Fringe Accessibility Techniques(That Probably Shouldn’t Be)

Presented by Adrian Roselli for Guelph Accessibility Conference

About Adrian Roselli

• Co-written four books.• Technical editor

for two books.• Written over fifty

articles, most recentlyfor .net Magazine andWeb Standards Sherpa.

Great bedtime reading!

About Adrian Roselli

• Member of W3C HTML Working Group*, W3C Accessibility Task Force, five W3C Community Groups.

• Building for the web since 1993.• Business owner / founder, ~20 years.• Now independent / at The Paciello Group.• Learn more at AdrianRoselli.com.• Avoid on Twitter @aardrian.

I warned you.

What is a11y?

• A numeronym for “accessibility”:• The first and last letter (accessibility),• The number of characters omitted (a11y).

• Prominent on Twitter (character restrictions):• #a11y

• Examples:• l10n → localization• i18n → internationalization

Ain’t language funsies?

What We’ll Cover

• Common(?) Techniques• The (not really) Fringe• Key Takeaways

Work with me, people.

Common(?) Techniques

1 of 3 sections.

Common(?) Techniques

• Click on field labels

Make sure the corresponding field gets focus.

Common(?) Techniques

• Click on field labels• Unplug your mouse

Make sure you can still use the page / application.

Common(?) Techniques

• Click on field labels• Unplug your mouse• Turn off images

Make sure no important content has disappeared.

Common(?) Techniques

• Click on field labels• Unplug your mouse• Turn off images• Turn off CSS

Make sure the page still makes sense.

Common(?) Techniques

• Click on field labels• Unplug your mouse• Turn off images• Turn off CSS• Check color contrast

Make sure it’s sufficient.

Common(?) Techniques

• Click on field labels• Unplug your mouse• Turn off images• Turn off CSS• Check color contrast• Consider hyperlink text

Be consistent and clear, managing expectations the whole time.

The (not really) Fringe

2 of 3 sections.

Use Link Underlines

http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/13/5503894/google-removes-underlined-links-site-redesign

Use Link Underlines

• You are not Google:• Users know Google’s layout,• Users probably don’t visit your site daily.

• Relying on color alone will not suffice (WCAG 1.4.1 [A], 1.4.3 [AA]),

• Necessary contrast values:• 4.5:1 between text and its background for copy,• 3:1 between text and its background for larger text,• 3:1 between surrounding text and a hyperlink, plus an

additional visual cue (G183).http://adrianroselli.com/2014/03/i-dont-care-what-google-did-just-keep.html

Use :focus Styles

https://www.virginamerica.com/

Use :focus Styles

https://www.virginamerica.com/

Use :focus Styles

• Particularly if you removed link underlines,• Everywhere you have :hover, add :focus,• Look for :focus{outline:none;} in libraries:• If you find it, remove it.

• Easy to test with the tab key.

http://adrianroselli.com/2014/06/keep-focus-outline.html

Use <h#> Wisely

Use <h#> Wisely

• Use only one <h1> per page,• Don’t skip heading levels,• Use appropriate nesting,• There is no Document Outline Algorithm:• Don’t use <h1> within every new <section> nor <article>,

• This will not affect your SEO.

http://adrianroselli.com/2013/12/the-truth-about-truth-about-multiple-h1.html

Use Only One <main> per Page

Modified version of Hixie’s image at https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/100#issuecomment-138620240

Use Only One <main> per Page

• <main> maps directly to role="main",• AT users expect one main content block, may

miss subsequent <main>s,• AT doesn’t expose that there are multiples,• Can erode trust in landmark navigation.

http://adrianroselli.com/2015/09/use-only-one-main-on-a-page.html

Source Order Matters

http://codepen.io/aardrian/full/MavVeb/

Firefox

Chrome

Source Order Matters

• CSS techniques allow visual order to break from DOM order:• Floats,• Absolute positioning,• Flexbox (see 5.4.1 of ED for a11y note),• Grid (read Rachel Andrew on subgrid).

• WCAG 1.3.2 and 2.4.3 describe meaningful sequence and tab order matching visual flow,

• Different behavior among different browsers.http://adrianroselli.com/2015/09/source-order-matters.html http://200ok.nl/a11y-flexbox/

Don’t Use tabindex > 0

https://www.digitalgov.gov/2014/11/17/user-experience-impossible-the-line-between-accessibility-and-usability/

Don’t Use tabindex > 0

• tabindex="-1"• Use to set focus with script,• Does not put it in tab order of page.

• tabindex="0"• Allows user to set focus (eg: via keyboard),• Puts in tab order of page (based on DOM).

• tabindex="1" (or greater)• Do not do this,• Messes with natural tab order.

http://adrianroselli.com/2014/11/dont-use-tabindex-greater-than-0.html

Maybe Use tabindex=0

http://adrianroselli.com/2016/02/keyboard-and-overflow.html

Maybe Use tabindex=0

• Do you have scrolling content boxes?• Keyboard users probably cannot access it.

• Do you have content that expands on hover?• Keyboard users probably cannot access it.

• A technique:• <div role="region" aria-label="[if appropriate]" tabindex="0">

http://adrianroselli.com/2016/02/keyboard-and-overflow.html

<button>, <input>, or <a>

http://adrianroselli.com/2016/01/links-buttons-submits-and-divs-oh-hell.html

<button>, <input>, or <a>

http://adrianroselli.com/2016/01/links-buttons-submits-and-divs-oh-hell.html

<button>, <input>, or <a>

• Don’t use a <div> nor <span>.• Does the control take me to another URL?• Use an <a href>.• Note: does not fire on space-bar.

• Does the control change something on the current page?• Use a <button>.

• Does the control submit form fields?• Use a <input type="submit"> or <button type="submit">.

http://adrianroselli.com/2016/01/links-buttons-submits-and-divs-oh-hell.html

Set lang attribute on <html>

http://codepen.io/aardrian/pen/rOGYNL

Set lang attribute on <html>

http://codepen.io/aardrian/pen/rOGYNL

Set lang attribute on <html>

• VoiceOver uses to auto-switch voices,• VoiceOver uses appropriate accenting,• JAWS loads correct phonetic engine /

phonologic dictionary,• NVDA matches VoiceOver and JAWS,• Use the correct lang value:• Sub-tags are ok,• Avoid private-use: en-GB-x-hixie

http://adrianroselli.com/2015/01/on-use-of-lang-attribute.html

Don’t Disable Zoom

http://codepen.io/aardrian/full/dYNJOVhttp://codepen.io/aardrian/full/ojBpjw

Don’t Disable Zoom

• Allow users on mobile to zoom in,• Look in <meta name="viewport"> for this:

• minimum-scale=1.0• maximum-scale=1.0• user-scalable=no

• Look in @-ms-viewport {} for this:• zoom:1.0

• Grab your boss/client, shout “Enhance!”• (Google AMP HTML is getting fixed)

http://adrianroselli.com/2015/10/dont-disable-zoom.html

Use Captions/Subtitles

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V592VMJeXc8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCqN_cCLnnk

Use Captions/Subtitles

Use Captions/Subtitles

• Everybody uses them:• Working in public, in bed, at home,• Surfing in public, in bed, at work.

• Should include audio descriptions,• Should include speaker identification,• Review auto-captions (“craptions”):• NoMoreCraptions.com

http://adrianroselli.com/2013/11/captions-in-everyday-use.html

Use Captions/Subtitles

• Do video/audio clips have text alternatives?• Are links to closed-captions or transcripts built into

the player or separate text links?• Is there an audio description available?• Tools:• Media Access Australia YouTube captioning tutorial,

Vimeo captioning tutorial,• Tiffany Brown’s WebVTT tutorial,• DIY Resources for Closed Captioning and Transcription

from 3 Play Media.http://webaim.org/techniques/captions/

Test in Windows High Contrast Mode

http://buffalosoccerclub.org/About

Test in Windows High Contrast Mode

• It removes CSS background images,• This is changing in Edge,

• Colors defined in your CSS are overridden,• To activate:• Left ALT + left SHIFT + PRINT SCREEN

• Media queries:• -ms-high-contrast: active• -ms-high-contrast: black-on-white• -ms-high-contrast: white-on-black

http://adrianroselli.com/2012/08/css-background-images-high-contrast-mode.html

Avoid Infinite Scroll

http://www.pewresearch.org/category/publications/

Avoid Infinite Scroll

• Makes it impossible to access some content:• Footer,• Sidebar links.

• Destroys the back button,• Makes it impossible to share a URL to specific

“page” of results,• Makes it impossible to jump ahead several “pages”

of results,• Can overwhelm AT users, less powerful devices.

http://adrianroselli.com/2014/05/so-you-think-you-built-good-infinite.htmlhttp://adrianroselli.com/2015/05/for-infinite-scroll-bounce-rate-is.html

Reconsider Typefaces for Dyslexia

http://opendyslexic.org/try-it/

Reconsider Typefaces for Dyslexia

• Use good typography rules:• Avoid justified text,• Use generous line spacing / leading,• Use generous letter spacing,• Avoid italics,• Generally use sans serif faces,• Use larger text,• Use good contrast,• Use clear, concise writing.

http://adrianroselli.com/2015/03/typefaces-for-dyslexia.html

Use On-Page Descriptions

http://adrianroselli.com/2014/04/we-need-to-raise-stink-about-net.html

Use On-Page Descriptions

• Not just for longdesc or aria-describedat, but any long description technique,

• Use an in-page anchor,• Don’t link to another page without reason:• Consider burden of loading a new page,• Consider burden of re-loading original page.

• Based on results of latest WebAIM screen reader survey results.

http://adrianroselli.com/2015/09/use-on-page-image-descriptions.html

role="search" on <form> is OK

http://codepen.io/aardrian/pen/MaKbPa/

role="search" on <form> is OK

• Now OK to use <form role="search">,• Walking back my own prior statements,• (think of this as a retraction)

• Nu Html Checker is already updated.

http://adrianroselli.com/2015/08/where-to-put-your-search-role.html#changed

Try Not to Tweet Pictures of Text

https://twitter.com/jmspool/status/546303256990076929https://twitter.com/lukew/status/541986091960528896 https://twitter.com/altonbrown/status/653030164985708544

Try Not to Tweet Pictures of Text

https://twitter.com/aardrian/status/733023365729005568

Try Not to Tweet Pictures of Text

• Twitter has finally added alternative text,• Must be using iOS/Android app, some third-party

apps (Easy Chirp),• Alternative text not exposed via web, not in

Twitter back-ups (yet),• Maybe also make your own:• Reply to own tweet with alt text,• Link to a tweet and provide alt text,• Link to long-form alternative text.

http://adrianroselli.com/2016/03/twitter-has-alt-text-with-some-caveats.html

Share a11y Experiences

http://blog.podio.com/2015/07/08/hard-truths-helped-us-start-improving-podio-experience-visually-impaired/https://medium.com/medium-eng/five-goofy-things-medium-did-that-break-accessibility-3bc804ae818d

Share a11y Experiences

• We’re all trying to do what we can,• Don’t attack those who doesn’t know what they

don’t know,• Someone may find something you never

considered,• You may get feedback on something you never

considered,• a11ywins.tumblr.com FTW:• Thanks to Marcy Sutton.

http://adrianroselli.com/2015/07/lets-share-more-accessibility-experiences.html

Key Takeaways

3 of 3 sections.

≠ Checklist

• Accessibility is not a checklist.

No matter how pretty that checklist looks now how many items you get to check.

Stairamp

Dean Bouchard on Flickrhttp://incl.ca/the-problems-with-ramps-blended-into-stairs/

= Process

• Accessibility is not a checklist.• Accessibility is an ongoing process.

You know, kinda like all software.

Snowtreeramp

Nicolas Steenhouthttps://twitter.com/vavroom/status/571092086365261824

“Wheelchair ramp at pharmacy not only hasn’t been cleared of snow but has 2 potted trees to ensure nobody can pass.”

Oslo Davis, https://twitter.com/oslodavis/status/373219062697840640

Fringe Accessibility Techniques(That Probably Shouldn’t Be)

Presented by Adrian Roselli for Guelph Accessibility Conference

Slides from this talk will be available at rosel.li/Guelph