FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF GEO POLYMER … WHAT IS GEOPOLYMER ? ... predominantly silicon and...

Dr.R.MalathyProfessor & Head, Civil EngineeringKongu Engg. College, Perundurai.

INDIA

FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF GEO POLYMER

CONCRETE AND MORTAR

PROCESS OF PREPARATION OF OPC OPC, the most commonly used cement

manufactured by burning of large quantities of fuel, typically coal along with lime stone.

Disadvantage The emission of green house gases such as

Co2

WHAT IS GEOPOLYMER ?

The term “geopolymer” was coined by Davidovits in 1978. This inorganic alumino-silicate polymer is synthesized from predominantly silicon and aluminium material of geological origin or by-product materials such as fly ash, chemicial composition of geopolymer materials are similar to Zeolite.

GEOPOLYMER – BETTER ALTERNATE FOR OPC

MAIN CONSTITUENTS

Source Materials: Fly ash, Silica fume, Slag, Rice-husk ash, Red mud, etc.

Alkaline Liquids: Sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate, Potassium hydroxide with potassium silicate.

( It is used to induce the silicon and aluminum atoms in the source materials to dissolve and form a gel )

Fly Ash Facts : Just One Ton

Just one ton of fly ash use equals:

Conserved Landfill Space Enough for 455 days of solid waste produced by an

average Indian.

Reduced CO2 Emissions

Equal to two months of emissions from an automobile

Saved Energy Enough to provide electricity to an average Indian home

for 24 days.

FLY ASH CHECKLIST

Workability

Ease of Pumping

Improved Finishing

Reduced Bleeding

Reduced Segregation

Higher Strength

Decreased Permeability

Increased Durability

Reduced Sulfate Attack

Reduced Efflorescence

Reduced Shrinkage

Reduced Heat of Hydration

Reduced Alkali Silica

Reactivity

REST PERIOD

Definition:

“ It is the time taken between casting of

specimen and the commencement of

curing. ”

Methods of Heat Curing

Dry Curing

Steam Curing

Dry Curing

Steam Curing


Dry Curing

Steam Curing


Dry Curing


Dry Curing

Steam Curing


Dry Curing

3.60 m²/kg0.730.762.823.846.6223.0454.920.302.88Fly Ash

4.51 m²/kg0.143.380.3663.072.665.6619.330.761.65Cement

Specific surface

Na2OSo3MgoCaOFe2O3Al2O3SiO2IRLOI

LOI: Loss of Ignition ; IR: = Insoluble Residue

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT AND FLY ASH

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SODIUM SILICATE SOLUTION

neutral1.53 g/cc63.5 – 67.525 ± 287.5 ± 8.5% by mass

PHSp. GravityWaterSiO3Na2OComposition

MIXTURE PROPORTIONS FOR GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

2.018014901:0.44:1.52639973.1283.5M40

2.017014851:0.87:2.064911012425.7M30

2.016014801:1.31:2.813831078503.2M20

Molarity (M)

Mass (kg)

20mm (kg)

Sand (kg)

Na2SiO3

NaOH

SodiumSilicatesolution

(kg)

NaOH solutionMix

proportion

Fly ash (kg)

Aggregates

Mix

EXPERIMENTATION

Basic Properties of Geopolymer Concrete

Compressive Strength

Split Tensile Strength

Flexural Strength

Static Modulus of Elasticity

Alkalinity of Geopolymer Concrete

EXPERIMENTATION




Flexural Strength



EXPERIMENTATION




Flexural Strength



SLUMP, DENSITY & COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF NC AND GPC

5 Days28---------48.1023.10

5 Days7---------42.9623.60

3 Days282% Increase46.9647.8523.00

3 Days720% Increase32.1238.2323.50

190GPC

40

5 Days28---------38.1022.60

5 Days7---------35.8222.50

3 Days2810% Increase35.4738.8023.20

3 Days740% Increase25.4335.6022.70

195GPC

30

5 Days28-----31.8722.80

5 Days7----------29.8622.50

3 Days2816 % Increase27.3030.5822.70

3 Days754.3% Increase18.9429.2323.10

220GPC

20

OPCGPC

Rest period for

GPC

Age at test

(days)

Increase / Decrease

Compressive strength MPaDensity

KN/m3

Slump(mm)Mix

05

10152025303540

Co

mp

ress

ive

S

tre

ng

th in

MP

a

M 20 M 30 M 40

Grade of Concrete

OPC GPC

Compressive strength of OPC and GPC @ 7 days

0

10

20

30

40

50C

ompr

essi

ve

Str

engt

h in

MP

a

M 20 M 30 M 40

Grade of Concrete

OPC GPC

Compressive Strength of OPC and GPC @ 28 days

0

10

20

30

40

50

Com

pres

sive

S

tren

gth

in M

Pa

M 20 M 30 M 40

Grade of Concrete

3 days Rest Period 5 days Rest Period

Compressive Strength of GPC @ 3 days and 5 days Rest Period

16% Increase4.805.53M40

10% Increase4.104.50M30

14% Increase3.544.02M20

OPCGPC

Increase/DecreaseTensile Strength in N/mm²

Mix

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF NC AND GPC @ 28 DAYS WITH 5 DAYS REST PERIOD

0

1

2

3

4

5

6T

ensi

le S

tren

gth

in

MP

a

M 20 M 30 M 40

Grade of Concrete

OPC GPC

Tensile Strength of OPC and GPC @ 28 days

0

1

2

3

4

5F

lexu

ral

Str

engt

h in

MP

a

M 20 M 30 M 40

Grade of Concrete

OPC GPC

Flexural Strength of OPC and GPC @ 28 days

28.942.430.844.0GPC 40

26.738.428.637.30GPC 30

21.932.023.935.9GPC 20

EGPa

σ N/mm²E GPaσ N/mm²

GPCOPCMix

STATIC MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Ec = ∆σ/∆ , where ∆σ and ∆ are the increase in stress and strain respectively.

ckf5000E c N/mm2 (OPC)

ckf4600E c N/mm2 (GPC)



N/mm2 (OPC)




Stress-Strain Curves for OPC Stress-Strain Curves for GPC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

Strain (X 10-3)

Str

ess

(MP

a)

M20 M30 M40

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

Strain (X 10-3)S

tres

s (M

Pa)

M20 M30 M40

ALKALINITY OF PORE SOLUTION

PH Value of Geopolymer Concrete

= 11.5 – 12.3

ECONOMIC BENEFITS

10 – 25 % cheaper than that of portland cement concrete

1 tonne fly ash utilized for 2.5 m3 of GPC

1 tonne fly ash earns one carbon-credit

FLY ASH: THE MODERN POZZOLANIMPROVING CONCRETE PERFORMANCE

ENHANCING OUR ENVIRONMENT

GPC CUBE SPECIMEN

Fresh Geopolymer Concrete

Measurement of Slump

Geopolymer Concrete Specimens

Dry (Oven) Curing

Flexural Testing of GPC mould

Compression testing equipment used to find Young’s Modulus

GPC Specimen after testing

GEO POLYMER MORTAR

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0.5 1 1.5 3

x / y Ratio

Flo

w (

%)

Na2SiO3 / NaOH ratio

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CM 0.67 1 1.5 3

x / y Ratio of GPM

Flo

w (

% )

Comparison of flow between Cement mortar and Geopolymeric mortar

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

50°C 60°C 70°C 80°C 90°C 100°C

Temperature of curing (°C)

Com

pres

sive

Stre

ngth

@ 7

da

ys (M

Pa)

0.67

1

1.5

3

Variation of Strength and Temperature of curing of GPM with

different Na2SiO3 / NaOH ratio

GPM Mix for Masonry works

0

1

2

3

4

5

CM GPM

Brick prism

Com

pres

sive

str

engt

h @

7

days

(M

Pa)

COST COMPARISON

3068.002020.002686.003353.004322.00Cost of GPM & CM, Rs./ M3

0.00701.00701.00701.00701.00Rs. 11.00/ litNa2Si O3

0.00666.401332.801999.002968.00Rs. 28.0/ litNaOH

Catalytic Liquid

3068.20653.40653.40653.40653.40Total for solids

613.60552.80552.80552.80552.80Rs.0.40/ kgSand

0.00100.60100.60100.60100.60Rs. 0.20/ kgFly ash

2454.600.000.000.000.00Rs. 4.80/ kgCement

Mix 5Mix 4Mix 3Mix 2Mix 1

CMGPM

Cost of Material (Rs)

Rate Material

CONCLUSION GPC attains higher early strength than Normal

concrete.

Higher concentration of NaOH solution results in higher strength.

3 days curing period produces higher compressive strength.

The Rest period is optimized to 5 days

Density of GPC is similar to that of OPC

REFERENCES D M J Sumajouw, D Hardjito, S E Wallah and B V Rangan.

“Geopolymer concrete for a Sustainable Future” Dr.R V Ranganath “Geopolymers- An alternative to Cement base

Materials” P Duxon & G C Luckey “Geopolymer techniques the current state of

the art” J Davidovits “Geopolymers Inorganic Polymeric new materials” D Hardjito & B V Rangan “ Development and Properties of Low-

Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete” Davidovits,J., “Properties of Geopolymer Cements” First International

Conference of Alkaline Cements and Concretes.Kie,1994.pp.131-149. Hardjito D Wallah S.E and Rangan B V , “ Research into Engineering

properties of Geopolymer Concrete” International Conference Geopolymer 2002- Turn potential into profit, Melbourne, Australia, Oct-2002.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Concrete Composites and Structures,2005 SERC, Chennai, India. Pp.219-226.

EFFECT OF SUPERPLASTICIZER ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

SUPERPLASTICIZER A (Naphthalene Formaldehyde Condensate) SUPERPLASTICIZER B (Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde

Condensate) SUPERPLASTICIZER C(Aqueous De Policarboxilato) SUPERPLASTICIZER D (Aqueous Solution of Ligno Sulphonate)

Properties of super plasticizer A

Operating temperature 10˚ c to 40˚c

Compatibility all types of cement except high alumina cement

Solid content 40%-42%

Additional air content 1% at normal dosage

Chloride content Nil

Specific gravity 1.2-1.5

Composition Naphthalene Formaldehyde Condensate

Properties of super plasticizer B

Water solubility miscible

Relative density(at 20˚c) 1.10(water)

Vapor pressure(kPa @ 20˚c) 2.13


Oxidizing property not determined

Explosive property(%) not applicable

Auto flammability(˚c) not applicable

Flash point (closed ˚c) none

Boiling point/range (˚c) >100

Ph(concentrate) ~10

Composition Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde Condensate

Properties of super plasticizer C

Water solubility soluble


Vapor pressure(kPa @ 20˚c) not determined







Ph(concentrate) 6.5

Composition Aqueous De Policarboxilato

Water solubility soluble


Vapor pressure(kPa @ 20˚c) 2.3







Ph(concentrate) 4.5-5

Composition Aqueous Solution Of Ligno Sulphonate

Properties of super plasticizer C

TESTS CONDUCTED

Marsh cone test Mini slump test Flow table test

MARSH CONE TEST

Marsh cone efflux time ( seconds)

357.2159.4222.211

357.2159.4202.010

357.2179.4181.89

357.28199.4161.68

367.53229.49141.47

397.59259.97121.26

4283310101.05

468.35451380.84

608.57701460.63

809.47992040.42

100101207720.21

SPD

SP C

SP B

SPA

Dosage quantity in ml

Dosage % by weight of cement

S.NO.

MARSH CONE TEST RESULTS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4

SP Dosage in %

Tim

e o

f F

low

SP A SP B SP C SP D

FLOW TABLE TEST

FLOW TABLE RESULTS

12.453.7

11.653.6

11.0012.503.5

11.0011.753.4

10.5311.753.2

NF11.753.0

NF10.552.0

NF9.4312.5001.4

NF13.009.4311.4751.20.4

NF11.579.4310.4001.00.4

NF10.34NFNF0.80.4

12.42512.42512.42512.42500.5

DCBA

Average spread diameter of mortar in cmSP Dosage in %

w/c ratio

Determination of Efficiency of SP for cement mortar by flow table test

1.41.135 3.5 3.79

10

11

12

13

14

15

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Dosage of SP in %

Dia

of S

pre

ad in

flo

w ta

ble

SP ASP BSP CSP DFlow for 0.5 w/c without SP

Efficiency to achieve equivalent dia of spread in mm for 1ml of SP

1.775

0.71

2.07

0.672

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

SP A SP B SP C SP D

Type of Super Plasticizer

Eff

icie

ncy

to

ach

ieve

req

uir

ed

spre

ad d

ia p

er m

l o

f S

P

Comparison of efficiency of different types of SP by Flow Table Test

1.4

3.5

1.135

3.7

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

SP A SP B SP C SP D


Do

sag

e o

f S

P t

o g

et r

equ

ired

flo

w

in %

Slump Value of Different types of Super Plasticizer

FLOW RATE IN SLUMP

3.48 (IV)3.4240.6113940D4

10.42 (I)4.173012512C3

4.25 (III)2.885917040B2

4.50 (II)3.962710724A1

Efficiencymm / ml of SP

Flow ratemm/sec

Timesec

Slump mm

Dosage in ml

Type of SP

S.No

Efficiency to achieve slump in mm for 1ml of SP

4.5 4.25

10.42

3.48

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

SP A SP B SP C SP D


Eff

icie

ncy

(sl

um

p m

m p

er m

lof

SP

)

Compressive Strength Test Results

0.50020.00-nilD5

3.45041.452.3127.77C4

0.81332.500.5421.77B3

1.45034.80123.33A2

-28.24-19.77No SP1

Efficiency at 28 days

Strength in MPa /ml

of SP

Compressive strength

after 28 days curingin N/mm2

Efficiency at7

daysStrength in

MPa /ml of

SP

Compressive strengthafter 7 days curing

in N/mm2

Type of SPS.No

COST COMPARISON

60.00 / LitreLigno SulphonateConplast P211SP D

170.00 / LitrePolyCarboxilatoStructuro 100SP C

110.00 / LitreMelamineConplast M1SP B

90.00 / LitreSulphonated Naphthalene

Conplast SP 430

SP A

Rate (Rs.)BaseProductIdentification

CONCLUSION

Type C SP i.e., De PoliCarboxilato based SP is very compatible with cement and the efficiency with respect to workability and strength is high when compared to other types.

Type A gives better results and its efficiency is higher than that of type B and type D super plasticizers

THANK YOU

FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF GEO POLYMER … WHAT IS GEOPOLYMER ? ... predominantly silicon and...

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