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French Revolution
How did Enlightenment ideas lead to revolution, independence, and a new
government for many nations?
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French Revolution
• France still followed ancient regime – old order (medieval)
• Their social system divided into 3 classes
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3 Classes / Estates
• First Estate – Clergy
• Enjoy Wealth & Privilege
• Ran schools, hospitals, & orphanages
• Paid NO Taxes!
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3 Classes / Estates
• Second Estate – Nobles
• Jobs in gov’t, army, courts & church
• Paid NO Taxes!
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3 Classes / Estates
• Third Estate – Everyone else!
• Largest (98% pop)
• Divided into three groups–Bourgeoisie
–Rural Peasants
–City Workers
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French Revolution
• Enlightenment ideas questioning ancient regime
• Felt Upper Estates should pay Taxes
• Financial Crisis hits France!
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Financial Crisis
• Cause =
Deficit Spending - when the government spends more money than it makes.
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Financial Crisis• Debt from Seven Years War
(French & Indian)
• Aided Colonists during Am. Rev.
• Bad Harvests
• Food Price Rise = Famine!
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Financial Crisis• Poor Leadership made things worse!
• Louis XV – ran up the debt• Louis XVI – Tried to
reform w/ help from
Jacques Necker
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Financial CrisisNecker’s Reforms
• Reduce Court Spending
• Reform Gov’t
• Abolish Tariffs
• Called for taxes by all EstatesNobles & Clergy forced King to
remove Necker
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French Revolution• Bread Riots break out!
• King forced to call Estates General into session first time in 175 years.
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French Revolution
• 3 Estates wrote cahiers – grievances
• Third Estate wanted radical reforms
• Other 2 Estates
wanted no change
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French Revolution
• Third Estate became National Assembly after being bullied.
• Argued they rep. the people
• King locked them out of Estates General
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French Revolution
• National Assembly met @ Tennis Court
• Tennis Court Oath – vow to not disband
until made a constitution for France
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French Revolution
• Louis XVI had to accept National Assembly because some Nobels and Clergy joined the casuse.
• But sent troops to Versailles
• Rumors of a take over in Paris led to the Storming of the Bastille!
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Storming the Bastille
• Bastille- medieval fortress used as a prison
• 800 Parisians attacked looking for weapons
• July 14 – Bastille Day (French National Holiday)
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France’s 2 Problems
Political Crisis
+ Famine
Great Fear !Rumors of towns being attacked
Spread Panic
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National Assembly
• Voted to end all privileges
• Announced “Feudalism is abolished”
• Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Men and the Citizen – modeled after D of I
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Declaration of the Rights of Men and the Citizen
• All Men Free & Equal w/ natural rights
• Gov’t job to protect rights
• Anyone could hold political office
• Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press
• Tax levied according to ability to pay
• “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!”
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National Assembly
• King had to accept changes
• But increased troops in Paris
• Louis’s new problem his wife!
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Marie Antoinette
• Queen of France
• Daughter of Maria Theresa
• People hated her immoral & extravagant
• Accused of saying “Let them eat cake!” to group begging for bread
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Marie Antoinette
• Women of Paris storm the castle @ Versailles
• Demand King move family to Paris
• King agrees & becomes a virtual prisoner
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Constitution of 1791
Church Reforms• Took all church lands & sold them
• Bishops & Priest – elected
• Took control of French Church
• Dissolved Convents & Monasteries
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Constitution of 1791
Political Reforms• Created Limited Monarchy
• Abolished old courts
• Protected private property & free trade
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Constitution of 1791
• National Assembly Legislative Assembly
Power to:
• Make laws, levy taxes, declare war & peace
• Elected by tax paying citizens
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New Problems
• King & Queen Try to escape – brought back to Paris
• Other Rulers afraid of the Revolution
• Austria & Prussia threaten to attack
• Fight of foreign invaders 1792-1815
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French People Divided
(Based on where you sat in assembly)
• Right – Thought had enough change
• Center – Moderate Reform
• Left – More radical changes, become a republic (radicals)
–Sans-culottes & Jacobins
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September Massacres
• Radicals try to kill King & Queen
• Kill nobles & priest who were political prisoners
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New Government• Next election – radicals take over
Assembly
• Rename it National Convention
• Write new Constitution!
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New Constitution• Gave Every Man Suffrage
• Ended the Monarchy Republic!
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Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
• Both put on trial for treason
• Both found guilty & beheaded!
• Son dies mysteriously in prison
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Factions outside the govt
• EMIGRES – Nobles and others who fled France hoped to undo the Revolution and restore Old Regime
• SAN-CULOTTES – were Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted greater reforms.
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National Convention
• Under attack at home & from abroad
• Created Committee of Public Safety
• Job to defend France
• Led by Maximilien Robespierre
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Reign of Terror• July 1793-July 1794
• Looked for enemies of the state
• Robespierre ruled France as a dictatorship
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Reign of Terror
• Would have a trial in the morning and execution in the afternoon.
• About 40,000 people were executed during the reign
• Symbol of the Reign – Guillotine
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Reign of Terror
• The Convention began to fear Robespierre & turned on him
• Robespierre & his followers were tried & executed
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Constitution of 1795
• Moderates win next election & write new constitution
• Set up 5 man Directory
• 2 House Legislature
• Elected by male citizens of property
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The Directory
• Runs from 1795-1799
• Was weak & corrupt
• Politicians turned to military hero – Napoleon Bonaparte!
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Women’s Rights
• Divorce Easier
• Could Inherit PropertyNapoleon overturned
these rights
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Nationalism
• Aggressive feeling of pride in and devotion to ones country
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Napoleon Bonaparte
• Born on the French island of Corsica
• During revolution moved up the ranks to General
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Napoleon Bonaparte
• Overthrew The Directory
• Set up The Consulate – 3 man governing board
• Named First Consul
• 1802 named Consul for Life
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Napoleon Bonaparte
• 1804 took title Emperor of the French
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Napoleon’s Reforms
1. Regulate Economy – control prices
2. Encouraged New Industry
3. Built roads & canals
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Napoleon Reforms
4. Made public schools under gov’t control
5. Napoleonic Code – new laws based on Enlightenment ideas
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Napoleonic Code
• Equality for all citizens
• Religious Toleration
• Advancement based on merit
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Expanding French Empire
• Annexed land to France–Netherlands, Belgium, N. Italy
• Abolished HRE = 38 member Confederation of the Rhine
• Cut Prussia in half
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Expanding French Empire
• Old Poland = Grand Duchy of Warsaw
• Put friends & fam. on thrones of Europe–Bro Joseph
King of Spain
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Expanding French Empire
• Divorced wife, Josephine
• Married Marie Louise – Niece of Marie Antoinette (link to royal blood)
• Had one son, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles Bonaparte (King of Rome)
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Expanding French EmpireGreat Britain only nation to
remain outside Napoleon’s European Empire
• Napoleon attacked British Economy
• Continental System
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Expanding French Empire
• Britain response – blockade of European Ports–Led to War of 1812 – US vs. GB
Continental System = Failure!
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Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Spain• Bro – Joseph is King
• Introduced liberal reforms
• Many still loyal to old King
• Used Guerrilla Warfare on French
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Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Spain• Attacks kept French troops in
Spain when needed elsewhere
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Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Russia• Czar Alexander I
resigned from Continental System
• France invaded w/ 600,000 men
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Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Russia• “Scorched Earth Policy”
–Russians retreated burning everything
–Left NO Supplies for French!
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Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Russia• French take Moscow in Sept.
• Cannot survive the winter (no supplies)
• Forced to retreat home
• Only 100,000 survived the retreat
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Napoleon’s Downfall
• Russia, GB, Austria, & Prussia joined forces against France
• Napoleon abdicated
• Exiled to Elba – island in Mediterranean
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Napoleon’s Downfall
• Louis XVIII – made the new king–Brother of Louis XVI
• Keeps Napoleonic Code & reforms
• Emigres rush back to France
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Napoleon’s Downfall
• Napoleon Escapes!
• Returns & has support of army
• Louis flees
• Napoleon returns to power – for 100 days!
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Napoleon’s Downfall
• European allies join together
• Battle of Waterloo – French are defeated
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Napoleon’s Downfall
• Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena – Island in South Atlantic (near Africa)
• Stays there until his death in 1821
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Congress of Vienna
• Lead by Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria
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Congress of Vienna
• Also included Czar Alexander I
• Lord Robert Castlereagh of GB
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Congress of Vienna
1. Redrew map of Europe
2. Contained Francea. Belgium, Luxembourg added to
Netherlands
b. Prussia land along Rhine River
c. Austria land in N. Italy
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Congress of Vienna
3. Restored old monarchs to their thrones
4. Concert of Europe – European peacekeeping organization
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