Friday Breslauer: pp. 95-115. 8 Rabbi’s study bible Mikra’ot Gedolot Torah or Tanakh text Full...
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Transcript of Friday Breslauer: pp. 95-115. 8 Rabbi’s study bible Mikra’ot Gedolot Torah or Tanakh text Full...
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Friday
Breslauer: pp. 95-115
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8 Rabbi’s study bible Mikra’ot Gedolot
• Torah or Tanakh text
• Full Masorah
• Targums
• Commentaries
• Cross-references.
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Commentators
• RASHI 11 century France “Plain Meaning”
• Ibn Ezra 11-12 century born: Spain.
Rational, linguistic, anti Karaite
Astrological
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RAMBAN: R. Moses ben NahmanNahmanides:
13th century Spain..
• Traditional yet influenced by Kabbalah
• Secret Knowledge contained in Torah.
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http://www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/MG.html
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Printing press
• Allows text and commentary together
• Allows wider distribution of texts.
• Less control over teaching, etc.
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Medieval Judaism700-1500
• Jews under Christianity and Islam– Prosperity / Persecution
• Cultural differentiation– Sephardic– Ashkenazic
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In Islamic lands
• Jews and Christians “Protected People”– “People of the Book”
– Much Freedom, but still second class citizens– Special taxes.
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Abbasid dynasty747 ce
• Baghdad
• Rationalistic philosophy
• Pluralistic, tolerant
• Hierarchical
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Islam and Judaism
• Islam: Sunna traditions of Muhammad.Proper Islamic life
• Judaism: Oral Torah becomes authoritative for Jews.
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curiouser and curiouser…
• Compilation of Sunna may have been influenced by Oral Torah
• Judaism thrived when it could be made to appear more like Islam.
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Karaite movement
• Second half of 8th century
• “Written” Torah interpreted by tradition.
• BUT: No second canon of “Oral Torah”No Rabbinic authorities.
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Karaites
• Similar to Sunni Islam
• Qur’an and Hadith / Sunnah– Tradition not authority figures
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Anan ben David
• Early Karaite leader. 8th century
• Accused Rabbinate of corrupting scripture
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8th- 11th century.
• Rabbinic Judaism defended Rational
Authentic
• Described in Islamic terms:– Scripture and tradition
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750-950
• Islamic expansion– Middle East– North Africa– Spain
– Much of Turkey still under Christian Byzantium
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Jewish leadership
• Exiliarch: political leader of Babylonian Jews
• Geonim: Leaders of Babylonian Jewish academies.
• Tensions between political/economic and religious leadership.
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Israel and Diaspora
• Tensions between Jewish leadership in Israel and in Diaspora.
• Calendar
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Last Geon
• Saadiah al-Fayumi (882-942).
• Addressed Karaite challenge.
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Saadia
• Rationalist
• Hebrew follows rational principles (Like Arabic)
• Bible into Arabic
• God knowable through the intellectMuslim influence
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Abbasid dynasty collapse
• 10th century.
• New centres: Egypt and Spain
• Jewish life decentralizes
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Rise of Trade
• Jewish Caravan traders
• India Africa Spain Christian regions.
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Jewish Traders
• Commerce between Islamic and Christian lands.
• Some Jews become very wealthy.
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9 -11 century
• North African, Spanish Jews prosper
• Talmud commentators
• RESPONSA: Rabbinic answers to questions of Halakhah.
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Jewish Spain
• Golden Age. 10-12 century.
• Philosophy
• Ibn Ezra
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Spain 12-13 century
• Christian Re-conquest
• Islamic rulers Distinctive clothesJews barred from important posts. Forced conversion to Islam
• Many Jews flee to Christian regions
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Maimonides
• Guide for the Perplexed– 13 principles
• Mishnah Torah– Summary of Halakhah.
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11-12 century
• African Muslim dynasties remove protection laws for Jews.
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Re-conquest
• Jews used to resettle Spain by Christian armies.
• Initially given some protection. Second class citizens