Dr. mohannad barakat gmc has presented many scientific documents nationally & internationally
From Concept to Application: Developing a Functional DNA ...€¦ · Emergence of a Concept Late...
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H. D. BLACKBURN NATIONAL ANIMAL GERMPLASM PROGRAM ARS-USDA, FORT COLLINS, CO From Concept to Application: Developing a Functional DNA and Germplasm Repository for Animal Genetic Resources
Transcript of From Concept to Application: Developing a Functional DNA ...€¦ · Emergence of a Concept Late...
H . D . B L A C K B U R N
N A T I O N A L A N I M A L G E R M P L A S M P R O G R A M
A R S - U S D A , F O R T C O L L I N S , C O
From Concept to Application: Developing a Functional DNA and Germplasm
Repository for Animal Genetic Resources
Emergence of a Concept
Late 1980’s concern about livestock genetic diversity – nationally and internationally
1990 Farm Bill authorized ARS to address conservation of animal genetic resources
1993 NRC - Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock – focused upon in-situ/ex-situ
The Concept
1999 ARS formed a committee to assess location and establishment of gene bank.
1999 October, establishment of National Animal Germplasm Program (NAGP)
1999 Discover Conference to initiate community involvement
Main focus on gene bank collection development
Six Species Committees Facilitate Collection Development
Each committee
Industry
University
Government agency
Provide contacts
Execute collections
Collaborate with research problems
University ARS/Gov’t Industry/NGO
Collection Development
35 species
156 breeds
189 lines
22,547 animals
776,545 samples
Inventory Composition - Entire
Inventory
Number of Animals 22547 - All
Germplasm Types - Total Units =
776545
Collection inventory over time (sperm, embryos, ovaries, blood, other tissues)
Collection development necessitates interaction with industry at all levels
Community Endeavor
3,276 Breeders Have Contributed
Can Gene Banks be Effective in Capturing Genetic Diversity?
Operation and measures of success have not been defined
Approaches Used to Evaluate Collection Progress
Molecular assessment (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs)
Index development – combines animal number & germplasm quantity
Collection gaps – cluster analysis
Comparisons to in-situ populations
Comparison of US & Brazilian Goat Breeds
Populations Meeting Collection Goals for Animal and Germplasm Number
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# Roosters
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87 Lines White Leghorn
35 lines > 1.0
26 lines > 0.6914 lines > 0.50
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# Males
Semen Units
118 Breeds (sheep, goats, dairy, beef, pigs)
38 Breeds
21 Breeds
Index = 0.5(males/target number) + 0.5(units semen/target units)
Mammals Chickens
Cryopreserved Collections Ability to Capture Genetic Diversity
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Eff
ec
tiv
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French, Dutch, & US In-situ (AM) and Ex-situ (CB)
for Holstein Cattle
France - CB France-AM
Neth-CB Neth-AM
US-CB US-AM
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Birth Year
U. S. Repository Angus Bulls by Birth Year
Danchin et al., 2011
Comparison of In-situ and Repository Angus Collection for Measures of Productivity
Appropriate sampling within breed insures genetic diversity is captured
Longevity of animal utility is much longer than expected
Number of Samples and Animals Released by Use from U.S. Gene Bank
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# S
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Molecular
Evaluation
Re-introduction
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# A
nim
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Molecular
Evaluation
Re-introduction
Reconstitution or Restructuring Populations
Reconstitution can be done across species
Speed is a function of reproductive biology
Advances in tissue transplantation has large impact on poultry
Gene Banks Samples Use To Quantify Genetic Differences for Selection Programs
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PC
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PC
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PCo-2
Lamancha
Angora
Myotonic
Spanish
Nambi
Azul
Marota
US BR Boer Boer
Anglo Nubian
Brazilian and US Goat Breeds
Kazakhstan and US Sheep Breeds
A Lot of Good Data
Data consolidation, retention, and accessibility are and will become more important
Initiating genomics component
Substantial complexity
Big data – potentially ~ 1 terabyte per animal
POLICIES: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
DATA ACCESSIBILITY
Challenges in Connecting Biodiversity Biobanks
Information Systems & Data Access
Lack of uniformity in descriptors
Ability to link national databases
Separate systems drift apart and into isolation
Language
Robustness to add genomic data (~1TB per animal)
Nagoya Protocol of CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity 1. To conserve biological diversity
2. To use biological diversity in a sustainable way
3. To share the benefits of biological diversity fairly and equitably.
Ratification of CBD’s Nagoya Protocol (NP) being discussed in ~80 countries that signed in 2010
Nagoya Goals
Impose new mechanisms for international exchange of genetic resources: Access & Benefit Sharing (ABS) arrangements
Prior Informed Consent
Mechanisms for benefit sharing once genetic resources leave country of origin
If NP becomes in force: Should it accept pre-existing exchange mechanisms
Is Prior Informed Consent useful?
Impede exchange and use
Summary
Gene banks for livestock can: Capture, store and facilitate use of genetic resources
Provide food security nationally and internationally
Provide a one stop shop for samples, associated phenotypes, genotypes, and environmental descriptors
Challenges in international exchange will continue
Acquisition of genomics will happen but take time
Robust databases are needed
Livestock gene banks were relatively new but appear more functional than originally thought
