From Belle to a Super B Factory

• Introduction+Background+History• New Physics in Loops (more motivation) • bs Penguins (2 or 3 examples)• Decays with “Large Missing Energy”• How the Super B Factory fits in

Apologies: Will aim at HEP physicists outside of B physics. “If I could remember all the decay modes I would have been a botanist” . Only a small subset of possible results.

I

Tom Browder (University of Hawaii)

Weak Interaction coupling constants

Wolfenstein parameterization: Observed experimental hierarchy

2 3

2 2

3 2

1 / 2

1 / 2

1 1CKM

A i

V A

A i A

us ubud

csCKM cbcd

ts tbtd

V V V

V V V V

V V V

KM Phase: changessign under CP

2x2 submatrix: u,d,s,c quarks only

~ 0.22sinθC

Cabibbo angle3x3 matrix: 3 quark generations

2 1~

3 2~2

3 1~3d s b

u

c

t

d s bu

c

t

magnitudes phases

Three Angles: (φ1,φ2,φ3) or (β, α,

γ)

B0Ψ Ks,Ψ KLB- DCP K-

B0 π- π+

Big Question(s): Are determinations of angles consistent with determinations of the sides of the triangle ? Are angle determinations from loop and tree decays consistent ?

Unitarity implies that the weak couplings and phases form a triangle in the complex plane.

Time Dependent CPV in B0 decays

Mixing-induced CPVMixing-induced CPV Direct CPVDirect CPV

e.g. for BJ/ KsS = CPsin21 = +sin21 A ~ 0

(CP : CP eigenvalue 1)

e.g. for BJ/ KsS = CPsin21 = +sin21 A ~ 0

(CP : CP eigenvalue 1)

N.B. Time integrated mixing-induced asymmetries vanish

)cossin(141

,1 tmAtmSetqPt

)21( w

R

R : detector resolutionw : wrong tag fraction (misidentification of flavor) (1-2w) quality of flavor tagging These are well determined by using data control samples: D*l D(*) etc…

S = 0.65A = 0.00 B0 tag

_B0 tag

B0 tag_B0 tag

-CPsin21

D*lMixing data

(OF-

SF)/(

OF+

SF)

t| (ps)

Experimental Complications (MC)

e+ source

Ares RF cavity

Belle detector

World record: L = 1.7 x

1034/cm2/sec

SCC RF(HER)

ARES(LER)

The KEKB Collider (Tsukuba, Japan)

8 x 3.5 GeV 22 mrad crossing angle

Corkheads Australian Bar

2006: Integrated Luminosity Milestone at the B factories

PEP-IIfor BaBar

KEKBfor Belle

KEKB + PEP-II

reached on July 13, 2006

~ 1 Billion BB pairs

Inte

grat

ed L

umin

osit

y (f

b-1)

May be time to switch units to ab-1

535 x 106 B pairs used for results

/ KL detection 14/15 lyr. RPC+Fe

Tracking + dE/dx small cell + He/C2H6

CsI (Tl) 16X0

Aerogel Cherenkov cnt. n=1.015~1.030

Si vtx. det. 34 lyr. DSSD

TOF counters

SC solenoid1.5T

Belle DetectorBelle Detector

8GeV e

3.5GeV e

Slovenia groups +Background monitors

Example of a Fully-reconstructed Event

Some recent history: Summer of 2001

Belle:

BaBar:

The first example of CP Violation outside of the kaon system.

CP Violating Effects of O(1) rather than O(10-3)

B0 J/ KS

B0 tag_B

0 tag

0 B0 J/ KL

B0 tag_B0 tag

0

Asym. = -CPsin21sinmt

sin21= +0.643 ±0.038 A = - 0.001 ±0.028

sin21= +0.641 ±0.057 A = +0.045 ±0.033

stat error stat error

hep-ex/0608039hep-ex/0608039backgroundsubtracted

2006 Data

B0 J/ KS

B0 tag_B

0 tag

0 B0 J/ KL

B0 tag_B0 tag

0

B0 tag_B

0 tag

B0 J/ K0 : combined result

Asym. = -CPsin21sinmt

sin21= +0.643 ±0.038 A = - 0.001 ±0.028

sin21= +0.641 ±0.057 A = +0.045 ±0.033

stat error stat error

B0 J/ K0 : combined result 2006

sin21= 0.642 ±0.031 (stat) ±0.017 (syst) A = 0.018 ±0.021 (stat) ±0.014 (syst)

previous measurementsin2= 0.652 0.044

(388 M BB pairs)

B0 tag_B

0 tag

535 M BB pairs_ _

hep-0608039/ to appear in PRLhep-0608039/ to appear in PRL

sin21 : 2006 BaBar + Belle

Now a precise measurement < 4 % error

Reference Point for NP search

0.674 0.026

Av. C = A = 0.012 0.022

Q. What is the main source of CP violation ?

A. Consistency of sin(2φ1)with indirect measurementsshows that Kobayashi-Maskawaphase is the dominant source !

sin2sin(2φ1) history(1998-2005)

Q. Are there deviations from the CKM picture ? (e.g. new CP-violating phases, new couplings)

Paradigm shift

Consistency between measurements of angle and sides

New Physics

Are there new particles beyond those in the SM, which have different couplings (either in magnitude or in phase) ?

Supersymmety is an example (~40 new phases)

How to find New Physics Phases

Example:Vts: no KM phase

SM: sin21 = sin21 from BJ/ K0 (bc c s)

unless there are other, non-SM particles in the loop

eff

Vtd

Vtd

+

1

B B

, ’,

1

, ’,

_

*

*

How New Physics may enter in bs

0SK

0B

b

s

s

sd d

0SK

0B

b

s

s

sd d

Many new phases are possible in

SUSY

New physics in loops?

Extra dimensions (by Randall + Sundrum)

New Kaluza-Klein (K.K) particles are associated with the extra dimension.

(“Tower of states”)

Some may induce new phases and flavor-changing neutral currents.

e.g. K.Agashe, G. Perez, A. Soni, PRD 71, 016002 (2005)

Model: K.K. Gluon near 3 TeV

RS1

SM

++CPV in D decay

e.g. G. Burdman, Phys Lett B 590, 86 (2004)

Belle 2006: tCPV in B0 K0

“sin21” = 0.50 0.21(stat) 0.06(syst) “sin21” = 0.50 0.21(stat) 0.06(syst)

KS and KL combined background subtracted good tags t –t for KL

t distributions and asymmetry

_535M BB

Consistent with the SM (~1lower) Consistent with Belle 2005

(Belle2005: “sin21” = +0.44

Consistent with the SM (~1lower) Consistent with Belle 2005

(Belle2005: “sin21” = +0.44

unbinned fitSM

hep-ex/0608039, PRL 98, 031802(2007)

hep-ex/0608039, PRL 98, 031802(2007)

a.k.a sin(2β)

K0: sin2eff = +0.12 ± 0.31(stat) ± 0.10 (syst)K0: sin2eff = +0.12 ± 0.31(stat) ± 0.10 (syst)

BaBar: K0 using B0 K0

measurement (not sin2)

[hep-ex/0607112] _347M BB

a.k.a. sin(2 φ1)

unbinned fitSM

“sin21” = 0.64 0.10 0.04“sin21” = 0.64 0.10 0.04

535M BB 5.65.6

’K0

“sin21” = 0.58 0.10 0.03 “sin21” = 0.58 0.10 0.03

>5>5

’Ks ’KL

_347M BB

[hep-ex/0608039]PRL 98,031802(2007) [hep-ex/0607100], PRL+Sept 28 press conf

1st Observation of tCPV in a bs mode

2006: Hints of NP in b s Penguins ?

Smaller than bccs in all of 9 modes

Smaller than bccs in all of 9 modes

Theory predicts positive shifts

Naïve average of all b s modes

sin2eff = 0.52 ± 0.052.6 deviation from SM

Naïve average of all b s modes

sin2eff = 0.52 ± 0.052.6 deviation from SM

Results on Radiative and Electroweak Penguins

Example discussed here: modifications to the rate for bs γ

Measurement of inclusive b sγ

Measure primary only:monochromatic E spectrum

Important to measure low E to reduce model dependence

Huge Background (semi-log) experimental challenge

Background suppression• continuum: event shape• veto

Nakao

NNLO calculation

(29826) x 10-6

M. Misiak et al, hep-ph/0609232, PRL 98,022002(2007)

Theory News

Error on BF

Central value of BF

95% CL lower limit on charged Higgs mass from exp and NNLO

M. Misiak et al, hep-ph/0609232, PRL 98,022002 (2007)

Right-handed currents in b s

• tCPV in B0 (Ks0)K*

– SM: is polarized, the final state almost flavor-specific.

S(Ks0 ~ 2ms/mbsin21

– mheavy/mb enhancement for right-handed currents in many new physics

models

e.g. LRSM, SUSY, Randall-Sundrum (warped extra dimension) model

– LRSM: SU(2)LSU(2)RU(1)

• Right-handed amplitude mt/mb : is WL-WR mixing parameter

• for present exp. bounds (WR mass > 1.4TeV)

|S(Ks0 ~ is allowed.

– No need for a new CPV phase

b

b

Ls

Rs

mb

mb

msms

D.Atwood, M.Gronau, A.Soni, PRL79, 185 (1997)D.Atwood, T.Gershon, M.H, A.Soni, PRD71, 076003 (2005)

Photon polarization measurementvia time dependent CPV !

Photon polarization measurementvia time dependent CPV !

_232M BB

Status of B KS 0γ tCPV Status of B KS 0γ tCPV

Yield = 176+/- 18

535M BB M(Ks 0) < 1.8 GeV

(C)hep-ex/0608017, PRD-RC 74, 111014(2006)hep-ex/0608017, PRD-RC 74, 111014(2006)

No new physics but errors on S are large

Rare Decays with Large “Missing Energy”

Motivation for B++ν

Sensitivity to new physics from charged Higgs if the B decay constant is known

The B meson decay constant, determined by the B wavefunction at the origin

Why measuring νis non-trivial

(4S)B- B+

e+

e

B++, +e+e

B-X

The experimental signature is rather difficult: B decays to a single charged track + nothing

Most of the sensitivity is from tau modes with 1-prong

Example of a B ν candidate

Tag: BD0 ,

D0 K

Very difficult or impossible at a hadron collider

Evidence for B+ ν (Belle)

Find signal events from a fit to a sample of 54 events.

4.6 stat. significance w/o systematics,

449 106 B pairs BtagD(*)[,a1,Ds(*)] 680k tags, 55% pure. 5

decay modes

5.34.717.2

MC studies show there is a small peaking bkg in the 0 and modes.

After including systematics (dominated by bkg), the significance decreases to 3.5σ

Extra Calorimeter Energy

Direct experimental determination of fB • Product of B meson decay constant fB and CKM

matrix element |Vub|

• Using |Vub| = (4.39 0.33)×10-3 from HFAG

fB = 216 22 MeV (an unquenched lattice calc.)

[HPQCD, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 212001 (2005) ]

36 3431 37229Bf MeV

( Belle)

1.6 1.3 41.4 1.4(10.1 ) 10B ubf V GeV

Theory:

(PRL 97, 251802 (2006))

Constraints on charged Higgs mass

rH=1.130.51

Use known fB and |Vub |

Ratio to the SM BF.2

2 22

(1 tan )BH

H

mr

m

excluded

excl

uded

449M

Compare to direct searches for H+

New result announced in Bled, Slovenia

Seems to confirm the Belle result

Another charged Higgs constraint: B D(*)

• Semileptonic tauonic decays

cb

H/W

tan cotb cm m

tanm

( )

( )

B D vB

B D v

Br(SM)~ 8 x 10-3

– Ratio (/) is modified by the charged Higgs effect.– Provide good cross check to B– Y.Okada

• H-b-u vertex measured in B• H-b-c vertex measured in BD• H-b-t vertex measured in direct production by LHC.

Reconstruction of B D(*)

New Belle Result Announced in Bled, Slovenia

Potential sensitivity of B D(*) to H±

Similar to B

5ab-1

FF=15%50ab-1

FF=5%

B K(*) : Motivation

b s with 2 neutrinos

SM: B(BK* ) ~1.3 x 10-5 B (BK ) ~4 x 10-6 (Buchalla, Hiller, Isidori)

PRD 63, 014015

DAMA NaI 3Region

CDMS 04

CDMS 05

No sensitivity to M<10 GeV in direct searches

• New Physics in Loop• Light Dark Matter (M~1GeV)

_

_

_

New Belle Result announced in Bled, Slovenia

New Belle Result announced in Bled, Slovenia

Super B Factory LOI: with present level of detector hermicity, 5σ observation of BK will be possible with 50 ab-1

Implications for light dark matter

Comments on Super B Factories(political comments are in the backup slides)

The Super B Factory is part of a Unified and Unbiased Attack on New Physics

Newphysics

Quark sectorLepton sectorPr

opag

ator

s

expts accel, reactor,g-2, e, etc.

Super B Factory, LHCb, Rare K expts, BESIII…

LHC, ILC

mass and mixing,CPV, and LFV

Higgs boson massand couplings. New particle searches

Flavor mixing,CPV phases

LFV, CPV

Are there New Physics Phases and New sources of CP Violation Beyond the SM ?

Are there right-handed currents ?

Are there new flavor changing neutral currents ?

Are there new operators with quarks enhanced by New Physics ?

Fundamental Questions in Flavor Physics

Experiments: bs CPV, compare CPV angles from tree and loops

Experiments: AFB(BK*l l), BK rates and asymmetries

Experiments: bs CPV, B->VPγ or BV V triple-product asymmetries

Experiments: bs ννbar, D-Dbar CPV+mixing+rare, τγ

These questions can only be answered at a Super B Factory.

Why three generations ?

String Theory ? (e.g. P.Binetruy et.al.,

hep-th/0509157; J.Phys G.32: 129 (2006)); Larger Symmetry Groups ?

Experiments with quarks or heavy leptons?

This question is probably too hard – more tractable questions…..

Lessons of History New Physics is usually discovered first in loop

processes, which involve high mass virtual particles. (Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle)

Beautiful and precise measurements of the top quark mass at the Tevatron. However, the couplings |Vts|, |Vtd,| and most importantly the phase of (Vtd) cannot be measured in direct top production.

Example I: Absence of KL allowed theorists to deduce the existence of the charm quark. The rate of K mixing allowed a rough determination of the charm mass.

Example II: The absence of bs decays and the long B lifetime ruled out topless models. Large Bd mixing showed the top was heavy contrary to theory prejudices of the time. Radiative corrections from Z measurements determined the rough range of the top mass.

Vtd

Vtd

Recent Developments for the Super B Factory Accelerator

SuperKEKB design luminosity is now 8 x 1035/cm2/sec

Low emittance/ILC inspired INFN/SLAC design is ~10 x 1035/cm2/sec

To address the full array of new physics searches, require ~50 ab-1 of integrated luminosity

c.f. Current KEKB luminosity is 1.7 x 1034/cm2 /sec

c.f. Current KEKB integrated lumi 0.7 ab-1

Interaction RegionCrab crossing

=30mrad.y*=3mm

New QCS

Super B Factory at KEK

Linac upgrade

More RF power

Damping ring

New Beam pipe

Ante-chamber & solenoid coilsto reduce photo-electron clouds

L = 81035/cm2 /sec

Question: 12 nanometer beam spot in y, 2.7 microns in x. Is this possible in a real 2-3 km circumference multi-orbit machine ?

Conceptual Design Report has been submitted to INFN.

First step towards Super B: Crab crossing

. Superconducting crab cavities (1 LER and 1 HER) have been installed and now are being tested at KEKB.

Crab Cavities have been installed in the KEKB tunnel (1 cavity per ring)

LER (3.5 GeV, positron) HER (8 GeV, electron)

Specific Luminosity at KEKB

22 mrad finite-crossing

Crab-crossing

The highest beam-beam is ~0.08.

Before crab,beam-beam is 0.052.

Summary of current KEKB StatusThe crab cavities were successfully assembled and have been operated at KEKB with beam. No serious problem has been found so far, at least at low current.

The first crab crossing was done at KEKB. (~30 years after the idea was first proposed by Bob Palmer) Head-on collision with a crossing angle was

achieved. Large gains in physics luminosity will require more time for tuning and development of method to optimize the machine since a higher beam-beam parameter is very sensitive to machine errors.

Requirements for the detector

- low p identification s recon. eff.- hermeticity “reconstruction”

- radiation damage and occupancy- fake hits and pile-up noise in the EM

- higher rate trigger, DAQ and computing

Issues: Higher background ( 20)

Higher event rate ( 50)

Required special features

Possible solution: Replace inner layers of the vertex detector with a silicon striplet detector. Replace inner part of the central tracker with a silicon strip detector. Better particle identification device Replace endcap calorimeter by pure CsI. Faster readout electronics and computing system.

Possible solution: Replace inner layers of the vertex detector with a silicon striplet detector. Replace inner part of the central tracker with a silicon strip detector. Better particle identification device Replace endcap calorimeter by pure CsI. Faster readout electronics and computing system.

Detector issue: backgroundsDetector issue: backgrounds

KEKB SuperB

Luminosity(1034cm-2sec-1)

1.7 80

HER curr. (A)

LER curr. (A)vacuum (10-7Pa)

1.2

1.6

~1.5

4.1

9.4

5

Bkg increase - x 20

TRG rate (kHz)phys. origin

Bkg origin

0.40.2

0.2

1410

4Shynchrotoron radiationBeam-gas scattering (inc. intra-beam scattering)Radiative Bhabha

SVD CDC PID / ECL KLM

KEKBBkg

x10 Bkg

x20 Bkg

~ 20

Super Belle: A detector for SuperKEKB

New dead time free pipelined readout and

high speed computing systems

Faster calorimeter with waveform sampling and pure CsI crystal

New particle identifier with precise Cherenkov device:S.Korpar, P. Krizan et al.

Si vertex detector withhigh background

tolerance: S. Stanic et al.

Background tolerant super small celltracking detector

KL/ detectionwith scintillator

and new generationphoton sensors

Backup Slides

http://www.jahep.org/hec/doc/jahep_tenbou_eng_final.pdf

....

(An excerpt)

“Dai-repoton keikaku”

K. Oide (Leading Japanese Accelerator Physicist)

Official Announcement from KEK director A. Suzuki on Super B expected in 2007

Budget of Japanese

accelerator physicists

Milestones toward approval

KEK’sdecision MEXT MOF

Japanese HEP community

LoIJune 2004

Support from theint’l HEP community

Academy of Science

Review panel

CSTP

Review committee

Recommendation by Belle-PAC• The committee provided a strong endorsement for

SuperKEKB at the meeting in April 2007.

This is also an important support from the int’l community.

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

PF upgrade PF

Budget transfer

ERL prototype

ERL construction experiment

KEKB

ILC R&D

ILC construction experiment

Budget transfer

Budget transfer

Option 1

KEKB

ILC R&D

ILC construction experiment

KEKB upgrade experiment

Budget transfer

Option 1’

J-PARC , n construction

J-PARC R&D

J-PARC , K experiment

J-PARC n, experiment

upgrade

Budget transfer

As in bs γ, heavy particles in the loops can be replaced with NP particles (e.g.W+ H+)

The Hunt for the EW Penguin:BXs l+ l-

Note contributions from virtual γ* , W, Z*

and internal t quark.

Discovered by CLEO in 1994

B → XB → Xsγ from a sum of 38 exclusive decay modes

Eγ>1.9 GeV

hep-ex/0508004, 88.9 MBB

b s : Belle result140fb-1Efficiency corrected spectrum

E >1.8 GeV (cover 95.2%)

B(B s ) = (3.55 0.32 ) x10-4 +0.30 +0.11

0.31 0.07(Stat) (sys) (theo)

<E> = 2.292 0.0260.034 GeV

<E> <E> = 0.0311 0.0730.063 GeV

[hep-ex/0403004, PRL xxx]

Moments:

useful for Vcb,Vub

An update with much more data (x 3) is in progress

SuperKEKB Projection for B Ks0 and other b smodes

Possible deviationO(1): Warped extra dim.O(1): L-R symmetric modelO(0.1): SUSY SU(5)

B K0, ’K0, KsKsKs projection for SuperKEKB

total errors(incl. systematicerrors)

b s : Bkg subtraction

Continuum use OFF-resonance data (ECM 60 MeV lower)

B background B X: measured by data include in MC

backup

The Super B Factory will face tough competition from LHCb, which is now a real experiment.

LHCb

There is considerable complementarity: photon, neutral detection and inclusive channels are considerable easier at the Super B Factory while time-dependent Bs studies are superior at LHCb.

J. Libby

10 fb-1 for LHCb

50 fb-1 for SuperB

Crab Crossing

Input Coupler

Liq. Helium Vessel

Stub Support

Coaxial Coupler

Copper Bellows

80 K Liq. Nitrogen Shield

Notch Filter

RF Absorber

Aluminum End

Plate

Aluminum End

Plate

SUS Support

Pipe

Crossing angle 30 mrad

Head-on(crab)(Strong-strong simulation)

Crab crossing will boost the beam-beam parameter up to 0.2!

Superconducting crab cavities have beenproduced, and are now being tested at KEKB.

(at the optimum tune)

Vert

ical beam

-beam

2 cavities/ring K. Hosoyama, et al.

K. Ohmi, et al.

Intriguing Tension between |Vub| and sin(2φ1)tree loop

Small non-zero NP phase

Amplitude close to 1