UNIT 7 Chapter 23 – The French Revolution & Napoleon THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
French Revolution and Napoleon
Transcript of French Revolution and Napoleon
Do Now:Do Now:
How do these images reflect the power of Louis XIV?
What do you think is going on in this picture? What do you think is going on in this picture? (who, what, where, when, why?)(who, what, where, when, why?)
The October March: October of 1789, the market women were frustrated at the scarcity and high price of bread. They rallied together, overtook the city armory and marched to the Palace of Versailles. They eventually forced the King to move to Paris to live among the people.
The October March: October of 1789, the market women were frustrated at the scarcity and high price of bread. They rallied together, overtook the city armory and marched to the Palace of Versailles. They eventually forced the King to move to Paris to live among the people.
Long Term Causes Long Term Causes of of
The French The French RevolutionRevolution
King’s Louis XVI’s King’s Louis XVI’s Abuse of PowerAbuse of Power
He could arrest anyone on any charge
He spent large amounts of money on himself
There were no fair trials
He was a poor leader and France was bankrupt!
Married Austrian princess, Marie Antoinette
Inequality Among Social ClassesInequality Among Social Classes
They got the most They got the most important important
government government jobsjobs, , paid paid no taxesno taxes, ,
and and lived in lived in luxury.luxury.
They got the most They got the most important important
government government jobsjobs, , paid paid no taxesno taxes, ,
and and lived in lived in luxury.luxury.
Privileged Class - 3% of the population• First Estate: Members of the Clergy• Second Estate: Wealthy Nobles
Privileged Class - 3% of the population• First Estate: Members of the Clergy• Second Estate: Wealthy Nobles
Film ClipFilm Clip
Underprivileged Class Underprivileged Class (The bourgeoisie)(The bourgeoisie) - - 97%97% population population Third Estate: Third Estate: Doctors, lawyers, merchants, farmersDoctors, lawyers, merchants, farmers Paid most Paid most taxestaxes, most were poor, no say in the government, most were poor, no say in the government
Underprivileged Class Underprivileged Class (The bourgeoisie)(The bourgeoisie) - - 97%97% population population Third Estate: Third Estate: Doctors, lawyers, merchants, farmersDoctors, lawyers, merchants, farmers Paid most Paid most taxestaxes, most were poor, no say in the government, most were poor, no say in the government
The First and Second Estates supported by heavy taxes imposed on the Third Estate.
The First and Second Estates supported by heavy taxes imposed on the Third Estate.
What conclusion about France’s three estates can be drawn from the
situation depicted in this cartoon?
What conclusion about France’s three estates can be drawn from the
situation depicted in this cartoon?
Unfair TaxesUnfair Taxes Costly wars and lavish
spending increased need for taxes
High taxes were applied to the Third Estate
The First and Second Estate were exempt from taxes
Merchants raised prices which hurt economy.
Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas
• Stirred interest in reforming the monarchy and ending privileges of the clergy and nobles
• American Revolution inspired French Revolution
• Stirred interest in reforming the monarchy and ending privileges of the clergy and nobles
• American Revolution inspired French Revolution
John Locke
Voltaire
People have three natural rights,
“Life, Liberty, and Property.”
Government is there to protect
those rights. The people have a
right to change their government
if it fails to do so.
People have three natural rights,
“Life, Liberty, and Property.”
Government is there to protect
those rights. The people have a
right to change their government
if it fails to do so. Fought for freedom of
speech by saying, “I
do not agree with a
word you say, but I will
defend to the death
your right to say it.”
Fought for freedom of
speech by saying, “I
do not agree with a
word you say, but I will
defend to the death
your right to say it.”
Short Term CausesShort Term Causes
Nobles refused to pay taxes unless King summoned Estates General, with all 3 classes represented
The nobles wanted to use the Estates General to control the king.
Nobles refused to pay taxes unless King summoned Estates General, with all 3 classes represented
The nobles wanted to use the Estates General to control the king.
1. The Estates General1. The Estates General
97%16003rd
2%12002nd
1%12001st
Percentage of the
population
Votes in the Estates General
Representatives in the
Estates General
Estate
or Social Class
However, due to unfair voting methods, the Third Estate, or BOURGEOISIE, left the Estates General and created their
own National Assembly
However, due to unfair voting methods, the Third Estate, or BOURGEOISIE, left the Estates General and created their
own National Assembly
Unfair
VotingUnfair
Voting
Tennis Court Oath – June Tennis Court Oath – June 2020thth 1789 1789
Tennis Court Oath - The Third Estate stormed the King’s indoor tennis court. They demanded a constitution for France and swore not to
leave until their demands were met.
Tennis Court Oath - The Third Estate stormed the King’s indoor tennis court. They demanded a constitution for France and swore not to
leave until their demands were met.
Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath
2. National 2. National AssemblyAssembly Created June 17, 1789 Created June 17, 1789
The Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly.Wrote a Constitution (1791): Reformed government by establishing a LIMITED MONARCHY.Abolished special treatment of nobles and clergy.
The Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly.Wrote a Constitution (1791): Reformed government by establishing a LIMITED MONARCHY.Abolished special treatment of nobles and clergy.
“The Third Estate Awakens”“The Third Estate Awakens”
What do you think is going to happen now that the Third Estate has awoken?What do you think is going to happen now that the Third Estate has awoken?
The Bourgeoisie storm and capture the Bastille, a
Paris prison and a symbol of the OLD REGIME.
The Bourgeoisie storm and capture the Bastille, a
Paris prison and a symbol of the OLD REGIME.
The Spark of the Revolution!The Spark of the Revolution!
BASTILLE DAY BASTILLE DAY July 14, 1789July 14, 1789
This was considered a victory for the masses. It displayed the power of the Bourgeoisie and marked the start of the Revolution.
This was considered a victory for the masses. It displayed the power of the Bourgeoisie and marked the start of the Revolution.
““Liberty, Liberty, EqualityEquality, , Fraternity”Fraternity”
SloganSlogan
CausesCausesThe Reign of Terror!The Reign of Terror!
2. Prussia and Austria declare war on France to aid Royal Family and restore Monarchy.
3. A RADICAL group (Jacobins) took over the Assembly and declared France a Republic.
2. Prussia and Austria declare war on France to aid Royal Family and restore Monarchy.
3. A RADICAL group (Jacobins) took over the Assembly and declared France a Republic.
1. King Louis XVI and his family are captured and brought to Paris.
1. King Louis XVI and his family are captured and brought to Paris.
4. The radicals were led by Maximilien Robespierre and set up the Committee on Public Safety.
4. The radicals were led by Maximilien Robespierre and set up the Committee on Public Safety.
REIGN OF REIGN OF TERROR TERROR
(1793-1794)(1793-1794)
5. The Republic began to execute
anyone considered an “enemy” of the
revolution.Anyone who spoke out was beheaded with the Guillotine
5. The Republic began to execute
anyone considered an “enemy” of the
revolution.Anyone who spoke out was beheaded with the Guillotine
How was the Guillotine a symbol of equality?
How was the Guillotine a symbol of equality?
BeforeAfter
Execution of King Louis XVI!Execution of King Louis XVI!
6. King Louis XVI was put on trial by treason, found guilty, beheaded in 1793.
6. King Louis XVI was put on trial by treason, found guilty, beheaded in 1793.
End of the Reign of TerrorEnd of the Reign of TerrorFinally, moderate leaders were able to take back power once threat of Finally, moderate leaders were able to take back power once threat of
war ended. war ended. RobespierreRobespierre and other radical leaders were executed. and other radical leaders were executed.
Results of the French RevolutionResults of the French Revolution1. Political power in France shifted from Kings and 1. Political power in France shifted from Kings and
Nobility to the Nobility to the BourgeoisieBourgeoisie (Middle Class). (Middle Class).
2. Increased Nationalist feelings in France and 2. Increased Nationalist feelings in France and elsewhere.elsewhere.
3. Ideals of Revolution like “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” 3. Ideals of Revolution like “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” spread to other parts of Europe and the rest of the spread to other parts of Europe and the rest of the world….world….
4. A new leader emerges and becomes one of the most 4. A new leader emerges and becomes one of the most
powerful dictators in European History…powerful dictators in European History…
Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte
You Idiot!
NapoleonNapoleonUse three words to Use three words to describe how the describe how the
artist portrays artist portrays Napoleon.Napoleon.
Describe the Describe the symbolism you see in symbolism you see in
this painting?this painting?
“France has more need of me than I have need of France.”
Napoleon Crossing the AlpsNapoleon Crossing the Alps
Paul Delaroche, 1850Paul Delaroche, 1850 Jacques-Louis David, 1801Jacques-Louis David, 1801
Do Now:Answer the two questions on the worksheet
NapoleonNapoleonNapoleonNapoleon
1. A brilliant military leader, Napoleon became a general at the age of 24.
1. A brilliant military leader, Napoleon became a general at the age of 24.
2. In 1799, the popular general took over the government in a coup d’etat and
named himself first consul.
2. In 1799, the popular general took over the government in a coup d’etat and
named himself first consul.
3. In 1802 he became consul for life
4. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor
Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon BonapartePositive Impact Negative Impact
Pope Pius VII
Allowed Religious FreedomLimited free speech and censored newspapers
Used secret police and spies to find political opponents
Used Propaganda to manipulate public opinion
Napoleonic Code created stable code of civil laws
Encouraged new industry, built roads, canals, and bridgesProtected private property
French conquests spark nationalism
Allowed Religious Freedom Limited free speech and censored newspapers
Used secret police and spies to find political opponents
Used Propaganda to manipulate public opinion
Napoleonic Code created stable code of civil laws
Restored patriarchal authority and limited women’s rights
Created the Bank of FranceSet up French public schools
Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon BonapartePositive Impact Negative Impact
Crowned himself Emperor and gave himself total authorityGave legal equality to all men
Established law and orderThink about this…Is Napoleon a Hero or a Tyrant?
How does this Painting portray the condition of the French Army in Russia?How does this Painting portray the condition of the French Army in Russia?
Do Now:Do Now:
Napoleon’s EmpireNapoleon’s Empire
Invasion of Moscow – Epic FailInvasion of Moscow – Epic Fail
• In 1812, Napoleon sent 600,000 troops to invade Russia.• The Russians retreated and utilized a “Scorched Earth” policy, burning crops, villages, and cities.• When the harsh winter arrived, the French Troops had little food and no shelter. • The French were forced to retreat 1,000 miles. Only 100,000 survived.
• In 1812, Napoleon sent 600,000 troops to invade Russia.• The Russians retreated and utilized a “Scorched Earth” policy, burning crops, villages, and cities.• When the harsh winter arrived, the French Troops had little food and no shelter. • The French were forced to retreat 1,000 miles. Only 100,000 survived.
How does this Painting portray the condition of the French Army in Russia?How does this Painting portray the condition of the French Army in Russia?
Abdication of the ThroneAbdication of the Throne
In 1813, Napoleon was defeated In 1813, Napoleon was defeated and France was threatened by a and France was threatened by a new alliance of Russia, Britain, new alliance of Russia, Britain,
Austria, and Prussia.Austria, and Prussia.
With little support from the With little support from the French people or army, Napoleon French people or army, Napoleon decided to abdicate, or give up, decided to abdicate, or give up,
his throne.his throne.
They sent him into exile to the They sent him into exile to the Island of Elba and named Louis Island of Elba and named Louis
XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, as XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, as King of France.King of France.
• In 1813, Napoleon was defeated and France was threatened by a new alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia.•With little support from the French people or army, Napoleon abdicated, or gave up, his throne.
• In 1813, Napoleon was defeated and France was threatened by a new alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia.•With little support from the French people or army, Napoleon abdicated, or gave up, his throne.
How has image of Napoleon changed?
The Island of ElbaThe Island of ElbaThey sent him into exile to the Island of Elba and named Louis XVIII, the brother
of Louis XVI, as King of France.
The Comeback!The Comeback!
In 1815, Napoleon escaped the island of Elba and began a “Hundred Day Campaign” to Paris. As Napoleon marched towards Paris, soldiers and citizens began to support
him. King Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon was back!
"From Napoleon to Louis XVIII. My good brother - there "From Napoleon to Louis XVIII. My good brother - there is no need to send any more troops - I have enough."is no need to send any more troops - I have enough."
"I am your Emperor. If there is any one among you who wishes to kill his emperor, here I am."
Battle of WaterlooBattle of Waterloo
June 18th, 1815, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by an allied force of British and Prussian
troops.
June 18th, 1815, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by an allied force of British and Prussian
troops.
Exiled!Exiled!
• Once again, Napoleon abdicated the throne. • This time, he was sent to the small Atlantic island of St. Helena.• Napoleon died in 1821 of stomach cancer. Recent studies suggest Napoleon may have been poisoned. Others say he may have secretly escaped.
• Once again, Napoleon abdicated the throne. • This time, he was sent to the small Atlantic island of St. Helena.• Napoleon died in 1821 of stomach cancer. Recent studies suggest Napoleon may have been poisoned. Others say he may have secretly escaped.
Napoleon’s TombNapoleon’s Tomb
LegacyLegacy“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I
purified the Revolution.”
Did Napoleon do more to preserve the legacy of the French Revolution or to destroy it?
Is he a Hero or a Tyrant?
"So he too is nothing more than an ordinary man. Now he will also trample all human rights underfoot, and only pander to his ambition; he will place himself above everyone else and become a tyrant!"
- Ludwig von Beethoven
Following the defeat of Napoleon, the major European powers of the day met in Vienna, Austria to establish a plan for peace and resolve
other problems that were created by Napoleon. This was called The Congress of Vienna. The major powers involved
were Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, and France.
Congress of Vienna
Headed by Austria's Prince Metternich, the Congress of Vienna
attempted to stem the tide of nationalism
sweeping across Europe. He wanted to prevent another Napoleon from
ever taking over Europe.
Headed by Austria's Prince Metternich, the Congress of Vienna
attempted to stem the tide of nationalism
sweeping across Europe. He wanted to prevent another Napoleon from
ever taking over Europe.
The Age of Metternich
1. Create a balance of power. This means that one nation should not be allowed to dominate and threaten other nations. This would ensure that no future emperors would conquer Europe like Napoleon had done.
2. Restore legitimacy – This meant restoring the absolutist ruling families to their thrones. (turn back the clock)
The Congress had two
main goals:
3. Although the leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France, they chose to keep the country intact to prevent French resentment or nationalism and keep a balance of power.
3. Although the leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France, they chose to keep the country intact to prevent French resentment or nationalism and keep a balance of power.
Countries around France were strengthened. The Spanish Monarchy was restored, The Netherlands was created and Prussia and Austria gained power.
Louis XVIII was put back on French throne.
Peace in Europe lasted 40 years and large scale was was prevented for 100 years until WWI.