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Frequency Control and Inertia Response schemes for the future power networks
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Transcript of Frequency Control and Inertia Response schemes for the future power networks
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FREQUENCY CONTROL AND INERTIA RESPONSE SCHEMES FOR THE FUTURE POWER NETWORKS
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-LongattLoughborough University, UK
26th July 2017 | CIMEQH | Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Future Electric Power Grid:
Smart-erGrid
Driving Forces and challenges
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What is an Electrical Power System?• An electric power system is a network of electrical
components used to supply, transmit and use electric power.
• Modern Power Systems are complex and interconnected
structures.
Where Does Complexity Come From?
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Power System Dynamic: Complexity
• There are hundreds of interacting elements such ad
generator with their controls, energy supply system and
controls, and that the mathematical representation of each
element generally involves many independent variables
described by set of high order, non linear differential
equations.
System
Dispatch
Load-Freq
Control
With
Economic
Allocation
Freq
Flows
Prime
Mover
System
a cont.
Gen
Excitation
Controls
Electrical
Network
Mach elect
powers a tie
line powers
as function
of angles,
voltages,
speeds a
network
loads and
impedances
Match
Sched
Supp
Cont
Regulation
Shaft
PWR
Tie-Line
Mach
Freq
Output
Electrical Power
Tie-Line
Out
Powers
Powers
Source: P.M. Anderson “Power System and control”
@fglongatt
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European Interconnection• Head Organization ENTSO-E
• 5 Regional Groups (RG) RGContinental Europe (former
UCTE)
• Regulation Zone Germany 4 TSO
• 41 TSO
• 34 European countries
• 532 million customers served
• 312,693km of transmission lines
• 3,174.2 TWh electricity transported
• 423,586 GWh of electricity exchange
between member TSOs
• 1,023,721 MW net generation
capacity connected to the grid.
(European Network of Transmission
System Operators for Electricity)
532 Million Customers
1,023,721 MW
@fglongatt
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North American Interconnection…
• Provides electricity to 334 million people;
• Total electricity demand of 830 gigawatts
• 340,000 kilometres of high-voltage transmission lines
• Represents more than US$1trillion worth of assets.
334 Million Customers
830,000 MW
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
@fglongatt
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Uk Interconnection• National Grid
• Transmission System
1200 Circuits
14000km OHL
635km of underground cable
319 Substations
750 transformers
2743 circuit breakers
132kV, 275kV & 400kV
50Hz
Installed generation capacity:
≈ 100 GW bulk generation
embedded generation
Demand
≈ 60 GW Peak
20 GW minimum National grid
26 Million
Customers
~60 GW
339 TWh in 2014. @fglongatt
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Context: Overview of Drivers
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@fglongatt
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Penetration Renewable: Germany (1/3)
End of Year 2000
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Penetration Renewable: Germany (2/3)
End of Year 2005
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Penetration Renewable: Germany (3/3)
End of Year 2010
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 12/73Mov
ing
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Fut
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Ele
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al P
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Net
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ks: M
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North Sea National Targets 2030 (1/4)
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
June 2012Coventry, UK
@fglongatt
Data source: EWEA
@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 13/73Mov
ing
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Fut
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Context: Changes in GB
15% of energy from renewable
34% reduction in CO2 emission versus 1990
2020No renewable target
80% reduction in CO2 emission versus 1990
2050
% of end use energy ~20%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~200
% of end use energy ~50%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~5Electricity
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050
Oil
Gas
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
CCS
Billio
n B
arr
els
of
Oil E
qu
iva
len
t p
er
ye
ar
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
% of end use energy ~40%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184
% of end use energy ~35%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184Gas
% of end use energy ~40%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247
% of end use energy ~40%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247Oil
Data source: National Grid Gone Green scenario
fglongatt 2013
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 14/73Mov
ing
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Fut
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Ele
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Net
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Context: Where do we need to Change?
EVIM
Storage
PV
MTDC
AC
System
Wind Farm
The other half of the challenge lies in building the transport and distribution networks
As the low-emission economy evolves,building new generation technologiesis just half the challenge
@fglongatt
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control and
Inertial Response Schemes for the Future Power
Networks. Large Scale Renewable Power Generation. J.
Hossain and A. Mahmud, Springer Singapore: 193-
231.
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 15/73Mov
ing
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Fut
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Ele
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DC is a real option
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 16/73Mov
ing
Tow
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Fut
ure
Ele
ctric
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ower
Net
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Smart DC Micro-grids
http://smgaznec.fglongatt.org/
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Frequency stability and control
Main concepts
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 18/73Mov
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Net
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What is Electric Frequency (f)? (1/6)ENTSO-E
• The electric frequency in the network (the systemfrequency f) is a measure for the rotation speed of thesynchronised generators.
• By increase in the total demand the system frequency(speed of generators) will decrease, and by decrease in thedemand the system frequency will increase.
National Grid (UK)
What is frequency?
• System frequency is a continuously changing variable thatis determined and controlled by the second-by-second (realtime) balance between system demand and totalgeneration.
• If demand is greater than generation, the frequency fallswhile if generation is greater than demand, the frequencyrises.
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 19/73Mov
ing
Tow
ards
Fut
ure
Ele
ctric
al P
ower
Net
wor
ks: M
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What is Inertia? (2/6)• It is the energy stored in generators because they
are rotating….
They continue to rotate
after the energy source is
removed
Large spinning machines provide
stored energy due to the rotating
mass of their rotor, driving
turbine shafts etc.
Engineers model this as a number
of rotating masses.
@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 20/73Mov
ing
Tow
ards
Fut
ure
Ele
ctric
al P
ower
Net
wor
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Power System Stability
Rotor angle
stabilityVoltage Stability
Transient
Stability
Short term Long-term
Large
Disturbance
Voltage
Stability
Small-Signal
Stability
Short term
Small-
Disturbance
Voltage Stability
Frequency
Stability
Short term Long term
Frequency Stability• IEEE-CIGRE classification (IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force
on Stability Terms and Definitions, “Definition and
Classification of Power System Stability”, IEEE Trans. Power
Systems and CIGRE Technical Brochure 231, 2003):
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 21/73Mov
ing
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Fut
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Ele
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Frequency Stability• “Frequency stability refers to the ability of a power
system to maintain steady frequency following a severe
system upset resulting in a significant imbalance
between generation and load.”
• Frequency stability analysis concentrates on studying the
overall system stability for sudden changes in the
generation-load balance.
@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 22/73Mov
ing
Tow
ards
Fut
ure
Ele
ctric
al P
ower
Net
wor
ks: M
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VD
C +
Win
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General Picture of Frequency Stability (4/4)
Demand Supply
50
+-
Generated
Power
Sales PurchasesInter-Regional
Interchange
Load
Losses
Frequency
IncreaseDecrease
@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 23/73Mov
ing
Tow
ards
Fut
ure
Ele
ctric
al P
ower
Net
wor
ks: M
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VD
C +
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Frequency Response
• It is an automatic change in active power output or
demand in response to a frequency change.
• To maintain system frequency within statutory and
operational limits.
What is it?
Why we need it?
Demand: 47318MW17:05:00 GMTFrequency: 49.996Hz17:07:45 GMTSystem TransfersN.Ireland to Great Britain: -444MWFrance to Great Britain: -310MWNetherlands to GB: 0MW07/03/2011 17:00:00 GMT
North-South: 7567MWScot - Eng: 215MW07/03/2011 17:10:00 GMT
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Data/Realtime/Frequency/Freq60.htm
Real Time Frequency Data - Last 60 Minutes
National Grid has a license obligation to control frequency within the limits specified in the 'Electricity Supply Regulations', i.e. ±1% of nominal system frequency (50.00Hz) save in abnormal or exceptional circumstances.
@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 24/73Mov
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Tow
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Fut
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Ele
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Net
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Steady-State Frequency
Upper Statutory Limit
Upper Operational Limit
Lower Operational Limit
Lower Statutory Limit
Lowest ‘planned’ Limit
Demand disconnection starts
Demand Disconnection complete
52.0
50.5
50.2
49.8
49.5
49.0
48.8
47.0
50.0
~60% od REC
Demand shed in 9
blocks
49.6 Hz – Standing reserve on LF (1st)
49.5 Hz – Standing reserve on LF (2nd
)
50.4 Hz – Generator independent action
52.0 Hz – Generators start tripping
Standards
Obligations, Statutory, Code and Operational Standards@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 25/73Mov
ing
Tow
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Fut
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Ele
ctric
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Net
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on o
f the
aut
hor.
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Objective of Control
Maintain 3 frequency indices
1. ROCOF
2. Transient Frequency Nadir
3. Steady state Frequency
deviation1
2
3
maximum frequency gradient (df/dt) as observed by ROCOF (Rate-Of-Change-Of-Frequency)
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ing
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ure
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ower
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ks: M
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al H
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C +
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d
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right
s re
serv
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rt o
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s pu
blic
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n m
ay b
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prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
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form
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erm
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hor.
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Frequency Control (1/4)
Frequency Control processes
Continous Service
Reserve
Occasional Service
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz) 10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins
Secundary (to 30 mins)
Primary
50.0
50.2
49.8
49.5
49.2
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 27/73Mov
ing
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ower
Net
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ks: M
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al H
VD
C +
Win
d
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right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
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form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
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hor.
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ht ©
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Frequency Control Processes (2/4)
Continous Service
Reserve
Occasional Service
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz) 10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins
Secundary (to 30 mins)
Primary
50.0
50.2
49.8
49.5
49.2
INERTIAL RESPONSE: The speed of the
synchronous generators also reduces and some of the
kinetic energy stored in the rotating mass is released
as electrical energy. This is a fast response and
proportional to the rate of change of frequency.
Frequency Control Phases
@fglongatt
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ower
Net
wor
ks: M
ulti-
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min
al H
VD
C +
Win
d
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
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erm
issi
on o
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hor.
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yrig
ht ©
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Frequency Control Processes (3/4)
Continuous
Service
Reserve
Occasional Service
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz) 10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins
Secundary (to 30 mins)
Primary
50.0
50.2
49.8
49.5
49.2
GOVERNOR ACTION: The automatic droop control
loop of the governor acts on the change in frequency
and opens the governor valve to increase the turbine’s
output.
This is a slower response and depends on the dead band
of the governor and time lag of the prime mover
Frequency Control Phases
@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 29/73Mov
ing
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ure
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ctric
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ower
Net
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ks: M
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Ter
min
al H
VD
C +
Win
d
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
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form
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erm
issi
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hor.
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yrig
ht ©
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Frequency Control Processes (4/4)
• Primary Control: The action of turbine governors due to
frequency changes when reference values of regulators are
kept constant.
• Secondary Control: The restoration of the rated frequency
followed to the primary control action, but now at the
required increased value of power demand.
• Tertiary control: Objective depends on the organizational
structure of a given power system and the role that power
plants play in this structure.
Summary of Frequency Controllers
All
right
s re
serv
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s pu
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or
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erm
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Controllers Used for Frequency
Response in Wind Power
Generators• This section presents the main aspects to considers in Controllers
used on Wind Power Generators for Frequency Response.
@fglongatt
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 31/73Mov
ing
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ards
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ure
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ower
Net
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ks: M
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VD
C +
Win
d
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right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
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ribut
ed in
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erm
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hor.
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ht ©
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Commercially Dominant Technologies• WT Technologies
GridIs
PFC
Us
Single cage
induction
generator
Gearbox
GridIsUs
PMSG
ac/dc dc/ac
DC
link
Ir
UrN
N
NN
S
S
S
S
GridIsUs
Double-fed
induction
generator
Gearbox
ac/dc dc/ac
DC
link
Ir Ic
Ur
Variable Speed
PMSG
Direct Drive
Variable Speed Induction
generator
Variable Speed
Double fed
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 32/73Mov
ing
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ure
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ower
Net
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ks: M
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Ter
min
al H
VD
C +
Win
d
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
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form
with
out p
erm
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hor.
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ht ©
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Releasing Kinetic Energy: Physical Inertia!!!
• The contribution of the system inertia of one load or
generator depend if the system frequency causes
change in its rotational speed and, then, its kinetic
energy.
Restorative power
smaller
smaller
T
1
N
i
i
H H
2
1
2
i smi
base
JH
S
ww
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lon
ga
tt.o
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 33/73Mov
ing
Tow
ards
Fut
ure
Ele
ctric
al P
ower
Net
wor
ks: M
ulti-
Ter
min
al H
VD
C +
Win
d
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
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erm
issi
on o
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hor.
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yrig
ht ©
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System Frequency Dynamic• During a system frequency disturbance the balance
between generation-demand is not reached, then the
system frequency will change at a rate initially determinate
by the total system inertia (HT).
Reserve
Occasional Service
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz) 10s 30s 60s Time 30 mins
Primary
50.0
50.2
49.8
49.5
49.2
df
dt
2m e
n
H dfp p p
f dt
ww
w.fg
lon
ga
tt.o
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 34/73Mov
ing
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ards
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ure
Ele
ctric
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ower
Net
wor
ks: M
ulti-
Ter
min
al H
VD
C +
Win
d
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
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erm
issi
on o
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hor.
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The Problem• Increasing wind power Penetration.
• Wind turbines provide small or even no
response to frequency changes.
CLASSIC TECHNOLOGIES
Fixed Speed WTG • Squirrel cage induction generator
• Provides inertial response
• Slower than synchronous generator
Variable Speed WTG
• Utilise power electronics converters
• Synchronous WTG: No inertial response
• Doubly Fed Induction Generator WTG:
Negligible inertial response
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time [sec]0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fre
qu
ency
[H
z]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.5
1
Po
wer
[p
.u]
Time [sec]0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
48.5
49
49.5
50
Synchronous Generator
Fixed Speed WTG
DFIG WTG
Full Converter WTG
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 35/73Mov
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d
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s re
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ed. N
o pa
rt o
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s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
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Control Layers
Controller
Wind
Externalturb set
P
meas A. Wind Turbine
Min MPT
turb
,1uP
*
,1uP
Min MPT
,2uP
*
,2uP
Min MPT
,3uP
*
,3uP
cmmP
,1
MPT
aP ,2
MPT
aP ,3
MPT
aP
1/ NPI
maxP
0
*
WFP
WFP PCC
B. Wind
Farm Level
Inertial Control
Control Signal from
AGC or Operator
sysf
Droop Controlf
Converter
1cK1cP
2cP
ciP
cnP
2cK
cnK
ciK
.
.
.
.
.
.
inP
WFP
P
refP
iK
s
1
iR
iB
Speed Governor,ref iP
AGC
f
Load Reference
Error
C. Power System
Level
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 36/73Mov
ing
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ards
Fut
ure
Ele
ctric
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ower
Net
wor
ks: M
ulti-
Ter
min
al H
VD
C +
Win
d
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
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ribut
ed in
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erm
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Inertial Control (1/2)
• Functions:
– For variable speed wind turbines.
– To reduce the maximum frequencychange rate.
– To increase the transient frequencynadir.
d
dtFiltersys 2H
measP,r ref
,r meas
rPI
MPPTPConterter
“Hidden” inertia emulation
2sys
in sys
dP H
dt
r
P
MPPT
21
2
sm
base
JH
S
refP
• Comparison with fixed speed wind
turbines and conventional generators:
– Releasing considerably larger kinetic
energy.
– Responding faster because of the PWM
technology
G. Ramtharan, J. B. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, "Frequency support from doubly fed induction generator wind turbines," lET Renew. Power Gener., vol. I, pp. 3-9,2007.
J. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, "Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 4, pp.800--802, Dec. 2004.
J. Morren, S W. H. de Haan, W. L. Kling, and J. A. Ferreira, "Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control,“ IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. I, pp. 433-434, Feb. 2006.
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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD, [email protected] .Copyright © 2008-2015. 07-08 November 2016. Seville, Spain. 37/73Mov
ing
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ards
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ure
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ower
Net
wor
ks: M
ulti-
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min
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VD
C +
Win
d
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
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yrig
ht ©
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Inertial Control (2/2)
• Similar functions to “hidden” inertia emulation
– To compensate the power loss for a short period and save time for other slowergenerators to participate in the frequency control
measP,r ref
rPI
r
P
MPPT
refPConterter
,r meas
constPt
,0r
2
, 0 2 constr ref rt r
Pt
J 2 2
0
1 1
2 2const r rtP t J J
A. Teninge, C. Jecu, D. Roye, S. Bacha, J. Duval, and R Belhomme, "Contribution to frequency control through wind turbine inertial energy storage," lET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 3, pp. 358-370,2009
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erm
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hor.
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ht ©
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Future Electric Power Grid:
Smart-erGrid
Smarter-Grid and Potential solutions
All
right
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rt o
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s pu
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atio
n m
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Reference to the Concept• The term smart grid has been
in use since at least 2005,
when it appeared in the article
“Toward A Smart Grid” by
Amin and Wollenberg.
Smart Grids European
Technology Platformhttp://www.smartgrids.eu/
http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid
“Smart Grid / Department
of Energy”
https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--
2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks
Department of Energy &
Climate Change and Ofgem
All
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erm
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f the
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hor.
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Global Smart• A concept
Water
Transport
Gas ICT
Electricity ?
All
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Smarter Grid
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erm
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hor.
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What it is?
WAN
People
Smart
Meters
Smart
Appliances
Data
concentrator
Applications
server
PMU PMU
All
right
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rt o
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ht ©
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Power Systems and Smart Grid
Server
Satellite
PhoneWireless
Modem
Concentrator
Devices
Satellite
Dish
WAN
Internet
VP
Generation Transmission Substation Distribution Costumer
Integracion de renovables Wide-Area Monitoring
and ControlSubstation
Automation
AMI EV/PHEV
IntegrationAutomation
Smart grid integrates ITC and Power
Systems
DER
Integration
Condition
MonitoringAsset
Optimization
Workforce
Effectiveness
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
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Technologies for Energy Storage
1,339 Projects
186,224 GW
2015
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Storage in UK
Dinorwig
Power
Station
30 Projects
3255 MW
All
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rt o
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blic
atio
n m
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Storage in UK (3/4)• Smarter Network Storage
The Smarter Network Storage (SNS) project aims to carry out a range of
technical and commercial innovation to tackle the challenges associated with the
low-carbon transition and facilitate the economic adoption of storage. It is
differentiated from other LCNF electrical storage projects by its demonstration of
storage across multiple parts of the electricity system, outside the boundaries of the
distribution network. By demonstrating this multi-purpose application of
6MW/10MWh of energy storage at Leighton Buzzard primary substation, the
project will explore the capabilities and value in alternative revenue streams for
storage, whilst deferring traditional network
All
right
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rt o
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erm
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Storage in UK• Preliminary analysis in UK suggest an additional storage
could be installed in the range of 1GW - 29GW under certain
future scenarios by 2050, of which distribution storage is
estimated to dominate bulk storage, due to the savings from
avoided distribution network costs.
The Electricity Storage Network has warned
that delays in installing at least an additional
2GW of electricity storage by 2020 will
result in costs of £100m a year for
taxpayers and investors.
The alert came as DECC named the first
two winners of its £20m energy storage
competition with the ESN adding that failure
to act would also cause a loss of value
rising to £10bn a year by 2050.
http://renews.biz/53357/uk-urged-to-focus-on-storage/
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right
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rt o
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erm
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hor.
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yrig
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EV at Loughborough University
@fglongatt
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s pu
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atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
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ht ©
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
EV at Loughborough University• Electric Vehicles at Loughborough University
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
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ht ©
201
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Incentive For Electric Vehicles (EVs)
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
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ht ©
201
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UK Distribution Networks
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Government Incentives For Renewable Generation
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
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ht ©
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Smart Meter Installations In Domestic Properties• From the start of the Programme up until 31 March 2016,
large energy suppliers have reported installing an estimated
total of 2,606,200 smart meters across domestic properties in
Great Britain.
Smart meters will be fitted in 26 million
homes by 2020
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
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ht ©
201
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
The UK Context for Distribution• Business regulated by
• Assets account for 50%+
of the value of GB
electricity networks.
• A significant part of the
assets installed during
the 1950s and 60s.
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/electricity/distribution-networks/gb-electricity-distribution-networkhttp://www.energynetworks.org/info/faqs/electricity-distribution-map.html
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
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ht ©
201
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Smart Network and Low Carbon
Primary
Substation CB
CB
Secondary
Substation
Tie-switch
Bulk
Generation
MV Micro Grid
+
-
Local
control
Local control
Local
control
+
-
+
-
Massive penetration of renewable
Medium-scale renewable controllable
Full coordination between transmission and distribution
Local
control
Hierarchical
control
Distributed
Generation
Real-time monitoring and control
Local
controlCentralized network management Maximizing the assets utilizationMaximum renewable harvesting
Optimization forecasting
LV Micro Grid
Frequency response oepration
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Smart Network and Low Carbon
Primary
Substation CB
CB
Secondary
Substation
Tie-switch
Bulk
Generation
+
-
+
-
IED: Intelligent Electronic Device
DMS: Distribution Management System
MEMS: Microgrid Energy Management System
SCADA: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
MV Microgrid
LV Microgrid
Communication link
DMS
SCADA
IED IED
IED
MEMS
MEMS
MEMS
MEMS
+
-
+
-
+
-
Electric Vehicle
Heat pump
Energy storage
Solar photovoltaic system
Wind Power
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
7. h
ttp:w
ww
.fglo
ngat
t.org
Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Smart Network and Low Carbon
Primary
Substation CB
CB
Secondary
Substation
Tie-switch
MV Micro Grid
+
-
Local
control
Local control
Local
control
+
-
+
-
Massive penetration of renewable
Medium-scale renewable controllable
Full coordination between transmission and distribution
Local
control
Hierarchical
control
Distributed
Generation
Real-time monitoring and control
Local
controlCentralized network management Maximizing the assets utilizationMaximum renewable harvesting
Optimization forecasting
LV Micro Grid
Frequency response oepration
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
7. h
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t.org
Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Reduced Inertia in the UK
http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
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ht ©
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Declining Short Circuit Levels in the UKAs the short circuit level decreases, the
size of the area affected by a voltage dip
will increase.
The effects of transmission voltage dips
are not only observable across the
transmission network, but are also
observable on distribution networks in the
vicinity of the fault (the effects are “3-
dimensional”).
The critical role that reactive
current injection plays in the
response of the network to a
voltage depression.
http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Closing…
or Opening?
All
right
s re
serv
ed. N
o pa
rt o
f thi
s pu
blic
atio
n m
ay b
e re
prod
uced
or
dist
ribut
ed in
any
form
with
out p
erm
issi
on o
f the
aut
hor.
Cop
yrig
ht ©
201
7. h
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Tegucigalpa, Hondruas, July 2017
Questions and Answers
Dr Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt
Copyright Notice
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Thank you!