “I need eye shadow!”

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An ancient flood plain on Mars.

Microscopic rock evidence of water

ObservationsLooking at the land and sky, what are the commonalities and differences are the between an Earth desert and Martian terrain?

Why do the scientists have such a strong interest in finding water on Mars? Write down your opinion. Minimum 25 words.

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Panorama of hills on Mars.

Write down five observations you have derived from the pictures to the left and below.

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Observation: These are the four terrestrialplanets. List at least four commonalities and differences that you can observe.

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Chapter 6The Gas and Exoplanets

Jupiter and SaturnDefine:Bow ShockThe Great Red SpotJovian DaysRingsCassini Division

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0703/jupiterAnim_salway.jpg&imgrefurl=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070329.html&usg=__5wYTHTFrd9_tsyDETrPR5ygU4l4=&h=425&w=484&sz=46&hl=en&start=4&itbs=1&tbnid=0pNZ-02EE6rURM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djupiter%2Bimages%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1

Want to see how Jupiter spins? Cut and paste the address below.

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The moon Ganymede behind Jupiter

Observation:Write downfive things you can observe about Jupiter.

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Saturn and its rings.

Observation:Note five things you observe about this planet and its rings.

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Uranus

Neptune

Neptune / UranusDefineObscureRotational Axis

Observations:1) List three observations of

Neptune.2) List three observations of

Uranus.

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Dwarf PlanetsDefineTrans NeptunianPlutoidsPlanetoidsInclined PlaneKuiper BeltPlane of the Ecliptic

Pluto

CeresObservations:List three commonalities and three differences between the two objects.

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“Dwarf planet”, is a new category. They are smaller than planets yet just as interesting.

Observations:What three things can you find that all these objects have in common?Then list a two aspects for each object.

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Observations:How many of these objects have moons?(Excluding Earth)List out four commonalities and then write down a unique aspect for each dwarf planet.

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ExoplanetsDefine:Extra Solar PlanetsMicro LensingAstrometryRadial VelocityDoppler MethodEclipsing BinariesSuper Earth

Artists interpretation of a hot-jupiter exoplanet.

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In this example, we can detect the planet by silhouette or less starlight as it passes between us and the star. Both techniques need computer technology to detect the minute variances.

Shadow of the planet

Exoplanet

Lights and shadows

Earth

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Chapter 7The Moons

Define:InclinationWalled PlainsRetrograde OrbitLunar EclipseRegolithPrograde OrbitTidal EffectCraterletsMare

The Moon has been hit many times. Each crater is a scar from an impact. Notice there are smaller craters inside or even on the sides of bigger ones.

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Observation:A lovely day on Io. Why does the surface look like that? Can you guess? Write down four observations.

A plume from a volcaniceruption on Io. Below, a picturetaken by a Voyager spacecraft ofan active volcano.

This is a photo of Saturn’s moons Titan and Tethys, taken by the Cassini probe. Notice how fuzzy it is?

Observation:Write down five observations you can see when looking at these

moons.

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Click and you will hear actual wind sounds from the moon Titan recorded by the Huygens space probe.

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The Huygens / Titan space probe took these pictures. To the right is a picture it took when it landed. The one taken below was from an altitude of nearly five miles. Write down five observations.

Mimas with a large impact crater.

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On the previous slide, you will notice Tethys has the same type of crater only more shallow.

Should a moon that is mostly ice still be a moon or captured comet? Your opinion. Be sure to write your reasons why or why not.

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Observations:What can you observe about the moon Europa? Write five observations.

What do you think thebrown areas, the lines and the whiteareas are? Write downwhat you think.

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Chapter 8 Rocks N’ Ice

Define: ChondriteShooting StarsApophisKeyhole EffectKometesNucleusComaGiottoOort CloudLulin

What if this happened? Is that possible? Why or why not? Minimum 50 words.

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Comet : Tempel

Comet: Wild 2

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Define:MeteorMeteoriteFallsExtinction Level EventFusion CrustNEOPHAShort Term CometTunguska

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Comet Hale BoppA 36 mile wide comet! It was visible without telescopes for 18 months ,over the years 1996 and 1997. The next time it will drop by is in the year 4385.

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Define:Cretaceous PeriodKaba StoneChichlxuBarrington Crater

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Say hello to my little friend: Eros! It is 21 miles long and has a thickness of 7 miles.

Imagine this coming through our atmosphere and hitting in the middle of the Pacific ocean. This size asteroid would most likely wipe out all life on earth. But what if one half its size hit?Write a story on your personal thoughts and feelings if this was to happen. Minimum 100 words.

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Observation: What do you think the yellow dots and white arrows represent?How could they possibly effect Earth?

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Credit: Ben Zellner (Georgia Southern University), Peter Thomas (Cornell University) and NASA

Computerized model of the asteroid Vesta.

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Why do you think Vesta is so oddly shaped? Write down your opinions.

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Chapter 9The Stars

Section 1Define :Parallax TechniqueParsecSpectroscopyProper MotionsDoppler ShiftIonSpectra

This is a star nursery known as the Gaseous Pillars M16. Credit J. Hester, P. Scowen (A.S.U.), NASA

Section 2DefineLuminosityAbsolute MagnitudeBinary StarsNebulaApparent MagnitudeMain SequenceVisual BinaryAstroscopic BinaryAstrometric Binary

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What do you see? Write

down three of your observations.

Observation:Notice there are two stars.One is close and the other is distant. It takes time for light to travel .Which star has light that takes a longer time to travel to you?Therefore, which star are you seeing further back in time?Why?

Having trouble? See the next slide.

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Sorry for the trick question. The stars on the previous slide are exactly the same distance from you. Don’t believe it? Touch the stars on the screen.Therefore, in this situation, it takes the same time for the light to reach you.You may have experienced the problems past astronomers encountered. How can you tell which stars are closer? What is needed is a marker in space to judge distance. It took many years to figure out how to the measure distances and it is still not an exact science beyond certain distances. You will cover the remedies for distance dilemma in your textbook.

One star is smaller and dimmer than the other. You can’t always judge distance by only the sizes or brightness. The further the star is away from you the farther back in time you are seeing it.

Write down in your own words what you learned about light, distance, apparent magnitude (size) and apparent brightness from these two slides.50 words minimum.

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Section 3DefineHydrostatic EquilibriumRed GiantPulsating PeriodLong Period MiraT Tauri StageProtostarRed DwarfVariable CephidRR Lyrae Variables

A red giant

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As a star converts from burning hydrogen to helium fuel it changes color , cools and expands. According to science predictions, far in the future the Earth will be inside the outer atmosphere of an expanded red giant - Sun.The Earth will end up a blackened cinder ball.

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This is a photo of a black hole spewing out radiation. It is located in the M87 galaxy. It has already consumed the equivalent of two billion stars!

Section 4Define:Planetary NebulaeWhite DwarfNovaBlack DwarfNeutron StarsSuper NovaPulsarsEvent HorizonSingularity

Super nova!Credit John Morse University of Colorado /NASA

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Planetary Nebula B1509 -58

Observation:When we scan the heavens at night, why do we see space that is only black and white? Is it a good thing that we see space mainly in black and white? What if the night sky was full of color, would if be a sign of danger? Why or why not? Write down your opinions.

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Berkley 59 star cluster and nebula in the constellation Cephius, some 3,300 light years away.

Observation:Notice all the blue stars surrounding the planetary nebula. What does this tell you about this region in space and its stars?

Credit JPL

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Chapter 10Galaxies

Section 1DefineGalaxyGalactic CenterNuclear BulgeZone of AvoidanceBarred Spiral GalaxySpiral GalaxyGlobular GalaxyH RegionsDark MatterStarburst Galaxies

Two colliding galaxies. Describe what youobserve. Minimum 25 words.

Section 2 DefineLocal GroupAndromeda GalaxyCannis Major DwarfMegallanic CloudsPeculiar GalaxiesDensity WavesLenticular GalaxiesRing GlaxiesDwarf Galaxies JAS EP

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GalaxiesSection 3Define:SuperclustersMega ParsecsCosmic Dark AgeStellar AgeQuasars

The Sombrero GalaxyWhat looks like mist are actually stars!

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What do you think happened with these galaxies? Look at them closely and determine you opinions on why each looks so different. Write down your conclusions.

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This is the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. This X ray image was taken at

the Chandra Observatory.

Observe:Write down your observations on how our galactic center looks.

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Chapter 11The Universe

Define:UniverseSingularityDark EnergyPlanck EpochBig Bang TheoryQuarksLeptonsWMAPAxionsHomogeneousBig RipMultiversusParallel Universe

Is this how you see the universe? Describe the Universe in you own words. Minimum 30 words.

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In the workbook you are asked to count the galaxies. Every light in this image is a galaxy. There are about 1,500 in this image! The lens was open 10 days to capture the light. The size of the area covered in this photo, is equivalent to a dime seen from 75 feet away!What does this tell you about the size of our Universe and the amount of mass in it? Minimum 50 words.

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Chapter 12: History of Rocketry

Define:Congreve RocketsMarco PoloRobert GoddardWerner Von BraunV2A4Cape CanaveralRedstoneJupiterExplorer OneSaturn RocketsChallenger

Above: Liftoff of the Delta II rocket carrying NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Image credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

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Mariner 2 Spacecraft

Chapter 13 Early Space Exploration

Sputnik

Define:V2R7SputnikLaikaLunakhodVenera

Observation: Write down three observations about each craft. Compare and contrast to the two space craft. Minimum 50 words.

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Define:ExplorerVan Allen BeltPioneerSurveyorTyros 1Ariel 1Viking Program

This is a photograph of an Apollo astronaut inspecting a Surveyor 3 spacecraft. Observation:Write down five observations about this photo. Minimum 30 words.

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Chapter 14 Soviet Space Exploration 1959 - 1973

A partially constructed Venera 1

Define:Yuri GagarinVostokVoskhodValentina TereshkovaSoyuzN1Salyut

Observation:From your observations, what would say about the sophistication of this machine? There was no computer on board. Yet, it made it to Venus. How could this be done? Write your opinions. Minimum 50 words total.

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Space Shuttle Atlantis is docked at the Mir Space Station in 1995

Credit: Nicolai Budarin, Russian Space Research Institute, NASA

Observation:Describe how the station looks. From what you observe, how does the station look like it was put together?Minimum 50 words.

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Chapter 15 American Space Exploration 1959 - 1979

Define:Mercury ProgramAlan ShepardJohn GlennGemini ProgramApollo ProgramNeil ArmstrongBuzz AldrinSkylab Observation: This is an

astronaut working with instruments on his Moon Lander. Write down five observations about this photograph.

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Chapter 16 Space Exploration 1979 -2010

Define:BuranEnergia Shannon LucidChallengerColumbiaTaikonautShenzouGalileo SojournerMars Spirit and OpportunityStardust

Observation:You are seeing a shuttle astronaut working on instruments high above Earth. Do you think this is dangerous? Why or why not? Give examples of dangers the astronaut could face.

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You are with Mission Specialist Karen Nyberg looking out of a window on the International Space Station, looking at… Earth? What happens to hair and necklaces? JAS EP

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Define:Hubble TelescopeElon MuskSpace XAnsari XSpaceShipOneDenis Tito

This is a view of a shuttle orbiter in low space orbit silhouetted against the sky either during a sunrise or sunset. The shuttle is in the thermosphere. Its cargo bay doors are open.

Write an opinion piece on why so many people want to go into space. Minimum 50 words.

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The pair of 50 foot long doors, on the top of the shuttles, open and can create an in-space working environment. Gold foil is used to protect much of the payload.

Shuttle Orbiter Endeavor Credit NASA

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Two mission specialist astronauts working on the International Space Station. Your assignment: Just look and think of what kind of job you want to have someday.

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Chapter 17SETI

Define:AstrobiologyFermi ParadoxDrake EquationS.E.T.I.N.A.S.A.WOW Signal

This is the radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico.If you heard a message from space, what would you want to hear and why? Fifty words minimum.

ET call home.

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What could be some practical problems if we would interact with aliens? Fifty words minimum.

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Chapter 18The Night Sky

Define:ConstellationDeclinationAscensionCelestial SphereZenithEclipticZodiacPolaris

Helix Nebula NGC 7293

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Horse Head Nebula

The Witch Head Nebula that picks up a blue cast from the neighboring giant blue star.

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As you can see, the stars are used like dots in a connect the dots game. Different cultures have connected the dots in different configurations according to their mythology and view points. Our constellation -configurations and their names, mainly originate from Greco-Roman words, religions and myths.

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Congratulations! Your homework is almost completed.

Now it is time to write a final homework review.Look through this DVD and come up with ten highlights of what you learned. Write it in a summary - essay form. Minimum 200 words. Title: Homework Summary

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Don’t forget to turn in the CD!!!

Some Suggested Websites

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nasa.govnasaimages.gov

hubblesite.org

technology.timesonline.co.uk

collectspace.com

solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov

pds.jpl.nasa.gov

solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov

solarviews.com

science.nationalgeographic.com

moonconnection.com

wechoosethemoon.org

teacherlink.ed.usu.edu

eclipse.gsfc.nasa.go

space.com

mars.com

mars.jpl.nasa.gov

hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes

universetoday.com

collectspace.com

astronomy.com

skyandtelescope.com

space.com

esa.int