From 1960 to the 1970s Chapters 28 - 29. Election of 1960 Kennedy vs. Nixon The Debates Catholicism...
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Transcript of From 1960 to the 1970s Chapters 28 - 29. Election of 1960 Kennedy vs. Nixon The Debates Catholicism...
From 1960 to the 1970s
Chapters 28 - 29
Election of 1960• Kennedy vs. Nixon
• The Debates
• Catholicism
• Chicago
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Election of 1960• Inauguration
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLmiOEk59n8– (Beginning and 11:30)
John F. Kennedy (left) and his brother, Robert, in 1957.Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
John F. Kennedy in Oval Office with son playing beneath the desk.
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Domestic Politics
• Successes and Failures
• Space Race
Domestic Politics
• Civil Rights– Freedom Riders– James Meredith
James Meredith, the first African American to enroll at the University of Mississippi (1962).
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Domestic Politics• Civil Rights
– MLK & Birmingham– March on Washington
• “I have a dream”• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbUtL_0vAJk• (12:00)
Civil rights leaders (ML King on left) meet with Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon Johnson in June 1963.
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
The crowd at the civil rights march on Washington in 1963.
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Civil rights march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial was led by A. Philip Randolph and Roy Wilkins.
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Cold War
• Flexible Response
• Bay of Pigs
• Operation Mongoose
Cold War
• Peace Corps
• Alliance for Progress
• Berlin Wall
Cold War
• Cuban Missile Crisis– How was it resolved?
Aerial photograph of Soviet missile installation in Cuba.Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
U-2 photograph of Soviet missile installation in Cuba, 1962.Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Cold War
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
The Kennedys waving to people of Dallas, Texas moments before the President was shot.
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Assassination• November 22,
1963 – Dallas– Lee Harvey Oswald– Warren
Commission
• Similarities to Lincoln
• Camelot
Snapshot of Lee Harvey Oswald
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Lyndon Baines Johnson
• Background
• Continuing Kennedy’s programs– Tax cut– Civil Rights
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Signing the Civil Rights Bill of 1964
Johnson’s “Great Society”
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 – a Landmark!– The Filibuster– What did it do?
• Forbade discrimination in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, sporting arenas
• Discrimination based on race, religion, gender, or national origin in the workplace is illegal
• Created the EEOC to enforce it
– Result?• Most businesses in the South’s cities and larger towns
desegregated quickly
Election of 1964
• Johnson vs. Barry Goldwater– TV advertising– Goldwater – “father of modern conservatism?”
• http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964
LBJ’s 1964 Campaign Against Barry GoldwaterCopyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Election of 1964
Johnson’s “Great Society”
• Economic Opportunity Act – War on Poverty– Job Corps – for job training– VISTA– Project Head Start
Johnson’s “Great Society”
• War on Poverty– Medicare – 1965 – for the elderly– Medicaid – for the poor
• Department of HUD created – 1966
• Immigration Act of 1965
Johnson’s “Great Society”
• National Endowment for the Arts– PBS
• Space program
• 24th Amendment – abolished the poll tax
Johnson’s “Great Society”
• Voting Rights Act of 1965– Enforces 15th Amendment– Outlawed literacy tests– Federal government could
send registrars to the South
• Affirmative action– Reverse discrimination?– Bakke v. California – 1978
• Appointment of Thurgood Marshall to Supreme Court
Racial Conflict
• Black Separatism – Where have we heard this before?
• Malcolm X– Black Power
Racial Conflict
• Stokely Carmichael– Black Panthers
• “Long, hot summers”– Watts– Detroit
• Kerner Commission
• MLK Assassination 4/4/68
Counterculture
• New Left– Tom Hayden – SDS – Students for a
Democratic Society
• Counterculture– Hippies– Music
• Woodstock
Counterculture
The Warren Court• Earl Warren - Chief Justice
Compared with John Marshall – why?
• Brown v. Board – school desegregation-1954• Baker v. Carr – “one man, one vote” - 1962• Mapp v. Ohio – exclusionary rule - 1961• Gideon v. Wainwright – right to counsel even
if poor - 1963• Miranda v. Arizona – protection against self-
incrimination - 1966• Engel v. Vitale – prohibits school-led prayer
in public schools - 1962
Women
• Sexual Revolution – Why?Sexual Revolution – Why?• Eleanor Roosevelt’s
Commission• Betty Friedan
– The Feminine Mystique – 1973
– NOW– Called for Equal Rights
Amendment• Passed by Congress, but not
ratified by the states • Opposition (Phyllis Schafly)
Women• Roe v. Wade – 1973
• Title IX
• “Firsts” for Women
Other Minorities
• Mexican – Americans– Cesar Chavez
• Native Americans
LBJ’s Legacy
• Successes– No president since Lincoln did more for civil
rights– Poverty rate declined measurably – Why?
• Later, programs were criticized by conservatives – why?
• Effect of Vietnam
Vietnam War
• Dien Bien Phu – 1954
• Country divided – 17th parallel
• Domino Theory
Vietnam War
• North vs South– Ho Chi Minh – N
• Army was the Vietcong
– Ngo Dinh Diem – S
• Kennedy and Vietnam– Fall of Diem– What would JFK have done had he lived?
Vietnam War
• Johnson and Vietnam
• Key Advisors– Dean Rusk – Sec of State– Robert McNamara – Sec of Defense
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - 1964
Vietnam War
• Escalation– Increase of troops
• Operation Rolling Thunder
Vietnam War
• Air War– Why?– Agent Orange– Napalm
• Ground War– Guerrilla style
Search and Destroy missions
A B-52 bomber takes off from the Marianas Islands for the 4,800 mile roundtrip to bomb Vietnam in 1967.
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A “Chinook” helicopter removes a howitzer from a forward “firebase”.
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
The helicopter was used to deploy American troops quickly in the Vietnam War.
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
American soldiers on a “search and destroy” mission in 1967.
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
American soldiers on patrol in Vietnam.
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Vietnam War
• Tet Offensive, 1968– Vietcong attack 100
cities, bases, and embassy
– Not Militarily successful, but Psychologically very successful
– Why?• Walter Cronkite’s response
Vietnam War
• Antiwar Movement– Who?– Why?
• The draft
• Role of the media
Anti-war protesters jeering US Army troops outside the Pentagon during the 1967 “peace march.”
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Military police guard the mall entrance to the Pentagon during the 1967 anti-war protest.
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US Marshalls use nightsticks to keep anti-war protesters away from the Pentagon in 1967.
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Anti-war protester being physically removed from the Pentagon area.
Copyright + 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Vietnam War• Hawks vs Doves
• Public support
• Johnson’s announcement – 3/31/68
Vietnam War• Election of 1968
– Democratic candidates• Eugene McCarthy• Robert Kennedy• Hubert Humphrey
– Democratic Convention in Chicago– Nixon’s Southern Strategy– George Wallace (American Independent Party)
Vietnam War
• 1968 – the year of shocks– Tet, deaths of MLK, RFK, Democratic
Convention violence
• Nixon and Vietnam– Vietnamization– Appeal to the great “silent majority”– Negotiations
• Cambodia (escalation) – Why?– Effects
Vietnam War• Cambodia
• More protests – Why?– Kent State, Ohio –
5/3/70– Jackson State, Miss. –
one week later
• Pentagon Papers, 1971– Daniel Ellsberg – New York Times v. U.S.
Vietnam War
• Ending the war
• Peace Accords (1973)– Fall of South Vietnam – 1975
• Costs of the war
• Nixon abolishes the draft – 1973
• 26th Amendment – 1971– Voting age lowered from 21 to 18 – Why?
Vietnam Pictures