From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another.
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Transcript of From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another.
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Civil War
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The American Civil War
From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another
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The Civil WarWho was involved?
#1 The Confederate States of America
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The Civil WarWho was involved?
#2 The Union (Free States & Territories)
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The Civil WarWho was involved?
#3 The Border States
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The Civil War
Why were the Border States so important?
• Important geographically
Why were the Border States so unusual?
• Slave states that stayed with the Union
“I hope to have God on my side but I have to have Kentucky”
-- Abraham Lincoln
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Northern Advantages:The North had a larger population than the South:
North: 21.5 million
South: 9 million
The North had more miles of railroads than the South:
North: 21,700 miles
South: 9000 miles
The North had more factories than the South:
North: 110,100
South: 20,600
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Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan3 part plan to
attempt to choke the CSA to deathNaval blockage of
Southern portsCapture the
Mississippi and split the Confederacy in half
Capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA
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Anaconda Plan
Winfield Scott General-In-Chief
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Southern Advantages:Leadership:
Most of the countries military colleges were in the south Most officers sided with the south South had a military tradition.
Military Tactics: The South had to only repel the North’s attacks Did not have to attack or conquer the North. South knew the terrain
Morale: Southerners were fighting for their way of life Fighting to protect their homes from Northern aggression.
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3 Theatres
Eastern (Virginia)
Western (Mississippi River)
Southern
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Eastern Theatre
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Abraham Lincoln“A House divided against itself cannot stand” –
-- A. Lincoln
Little political experience (served 1 term in the House of Representatives)
Strong reputation for honesty, temperance, jokes and storytelling
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Northern Commanders
George McClellan
A. E. Burnside
Joseph Hooker
George G. Meade
Irwin McDowell
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Northern CommandersUlysses S. Grant
“When in doubt, fight” - ---U.S. GrantSon of an Ohio tailor & drunken failure until the Civil WarReputation for boldness, resourcefulness, & persistence
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Jefferson Davis“All we ask is to be left alone”
-- J. Davis
West Point graduate, Colonel in Mexican-American war, Secretary of war, & Senator from Mississippi
Not a popular president, especially with big fans of state’s rights
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Southern Commander
Robert E. Lee
“It is a good thing war is so terrible; else we should grow too fond of it” -- R.E. Lee
Offered command of Union armies
Brilliant southern gentleman from one of country’s oldest families
Family plantation occupied early in the war and turned into Arlington National Cemetery
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So how did it begin?
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter lies in the harbor of Charleston, S.C.
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Civil War Battles Fort Sumter, SC – Feb 4,
18611st battle of the Civil WarUnion fort taken control
of the ConfederacyFollowing battle VA, AR,
NC, TN secededSlave states of MD, DE,
KY, and MO remain in the Union
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Civil War Battles
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The Confederate States of AmericaSouth CarolinaMississippiFloridaLouisianaAlabamaGeorgiaTexas
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• In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of America.
Secession:
Original Confederate flag Confederate flag will change
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Civil War: Union vs. Confederacy
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Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
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First Battle of Bull Run, VA(1st Manassas)
July 21, 1861CSA led by General Stonewall Jackson
Never lost a battle
USA led by General Irvin McDowell Loses command after battle to General George McClellan
Both sides were not prepared for war.Both sides had very inexperienced troops.Southern VictoryImportance:
Both sides and spectators realized that the war was not going to be over in a few months
CSA realized they could win
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Generals at Bull RunGeneral Irwin McDowell vs. General PGT Beauregard
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Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, TNFeb, 1862USA led by Gen. Ulysses S Grant against CSA Gen.
Tilghman and Gen. Johnston
Importance-Grant captures strategic forts on Tennessee and
Cumberland Rivers opening avenue’s to attack the South
Grant calls for unconditional surrender
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With Congress not in session until July, Lincoln assumed all powers not delegated in the Constitution, including the power to suspend habeas corpus
.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission.
On Feb. 14, 1862, the Lincoln administration ended the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus and issued an amnesty to political or state prisoners no longer deemed dangerous.
Finally, in 1866, after the war, the Supreme Court officially restored habeas corpus.
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The act of holding prisoners without bringing them before a judge
Violation of a person’s rights
Can lead to false imprisonment
Writ of Habeas Corpus
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Battle of Shiloh, TNMar – April 1862USA led by GrantCSA led by A.S. JohnstonOne of the bloodiest battles in the war.
More than 100,000 killed, wounded, or captured; or 1/4 of all those who fought
Day one was won by the CSA on surprise attack, day two was one by the USA.
Importance: Typical of the war, North would win with reinforcements and greater
numbers. Showed importance of sending scouts, digging trenches, and building
fortifications
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2nd Battle of Bull Run, VA(2nd Manassas)
Aug 29-30, 1862Union led by Gen. John PopeCSA led by Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson and
James Longstreet
Importance:
Decisive victory for the South
Builds momentum for the South
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Battle of Antietam September 1862
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Battle of Antietam, MD (Sharpsburg)
September 17, 1862Single bloodiest day of the war – 26K killedA Union soldier found Lee’s battle plan used as wrapper for
three cigarsLee attacks into the northLee splits his army and is overrun McClellan fails to follow Lee and finish off his armyBattle was a drawImportance:
McClellan is fired by Lincoln Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle.
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Abraham Lincoln at Antietam
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Emancipation ProclamationJuly 1, 1863Lincoln passes the edict through Congress freeing the
slaves in area in rebellion against the UnionPractically a useless document, because the CSA had
denounced Lincoln’s authority in the SouthSymbolically it is VERY important
Changes the purpose of the war to ending slavery
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Emancipation Proclamation
It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.
It did not free slaves in border states.
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Fredericksburg, VA
Dec 13, 1862
Bloody victory for CSA General Lee over USA General Ambrose Burnside
Burnside replaced in command by Joseph Hooker because of the failure to win.
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Chancellorsville, VAMay 1-4, 1863Another Southern
victoryJEB Steward
commander of the CSA Calvary forces is the hero
Stonewall Jackson shot by friendly fire and dies 8 days later
Huge moral blow to CSA
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Change of Strategy
After Chancellorsville, Lee decides to go on the offensive to relieve pressure
Lee once again attempts to take the North by moving his troops into Union territory
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The Battle of Atlanta or The March to the Sea
Union General Sherman led army south from Tennessee into Georgia
Pushed to Atlanta, the railroad center of the SouthMuch of Georgia Burned to the groundGoal was to destroy everything that could help the
South in the warBurned homes, stores, crops, animals, bridges,
railroad tracks….everything!Savannah fell to the Union on Dec. 22, 1864
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Sherman’s MarchMajor General William
Tecumseh Sherman
On November 12, 1864, Sherman marched out of Atlanta toward the Atlantic coast.
Tracing a line of march between Macon and Augusta, he carved a sixty-mile wide swath of destruction in the Confederacy's heartland.
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Battle of Vicksburg – July 1863
Gen. Albert Johnson Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
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Grant’s Most Important BattleVicksburg, MississippiSurrounded and lay siege to the city.Starved the people into surrenderKey VictoryGave Union control of the Mississippi RiverLincoln gave Grant command of ALL Union
troops!
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Gettysburg – Turning Point Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the
North on its own territory July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firm On July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed
them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.
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•Turing point of the war
•Bloodiest battle of the war
•Famous speech given after the battle
Battle of Gettysburg
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Gettysburg Address“That from these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Abe Lincoln
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Where did the Civil War end?
Appomattox Court House, Virginia
Confederate General ________________ surrendered to Union General ___________________.
Robert E. Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
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Lee Surrenders
Lee’s Confederate troops
Starving and clothes were rags
TrappedForced to
surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865
Grant’s Union troops
Well-fed and well supplied
Surrounded the Confederate soldiers
THE WAR WAS OVER!
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Technology made the Civil War
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Monitor vs. Merrimack
The CSA developed the first ironclad ship.The USA developed an ironclad in response.The two ships met in battle, neither was able to damage
the other.Importance:
New technology in naval warfare
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More efficient and deadly
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First metal ships in world!
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Blacks in the Military
After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army
Initially they were only used for manual labor
Eventually, Blacks saw live combat
54th regiment out of Massachusetts Robert Gould Shaw
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The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863
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Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.
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EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR
Creation of a single unified countryAbolition of slaveryIncreased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nationA stronger sense of nationalismWest the lands increasingly opened to settlementSouth was economically and physically devastated, with the
plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...