French Armies of the Hundred Years War
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Transcript of French Armies of the Hundred Years War
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7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
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H
ARMIES
OF
UNDRED YEARS
W R
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ID NICOLLE was bo m In
th e son t h l II u. 1r at or
t Nicolle. He worked In th e
Anlblc service betore
back to school gaining
MA f ro m t h School
ntal Studies nd a PhD
Edinburgh Univer.llity.
later taught world and
ar t and
architectural
at
Yarmuk UnlveMllty
an He has
written
a
books and ertlcle.
medieval and
llllamic
and been a
contributor
to
th e
n at Arm aer les fo r
many
Ml.
He currently lives and
In
lelceateMlhlre.
US McBRIDE on e
th e
moat respected
has
tr ibuted to more then
70
t it le. over th e
past
years. B or n I n 1931
parents
bu t
u
a
chfld he
ived a mUlllcal
education
Canterbury Cathedral
Choir
ool In 1940-46. He
worked
advertllling agencies
r om
47 and Is a selt-taught
After national
service
the
Royal Fuslllera 1949
1953
Angus emigrated
out
Africa. He retumed
the UK In 1961 and has
d freelance
ever since.
h is w if and t w o ch ild re n
retumed to
South
Africa In
since when h e h as l iv ed
worked In Cape Town.
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.-
puClIIIIleO 2OllO
CIsprwy
f'I.C:*I/Wlg.
0....
Court.
w y ~
Old rd 0X2
lIlP
. . ngl Q
...I.
rom
et Pf
tw
lor
ItoI
of priwI.
SltII:IY.
:;I\ cnl_ Of
_
.....
ItoI
DeloogrlS-.:l
p Act. llllll. / Ill I l of pubkeaon
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FREN H RMIES OF
THE HUNDRED YE RS W R
337 453
of William Wenemar,
and magistrate
of
Gent,
hal f o f
t he 14th cen tu ry .
As
senior mil it ia off icer of
one
of
e wealthiest
cities
In
Europe
would have th e best available
equipment; nevertheless,
still has
much In common
that of th e
late
13th
ury. BIJlokemuseum, Gent
w
during thi d h
rrom
n incre
ing
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Effigy
of
a lord
of the ChlUeau de
Bramevaque, f ir st h a lf o f th e
14th
century.
He
wears
an
old-fashIoned style
of
armour
which persisted
In
t he d ee p
south
o f France - se e
Plate A2 .
in tu
Cloisters
o f th e
Abbey
of
St B e rt ra n d d e
Comminges;
author s photo)
Int41rior
of th e Porte
5 t
M ic he l a t
Cahors, a typical
example
o f
14th century urban
forti fication
In south-central France.
Author s
photograph)
I he lahli bmen in embl f a perman nland
prof e ion
-
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r lili n l h ir
w
rr r
o r
I m
ot r
ligh
Th e
o n ly s ur vi vi ng o r ig i na l s ta t ue
of
member
o f
th e Gent mi l it i a,
made around 1340, which once
decorated
th e famous Belfry.
T h es e h av e
n ow b ee n
replaced
by
replicas. S tonework Mus eum
St
Bavon s
Church, Gent)
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Men operat ing an sprlng l In
a
Flemish
manuscript made
between 1338 and 1344. This
siege engine, shown
with
a
wheeled
rame
carriage, was
powered by
twis ted skeins 0
horsehair,
and
shot
massive
arrows - though not actually
as
l arge as
th is pic ture
suggests.
Bodleian
Library, Ms. 264
.201r, Oxford)
French
king_ during the
Hundred
Years
War
Philip
de
Valois 1328-1350)
John
II The
Good
13501364)
Chat1es V The
Wise
1364-1380)
Charles The Mad 1380-1422)
Charles VII The WellServed
1422-1461)
infant
aval and land
lor
cs
from
the rbcri-ln
penin ula help
d
r n h during a Br LOn campaign
of
1342 whiJ fift n aI ,
h a d
f
avanT S J I
22
men- Ll-arm an d
1 120
in [ a III I JIb
o r m a n d .
f
Fr
nn i
t
parLi
u
p
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Mu h 0 th
heroi
m o f th k ni gh t ly e l it e was,
i l
fa
t, 1 0
U d n
llrflam n and qu i li
r
a of a r m ralher than real battl . In 1369
Deschamps o m pl ai ne d l hm .
oldit>rs
de lroy
flu'
(ounlry Iln o-ugh
hOI/our
TO/1e, lhe lille 10 be ralled ens d 'armes ul
lhe)
roam fhe
tll slro
inK
fl
Ithing in
lheir
7110,) ,
and till l)oor pea/)I are
JOlTed
1o jler
If fh
soldir'l mr nrl 'l' I Imvrillltref lfftgues
in
a
day
hi'
Ihinks
hi'
11m
7111 11
By
th e I
o f
th lh n t D c h a m p \ a al
mplainin
al
O l l l th e knight. ck
r
training, idlen ss, d .:ire
r go d
in an
I fin
10lh S, and lh
fa
l t n t b o [l n l I W c l v wcrc
hi
d
It
n b
fore
lh
ha d
am
d
Ll
h
ra l
k
on
balLl -Id.
comp nies
general, those m n direcli in
k
a m r
ti at t
ltilud l war , \
arfar
. Ma n
arm. wil h \ ~ l r i o u s c o l e a ~ u e ..
Th
s
ollld
b ontra L f rvi r f
l al
Sllpp
m ciLl r
I
I
p > ifie I p io d or r I lif n d
m Lim
luded
a gr m en l
In
shar> bOlh
in[or-Illation
and profit.s from ran. ms.
venti BrOLherhOtld
mighl
cst
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Archers
with
longbows
In a
Flemish manuscript
of
1338-44;
note the a rrows car ried
In their
belts. The bowmen o f England
were by
no
means
th e
only
ones
to
use
longbows,
bu t In most
parts
of westem
Europe
archery
was pract ised more
for hunt ing
than
warfare. (Romance
Alexander, Bodleian Library, Ms,
Bod. 264, Oxford)
'The
Order
of
the Star at Table',
In
a l ate 14th cen tu ry French
manuscript, The Order
of th e
Star was founded
at
almost
th e
sama t ime
as
the
English
Order
o f the Garter,
but
d id not survive
long
-
mos t o f I ts membe rs were
killed
In
the ear ly batt les
o f t he
Hundred
Years War.
Grandes
Chron/qu9s
da
France,
Blbllotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr.
2813,1.394, Paris)
the rown to
maintain
cnlllrol,
lo 'nsure lhm
ommand 'r s k 'i l their
CO
pani
s up LO st r >llh 1h and ad -qual I eqllipp
d,
I 'v n lhal th >
on
III pa to
lheir
m l 1
During-
the s con I 1,.lIr or th [4Lh ' nLlI til cr )wn a lso enl i
smaller
cornpaniC',.
so
111
,
or
\
hi h \
c r
lillie
he l l r
LInn
hanos
(uLlaw', 11
cxampl
nm'
have be: n Lh> 'ontraCl \ ilh Lon'nl .oll
;orge ('
:Ul-ll roal. I
,a
1 1
.) 'Ill
I hi. live 'quire., This
ralh 'r
hllphaz
: Sl III
or
'olllra lual I' rUilllll'1ll
C
nLinu
d
weI illl lhe
[51h C
'nu
thou 11
llie
crown \ a al 'o It:mandin
o
' I' 'laLive sm' ,1 and
prope
equipped ~ u d a l (n t i l lg ' I ll ;
1ll:1
t d lO\ n .
mOllgo lh lor i n Lroops,
C'IIO
1'0, sbowm n slil
r allir
prominenLl'
d
111
n
or
'on ' id n
cXlprience.
For
-
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10/51
This
late th century Image
reminds
us of
t he h ug e
quantities of arms, armour an d
munitions
which
were
manufactured fo r th e competing
armies; d o cu men t a ry e vi de n ce
shows
that
this
wa s often
on an
almost modern
production-line
scale. Note
also
th e separated
le g
hose
worn
r ol le d d o wn
to
th e
k ne e b y th e
soldier
o n t he r ig ht .
ehron/ques de Sf Denis British
Library,
Ms .
Roy. 20 ,
C.VlI.
London
11ll? I c1 LO
ev
n
more critici'm of a
kni.,.hll
l t ~
whi h
had
fail
d
lh
countr : CommCnlal
r.
lik AI li,
Charti
r n
dOll
l
lh alu
0
of
hivalr)'
il
Tlf.
In
hi.
17 1
oj /3011/1 5 Honor B n l . imilarl
omplain
d
lhm the knig-ht.'1
r
g< rei
war
IT\
or ,]
as
a
m a n s ,f winning
walth.
:0111 arabic r i
ici. In
w e r ~ .( nlain d
in
J a n
d
B I
il'.
manual ,(
k n i ~ 1
h cI lllt.:d tP. frt/v >77ral, wriu n in th e mi
1 1
h
'lIlur-.
Thi ' wa'
bas n on
hi.
0 \
xpcricllcc an 1\
'1.
modern
in
iD mph
'i
on
miliLaI
professiol1ali'n
abo
e all
othcr con ideralion.. nl el e ..
k,
ighlhood
rcwin'd
its
In
ti 'lu,
though
the
men-al-amlS
ma
110\
ha
in Iud cI
lllor
sCJllire.
lhan
knig-hL'i.
c cml leader ' or I ~ l h emu companies
-
prurr/wurs or 'scor
hcr,
, a. i
l h \ r woft-nknnwn,inrc1 r n t o t h IT t o r t l l i r p s . a g ~ l l l
tll'lorlllrl 'd
oUnLry'ide
- \
r .
f r lali
1,
hllmbl orig-in'.
Ther-
w r
also
m'H sil11ilariti
b,tw
n
ti l .
ecorrhpw S\
h
au '
>d
u h \ id
spr I
suflc\ illg in mid-I . lh enLul. Frd ro r inranlry. In
a t
King Chari s r
vi d
udal r
ruiUTl-'nl
in
an
g-ui'l' to ereme a larg- and r
liabl
inlanlr
fore
und r R o al
conlrol, Innsf
i l taill r c 'i\'ill {
1110l1C
r
his
UWIl
immediale
\ hil
J lh e
r Sl
slraight
to his mell.
:u h an
arm was,
or
\'
r x
' l1siv ';
HI ill
137 )
and
1384 o
r e'lctio n again sl
e l l
' ssal '
tax's
meanl
this
IlL'W
struclure
IS abandoncr
ro r
man
. .
In l'-\ I
th nlir
Sl
m had ollaps
'el
b
by whi h
tim
e
Engli were
0
cr -
grccll
,wath
-s
of'
nc(', Frt'lich Illililar
at lht: l ime
in
(un \Va.
tl c
lh ' samC' as il had
during lh , milil'lIill
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
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SU c 'ssrul c1 a I ...
or
t h
la l r 1
lh
I l l U l , J 1 l 1 i d r
'Oil
I
ani i
IT
Tuil
d
h { /frl , de
1 I II /I/1f .
upp n >d
b
imil rJ
I r l l ~ s ional eros.
how-;lm1l'd
inf:ml , and b
I
militia uni
rrom.
I
t
cI
LOwns, Lo
al
inhntrv
also
t n I I l 110 k LU LI I
UI
l pI I lh ir
own I
11,
leam
hile parall I
11 ilit;'}I' l i l t
lIlr
had d Iop 111
aULOllllnHlllS dllchies SII 'i l as
Bdll.an
a n
I Burg
1Il0 ,
Symbols
and l v ry
or King ,lulln s
icl ,
\Vil
i h
was IIOl
r{'vi\'
d
\ \ ~ I lhat or Sl ular Illilital
I
ord I . a f'ocus or ovall ,
His , lIcn ssor Charles \
ha IlilLl .
i l1ll n: il
in 'hi' ,Itr ,
while Charll i VI
dev>1
>p
>d
th
r i l l thods
of'
cem
nt i
nl {
1 ,dty. l\kanwhik IIwre wa.
a slow 11l0\ ( 1l l nl to, ar d,
SOIlW limn or nalional
miliulI:
insignia.
t
t h
start
or
th e
HUll
Ired ( II S
War
in ...
ignia \
still
slri L1
r lIdal;
hill only a (
-
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14/51
French so ldie rs ki l lin g Jaquerie
rebels.
Th e latter ar e
shown
In
m id dle -cla ss co stu m e rather
than as poverty-stricken
peasants . T he soldiers ar e
also
w e ll e qu ip pe d, w e ar in g a variety
of h el m et s I nc l ud i ng o ne c ov er ed
I n s c al es. C hroniques de Sf
Denis, British Li brary , M s . Roy,
20 , C.VII, f.133, London
It as
kell,
LOg-elhel' with R 'al bann'rs, in R
im
athcc1ral, and
wa
lIsed
ani ,
in d
'G'nc of
Ih
king-dom, th
'
Chllr
h
or th e hr i
tit n
r; iLh,
LII s o r L ~ of idelllificmion in Iud d ,20 bla
'k
p
'nnons h ;;II-ing
the
word
jus in in s ilver
r
gold,
di
lrib IL
0 h
the Daupl in har 1
his
men during- a . i \ ~ 1
\
ar again
I
th e Duke of Burgund I
in 14J
l. lh r
banners
II.\..'
I I
V
Dauphin's I
Jrces
i. ludcd a
na
r b a r i n g a d II
hin,
anOlhcr Iwal'illg a I ull>,
anna
I I d
1
Ii h
>
killing a
,erp
nt,
and
a
third
wilh
r
m 11 \
'1'1..'
U '(Iall 0 r
or
Be 'oncl
Oll
rt. ci I 1 S
and hadges
w
T
llsed 10 shO\
all
For
~ x m p l c
in
ari, in I: 75 Illan I
pcople
I hoo Is ha Iv('c r 0
b i l l
as a
mark
of
alle
10
[l icll l l ' Marc
I
I i
,,,I
It:arkr
cll'lllther Pari
'ian
grOt' ,I.h
hi n S adopl c1 blue
and tWO I ,.n. h l r
'ir
rivals
LOok I
IV
'aring
hal', At oth
I
lim
(
s mpaLhelic
1lI
lhe
litll1
laclion W
IT
ir On/dips r a p s I 1I1l d
o
Lh'
right.
lh
pro-
10
Ih,
lhe
11
h
I m
I auld 1101
her SII
fliciclIl /{)rces
10
sisl Lll' English (clilowing
e
ti l Ie
01
gin
oun,
'illlilarlv
Lll'
lr
'al. \ hi h
King
;h;trls
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
15/51
The Militia
of
Par is , In a late
14th
century
French manuscript
The
Infantry levy has
been
given
an almost uniform
appearance
which
was
to
some
extent t rue
much o f
their
equipment
was
provided
by the city, purchased
In
bulk
from manufacturers.
IGrandes ehron ques de France.
Blblioth quo
Nationale,
Ms. Fr.
2813, Paris)
VII and
Ih D uk BUI'g'und in I 3.
m
am
th I
wn uld on
g,in gIll 'r lh
J
La s. r build
an
ti ann , and Lam
lrouble
orne
l cmrheurs.
Char les VII s re fo rms
Fin Il
,0 1
) J ni l ry 1 45, lh I alion of
Ro al
rompagnip
d ordonnanff s wa
announ
Th I - would 1
1
of lh s a h of 100 lan
ea
h
Ian
e
on
i 'l d
of
six
m
n
(a
,m.ln-at-a
hi, w
I
l-b
arer pag
,
two
arch
1 ,
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
16/51
T h e H o rs e me n o f th e Apocalypse
on a French
tapestry
made
b et we en 1 37 5
an d 1 39 0. A ll
except
on e
figure -
wh o
Is
shown
as a stylised
Oriental
- a re g iv en
n o rm a l F r en ch arms an d armour
of
t he p er i od . T he f or e gr ou n d
rider clearly
wears
a mall
haubergeon
o ve r h is cuirass o r
brlgandlne, with plate l imb
defences;
note
also hi s shield
cf.Plate A3 .
Castle
Museum,
Angers)
.. of
armour \ t:r
Ihigh and
kn
p r
H
li
n
f i r
n
or hard
n d
ather. fi
Illow
cl
b
1
padd I
allelOllja
k
l, mail hauberk and mail w{f.
e t calll
oat-of-plates a
defenc mad
o f eral hUH d
plat
d
( 0
I
pc
n h
-lik l
I
ri
gann >01.
ann
g01lS rps I
thr at
fen s a :ur l
eli
pla
ring hi,
at f -anns ; whal bon auml
\ I d b It, word. a e and
dagg
r. I.a tl h d
nn
d h a h 1m
or
ba:cillel.
hi I Is \
ere.
huw vcr, now
rar
I carri rl
il
war.
Th arm. and armour
of
rdinar
part-Lim
urban I ilitian en
Oltld
r v
I s d
c
in
R II i l l I . n j l d
uf
a al- J ~ p l a t
.
a ro r
el p rh lp_
f
lO wcar I cI 1\ t h plat s. bras nt
jJlale
or hi
arms
and a gorgiftrP tit
l
for h
is
neck,
T h
,los
de a l in Rou
n
mal
ul a
ltll >d (Is/win ral jeg ngin
nn and armOllr IS w> I
as
hip . but th
I
.1 Tosshows C m from
in
th south.
B the, Lart of
Lhe IlIndr d
Y ar s
War
1 oulou
ll1anlll a l l lr d
silk-covcrt>d
an I plain
Cjuill
d tollp.
gambols ;
plat
for m>n HI
1 hoI S s
ha in IS
h
1m brimmed
h
1m
- call
d
dl /0/1 III
u Jn11,
g 1I11111 IS
and
IS. Orl d hi
ld (p i in
\ h iv
or
pailll d
wilh l h ann of
Fran
c), Am ng L
less
omm
n
item
ere tOlI /PfllI.Y
dagg rs,
Ian s,
drt l ds ja
lin
Iwtht S norroise. (knowll
in
I as [ allish
a c.) 1 0
b \VS,
gnmJ s fo r spanning r bO\ S p i l l .
Cjuallliti S
01
cro:sh
\
haiL>; ddivcr c1 in
iron-b und
It l ,
The
I ar
I
t to Lh
.
pro
fin
I t
Ling
I armuur
in
Fran
e is
anothcr
dOCllllH:
III fr
l in ROll
n
daLed 1340,
The pressures
(f
\
al ma have
a
LlIll d for
olht.r Sl
II S
or
arl1l(
l I r in
lh inv
nL r
I
Ih , I )
ludin
t h e
am,lS
OWl
d
jJlnlfiS
r
Chll s
( of
, n
a
I ) ,
vass/m ls df
l
r ; h { ~ \
and
c r d Korgih s dp
m
nLi(
n d in
13 17.
leam hi l Lhe
lauverl
In-I it , inlegral
n
lnd
oi
whil
c V e
and
h
were
O l
d
ul1lil
it b
m
ma l l r
hnubnf :eon. Th
a l . - o ~ p l te.
had
al I d,
d, proh
bl f rom
an
> Ip,lIh
T
tllirip., and I
e
III
id-l..J
Lh
l1l.1I I lh
d girdle-like t
p ma
ad hav I Tn
r
gard
d
01
1 - ~ l S h i O l ed
- although
Fn:n
h
IOC-lImcnl of
I,
d IllClI Lioll a oal-o/:phlCS
king
ilS IIsual fabric
vering
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
17/51
The ba le of Auray
(1364), l ik
so
many
of t he l ater
c lashes
the 14th century, was
largely
fought by heavi ly
armoured
knights and squires. Here
Bert rand du Guesclin (centre
left) - who was cap tu red at
Auray
by
Sir John
Chandos
-
depicted wearing a tabard
bear ing h is coat -of -arms,
bu
both a rmies fight beneath th
banner
of Brittany In what wa
i n e ffec t, a civi l war.
Du Gue
Chronicles Bibllotheque
Natlonale, Paris)
II
1\
. app ar m
o Hun
wa
til . aoopli
n
arli
r nm illg rob
(r
narcd
I
S
pufli d
OPPOSITE Bert rand du Gues
appointed Constable
of
Franc
In an early 15th century Fren
manuscrip t, K ing Char les V g
a hand-and-a-half sword
to
France s toughest
and most
successful soldier In
1370,
making h im commander
of
al
French f orces under th e king
himself. Du Guesclin (1323-8
survived many
ba les agains
English, French,
Breton,
Navarrese
and Cast il ian armi
and was captured and
ransom
several t imes. I t
was he
who
presided over
th e
patient
campaign
of containment
and
siege warfare which so
weakened
th e
English
positio
France
in
th e
1370s , and he
laid
some of th e foundations
French
military
re forms. The
artist depicts him
here
warts
and
all - h is equ Ily unsparin
tomb
eff igy shows
that
h is lo
did
not
match hi s prowess.
(British Library, Ms. Sloane
2433A,
f.2.20v
London)
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
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ul Iers and , ad I -r h 5 ;
whil
eV n bell'i, il
hiding
sw rd -Its.
10 I
t wom
10\ 011 lh hips in
a fa
hion pr viou. I 5S iaL d \
iLh
CO llimc. miliLar v r i n r
the p erljnponj
k
l
wa al
on
over , ln l l011
r. he I arrow \ ai, I whi h I ara t
rio
d nn U I S I h
the
brigandine,
aqul
and
plate uira s reflecLed
su
h ivilian fashion
'wa. p ,ai.'L r l a i n i n ~ a f
alllr
I ann
ur
lhrough L t II 15lh
ry
I
Ihe c nd hall'
or
Ihl ' l1
be
worn I
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
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Charlemagne
finds
the body 0
Roland , In an
early 15th century
Frenoh
manuscript, Here the
heroic Roland Is shown as a
French
knight
with the
most
up-to-date armour,
Including
the
new rounded
visor
and
a bevor
plate attached
to
his bascinet.
Chronlques de
Sf Denis,
louvre
Museum,
Paris)
an
o n
Is , Th b s t arm ur \
er
probabl
l
import d
rrom
Ital
Italian ar m ur
al inf1uen
cd Lhal mad
iI
ra n
Ii was nOI the \ cig-ht 1 rull pl:'\le a rmo u r \ hich
au
I
pr
hi m
th ' batLI Ii Id. in
l h \1\
an
lOur
w ig h d ab lit h m a
11I
d m
inrantr mall equipmenl and pack, T h . rcal p r blcm w
hC'lt e. haustion and limited vi ibilit \\Ih n th vi r \\Ia
\\I
rn II
list or
a 0 1 1 1 1
te
hama;s a
firmer
fwmme \
ritt
11
in I, R in lu I
d a
la
l o n ~ ancl slim iCnl' role
de 1 1
banTU w ighing at I a t
25
p o u n d , g
fit/ril l I-bra.
m d
ganlelpis
I
r Lh
an n
and h a n d , th
fuJI
l o. ling
v r r
lounlOi,I ,
In addiLi n
h
sh
ul d ha v
g
I
al I
w
II
um
i
I
t'
Ja
dl
lOI r/OlJ
dpjalllb r hi .
I g. a h
with
mail
pr le ti n a t t h
b lck
Y Iii IP I 10 It I ll ois a pai r. 10ther do um
or
add
a
b .
- i n al el visor w
aml// /;I lv lltail)
inth I \
fa hi
n
u
hla ,
in
t c o t i n K 2 l O ~ l i v r
IOllrl/o;
. Tlli made a L< tal c t 1':'5 livres
lourl/o; ,
ull
In n
ur
In d chang d slighLl b
l l l I 1 , \\Ih
n :harl '
Duk
rl ~ a n di. tribUl lighl r 'CJllipm
n t
La hi m n-at-arm, and squi
basr;I/I I.\ it /)rlTJ;i>rp \ hi h \\I r pI' babl t
I
a in
IS'
wilh
il
t
h
'\lors, p i e c e ~
d allemagne
\
hi
h \
re probabl
br a
lplate ,
on
iSling o f p i ., or
pht
ro r
lh
.
I
g , brassf.lI.f., grtrrlP 0 1 and m
g-auntl for Lh arm and h net-. Mu-h fLhis was
ov
r in
b la ck
fabri ,
[nfantr I armour wa
light
r Ie .. abundanl and ch ap r. W read
in I. 72 Li b
rt B
rrein I
mi
lell
-
la militiaman
fr II I
wha
no\ B 'Ig-ium, ha I a mail Inul rk \
it h
a
collelin
additi nal co
and haul I r p m l
tion,
a hascincL wilh a vi o r and avel1lail. pla
gaunLlcl .
I
Ius
ar m
and
leg-
d re n .
mad
o f
hard
n d
1
at h
r
ou
Ih ame t i m
Lh
r
bowm
n and p a v J s i { / :
Pr o
n
fa r l h
so
I
d
to hav
ar1ll ll;he 0
r a
ba
'ci
h Im t,
and
plales (
or-pial. ) OrLen
wi
lh
g ; I ) / J { ) I I U ~ pad
d jll J
o r
mnsilJYe m a l l m
haub rk), Ian had
p
. fLlI(/e,1 atla
t
)( lI I jere, plus
a p
bmcormii>( f r
mail
gorg
l
pI' t
1
th n k.
O
a
w
ha
I
~ l n l p l e l . 5 .
g la
1Ilrt.11
im
e r bras
al-es 1 0
r
I
h
hand. and
1
v r < nn
Fr 11
m
b wllI
\
e a p o n
con istcd
o
ro b
\\I
a
I laLi
l
ensis
or /J(/,I(J \
o r
I l n
couleau clagg -r. whil . so
al 0 carri d a bloqller
small
sh
i
Irl
r ll k
Tho
r
a )(tvpsier
w r
spear and dagg
r plus
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7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
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larg /(It/i,I' shiel I o r
m;mL I , vcr 1 \ having ,\
o n l .
1
IU \ t l l 'al briWl1ld
Jig-hi
infalllr
again ha n a
ccrvell
ie r
basci11 t o r
rtltJdlw /1'/'1'/'11,1
hr i
III m en
\ ar
hal
or k n k hat ),
and
I he re\ who had
I
oel
lrmOllr w r a )fu/I/P or
a
rofa
o r
ilia/ita
or
mail.
Tilt.
i d lIot lIorlllall have
iclds
I
ecaus
t
h \ 'I'
liglH
infantl
skirmishers,
The b e t re 'oreled, and
I
crhaps
one I
the most
illli orlal1l o r Frl'l1 h a r m ,
l 1 1 a n u r a c t l l r i n ~ ntrcs \ as
th
~ I o s
It: ;,lIecs aL
ROlI n,
II
m a d ,
miliLar
ClllipmenL in W I large' qllanuti 'S
alld
k
pt
v en III
r
in a re I
l:no,
If II
c, alllpl., th rc W
'1
)v r one
thou.
and ann U I in
th e
.hambrc
de
Rcine lIon ,
although
th s wr s rib d
a
lei-fashioner and or poor qllalit . Eight
cars
later a s li b l am ia l o r I l
from
th e king rC lllc,led
/lTJ(l/lfbras,
b a s h t e l ~ th 1110t
I11mon
I pc
f
helmcl), f l l l l / r l i l / : ~
IJmrl,/pls, bra. Ifp I/alp, rha Jpol/ .
d efn;
( otles, cuissols. PI 1/.
,
I/S OilS, g(/llll /ol,I, gmYfe-bmss, KoI Wm lIPS, gOI f :ihes, harnois, Iwubergier.,
h/ (I1I11I1 J, lin ll/I lolls hOllrmlih7 s, jacques, mt/oi ,
jJlates poul ins and
large ,
Jflil p,\ Ifp hfll 1I0;S
\ eighin Y al I a t 2 P
L1l1d',
'\ h ssinet w ighing
l ) 'a 't
4
pOllnds.
secolld order ill I all ca t cI no
Ie
s than 17,200
ol d
fran for
thl'
manuf;l
lUI
o r
200,000
ros.low
bolts,
I
r pairing
all c istin
horsc
ham 'ss and artill r . and I
buying
ne w qllipm nt .
\ r
was as
rdati
cl
P
'nsivc a busin
, th 11 a it is
n
w.
SDme
annollrcrs
al d
anns nler
hanLS m a d
arran
m nLS with
( II 'agll S abroad, a in
I.
7f) wh n Guitard d Junqi I
r 13m
Icax, 'eel \ il h
Lamb
rl
Bra lu
,a n I'm
ur
I
) - OP Tl I
ill sllppl th e L( rei
o f
Foi , stl
( r
bas incLS an I rull ,\ d, In
T h
' 111O't ,tail d viden
ht' r rnarkahl ar 'hi\, 5 o r Datini, a rn
rcham
rrom Pral in ltaJ
who
a:
a k> li ,,,,lr' in
In am,s
trad ' bas d at vign n in th e lal r
J lh
TlIllIr ,
This
was
'I
m ; ~ j
>1'
dislribl lU n
nt r ,
n t nl r n w I'm
a
bill fell' . it unci-hand
and
Ipturcd quipmcnt as w
\
as r d W
t Ti'lIs,
s
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
21/51
A complete I ta l lan armour
m
c.1460, In a style which sugg
that
i t was made fo r export,
either
to France
or
to Germa
(De
Dlno Coli,)
uwr, Iig-l I r I m.
[hod
armou \
re
r
'pla ing
lh
old
oal
o[-pltH
S, h 's included th
hrign
all d
a mmail,
\
hile
Ihe
lminiOll
was prob bl < I ath r
l in in .
At
additional
s mi-rigid
)1 rigi I
b'vor
oulcl
I e
add
d
t th
avemail, but
was :ub:equ
nu
ri,
I
d
IiI
eLI
I
t he
a il
't
l
form
a
'great
bascin
t , Anoth
I
form
of
light II
1IIlc:t
apl ' lr nt l
1 1 h d
ran fr
m Ital I
in
around 1410,
This,
as
I
h salt)/,
whi'h
ould
also ha sm 11
visor,
M
'allwhil
Ul . old
rllII )( (1I1 rff' (Pror ' rimmcd
h('lm
I I maill
>d
popular
am
ng L m r t
Sl Idicrs,
Gi cnl l l
t h r a l 1 1
m
ngli'h longbowm 11, it
i n t ul )
ri-ing
thaI.
Ihe 14111c ( nlllr s l cOIl ' id ' rabl 'd 'v ' lopm nt inhor a rmuur .
ad
r lfl/lljmn.1
cover '
I 0111 th e
frollt
or
th h 1 , 8
h'acl m
an e
't nd
d pol allh
b
k
w r
)rm. whi
h
app ar
C lHU l were
larg 'I', 0
ring
not onl the
ha
k
of
th
I
liS
P l ( ~ j l
lion
0
er
tit
110
e
'md
pi
r
d
lip
ov
ring
th
TI l
iIlCTt \sillg
nl' ssit
I r m
n-at-ann' [ j
h 11 fOol
I
d
to
Ollle
al) Hld IlI11t nt of
Lh
short n d infant.
I
'pe I in hlV ur of til r ar ome
1
flth ntll1 I
I 01 .., , with
a
hea\ haft
panl.
protected b iron
X I
Ilsiol1s
from
a
I cad
\ hi
I unil
d
a blad ,a war..hamm I and a 'pik
.
h . al o n 111 liS
l Cosl/lIl/f'
1ilil([h1
rtfS
fi f/11(ail' rn 144 J pI vid
'xccp
iUIlClll d,tail d ill
orn
ti n a ul th> quil m
'n t of
a Ln.nre,
th
I
t
i avail ullit:
'Finl : lhp
said Ulm-al-flrms
(l're commonL dec/ied when lhC)1
W
1 1
ww; h1 p/lliff' whiff
IInr?'/f': nU l l
10
sa)
c/o e uims.,
1mmbnu:p.. {(Lrgp
wm/l -Imlrl ,\,
It'g
lru l/pss, {{f lImllf iLJ, snlpI wilh vi, or lnd a small bevor which
CalIPH / } 1 1 ~ \ 1
IIlf rhino L ae l is (J,l'll1pd wilh a lance nd a long li{{hl
sword,
a s lmp
tlf/{ ,gl r
hfl/lghlg
011
[III Lff
idl of
the
addLI', and
a mare
l:.:ach m n
must
also
/)1'
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
22/51
a comprmiprl by a
rtlufilliPr
[ quire] eqllijlped
ith t ahule, I a moi.
dr> j a l b e ~
Iwube1J :Pnrl., jorfJue
br i
randine or
(or. et arll/nl wilh dagJ(l r, .
word,
and
a
V )U,W
or
rlnlli-Ianfp..
l 0
t
page or
varlel wilh
fhe sallie rlnIWllr
Inri
one or two
weapons, The arc/lei wear leg
arnwU1;
sa lets, heav} jacques lined with linen or
bl i/ tmdines
bOlll i1l
l/fInd and quiver al ide.
h 125 lo 200 li7ll l S 10l/.rnois
\
I i h
Il HJng
n bJ man r
uir
I
l full equip him
elf repre.
nl d
l l
l 16 m nlh \ ag
lo r
all
rdinal mail-ai-arms,
lnd
cJ ad , appliedLo
Lhc
be l p ssible
g ar. E n
ordina quipmcl l I I in
P
n
iv
.
al
were
valu d
al
h rwe
n
3
an
I
livm.
toumais
ajaqLI,
1
t
or
brigandin al
11
livres.
flili.
l
r. u harm
)ur
and \
aponr
COSl
amlin I 0 livre wi ile
Lh 0, l
fo r
a
ol1lplclc
lanrewas from
70
lo
0
livres.
I
the
olh I' XLI
lh p
r qualit
clagg r U
>d
b
I
mosl ji (t1 1(,I
arrhn
. l Ie . lhan n
livre toun/ois,
a
poor
qualit
/ -w I'd
JUSl v r
ne
livlr . h alll anol l n u. t l r J
tat
d lhal
.
there
i
also another
I I t l l l l lW r
0.rrolll
armcd olely
ill
haubergeo ll.l
.I al,,1
gaunllets and leg
fl,/,1ll0W;
who
((1 1 wonl
1
aU I)1 ill the hand
orl
ojdrm whirh 1m {/
Invad head
anrf i
mflp.rI
n langul dp bOl uj
l
X-Lon ]..
ro bow cOllunu d
t
I
manufa
LUr d in
larg
quanuus. Lh .Ios
de Gale S
makillg lhem in ba l h of
200 at
a tim .
Th volum
f
t1ll1ll1l1nili
n
produced L lh Ie (.al ,w a
ell
gr al r:
V
nh
Ie. S
it
anI
I
quir el I n b h
lrc s
ami Ie, lhan
250
kil into
g n
ral
U,C,
ram
r
Lhan heing
I 'I
a 1
-hn
I
ri
al
ud
i l . i d >bal
abl lhough
snrn rna) ha he n
u d in
warhrc ar und l . 70,
0
pi
or p >rhaps becall,
f growin
c mp tion from
uns,
lh>
1'0
bm
had
Iv d inlO
all
a l ni
hingl
p
w
rful
apon
ombining
pm
1
wilh
littl
\
eighl,
no .. . oil. ,md
n n
e
ity
r
I'
I
ng uaining. BUl
whi]
Lh
1I
r l I
mad
Lh ro
bow
narrower.
I S
Illm ,
and wilh
a
draw
I ngth
f nl
1. lO
10
nLim
Lr , il r ~ m n
d
slO 10 load and in re.ringl
ompl x.
ILS
draw \V ighl
now
d malld m dnnia.\
aidsLO.panning-lh
go l S-
fOOL I v r,
[
cranequin
\ ilh a
hand Iank
d
ra l
h l
bar, and
nLuall a
wind-
lass with
ho
k d I d and
d ubi rank-handl
,
Cannon w I U ed in
0Tcalcr
numb. .
and al
lh
ugh
lh I
\V
I
r
\
I
l
chnol
gical
chang
s
Lh
1
ma
have
be
I I
expcdl
nl.
knight
takes
leave
of his
In an e r l ~
15th century
or English manuscript. He
the
full
white armour
at
the l ime
of
though his
helmet
is
t of
the f u l l ~ developed
at bascinet form. Note that
e chamfron
on
his horse s head
venti lated Iron
elements
it s e ~ e s
and
ears.
r it ish Library, Ms, Harl. 4431,
London)
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
23/51
with .111 II ingle-dis h a r ~
gUll
made 01 hardened
I aLher.
vcnhel
. gun.
were in r e a ~ i n g l a UI L
< nd reliable, apable
I
being aim d
at
\ I
sp
-ific
or
11\0\
n g target.,
511 h s boat., II
ing 10
run
.-ul
plie
inlo
a besieged
f
rt
rc ,
or tile
ma. LS
f'
encm hip al sea,
he mak ing of'
guns
al
d ve-Ioped inL< a ,.,uhstal1lial
bll iness inv( man
dilTen:'111 craIb and l:-.'1Jilds.
nl lh
ri
hesl lll(1nuh
lU r n ;
ndd n n t ~ all
LIl ,C ,kill d
men
in me
pia , and
uc C5S in doing
o
nn,
have
b e n
on e
r ason \ h
Ih e
Burcau
broth
rs mad SI I
1\
a
,'iig
nificanl onllibuLioll La French vi lOrie. I n Ih lasl
n cade.
01 Ih
Hundred at . \I\ar. In 1442, fo r ..un
pi
,.J
an Bur
lU made fo r Ih e
Fren l1 Ro .11 arlill
I I
train: six b
1111 ard:,
I .
V ~ u K l f l i r t . \ 20 .I'f 11Jl nlinf .I'
0
I'lJIlIPllTJrillt',\'
allrl ullnul1lbcr d
liballrll fJllil1.1', :\I
a c
5L
of' 4 19
livms
lou.rnols,
h se gun, rcquir d 20.0)0 pounns (
f
gtll1l wrler sling 2,200
Ii
res
l
Hlrnoi,
,
I
ing
Charles VII c1earl Ihoughl su
h
xp
ndilLlr \ orthwhile,
'inc> Lilt, Bur
au br Ih
rs' p
n baLll
at
a
rlisachrdnlag- _
This \
as
panic ularl true of he IirSI pins c1l1l-in
cr
which
the
E n g l i . ~ h
longbow
a r n
I
is
pia
in
milil
hi
.
LOry.
In
the.
ad
yt ars
the
Frellch n r l
liS
d i n J ~ l I 1 U t
111,
nanks
of
lh ir
c, \rllr)', as di I t h . n
Ii.
h, and th i J n e uggc
II al
Fr n h
comm tnclcrs
simi
I,
did
not
und rstancl
how
lO us larg
force
of'
Tossbow-arm cd i 1 l 1 ~ 1 I 1 1 l ,
t iL \ as LI c railur
f
v Tal
ma s
d
a\'al I
wi
i 11 \
as
dl( grC
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
24/51
b 1'01 , h e am int) 1I tan.
BIIllh -ngli
h - 11
It
ling b hin I
I \\ithin
a
thi
k
t
or harp
Il
d tak
.
n I ap ll
I
of cr alin
an
Slorm
of
lens 0
t h o ~ n d orsh fts in t he momcn ber re
nta
di
11
I
br
ak.
-
7/25/2019 French Armies of the Hundred Years War
25/51
Another
ca rving f rom
th e
Stadhuls
I n L eu ve n portrays
a
f u l ly a rmo u re d
knight
riding
down
a
group
f o ot so ld iers,
perhaps representing
th e
Duke
of
Burgundy
defeating
rebels
from Gent.
Author s
photo)
ordil
on Ih
war
u
undr cI ear War lhe r lilie
r th e r
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CAVALRY 1337 1360 I
1: h Dauphin Chart
c.1356
: Sou1hern French s i r
134
: night from th Dauphine 0.1350
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3
INF NTRY
337 36
1:
orth rn
Frenc
militiaman
e 1340
Sergeant from
Champagne c 1360
3: rav mercenary
erossbowman
c 1350
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CAVALRY 136 1415
Boucicault c 1400
;
Guichard
Dauphin c 1410
3: Bert rand du Guesclin
c 137
2
3
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1
INFANTRY 1360141
1: rossbowman retln of Jean d
2:
Rennes
militiaman C 1370
3: Southern French ligh Infantryman c 1400
. . =
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NAVAL WARFARE 337 5
Jean de BtHhencourt c 1402
2:
asque
sailor c 1360
3: astilian naval captain
3
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V LRY
1415 1453
1: e nne d Arc c.1430
French
knight c.1440
3:
r ton
man-at-anns
c.1450
2
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INFANTRY 1415 453
Franc archer
Poitiers c 1453
Insurgent
c 1440
3: Flemish
mercenary
c 1430
3
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ARTILLERY 1430 1453
1: Gunner with
ribaudequln
c 1435
2:
Gunner s
sslstant
c 1440
3:
Handgunner
c 1450
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fight, Lhe kni htl), has Lill
L r
t or a
h
r. I an, and
il
1 t I
I roponion or cavall , in Fr 'n ,h armies was in
reasin
,
Th
mpaigns
u ll l1sisl d larg I oC raid b
land and
a,
ieg s
w 1 skirmi.-I es in whi 'h h r. and ro' ]
owmen
oflen k nl a
minor
I art. Balll \ ere now on a r mall. al
th
ugh a numl r r
Sl i
cesses
had
a hug impa t on
Frllch
m ral , M st a -tion. weI
d )Illinat d I eli m
un l
d
but
full
arm
ur d
m[
-at-arm. lighting wiLl,
shan n
d .
P aI s an ther bau.lc r u d
up
n m nu ' I of
. lrat gi
riv'l' ro
in r c li T d \ h n
'mall mobile ren
b for
atta
keel
th
rear
or
En
) (ish
columns
at night,
or
\ h n
Lh
garrison
or
a
01. II nanks. B >Ii
'ving
that n all- )[It a '
'ault
was their nl h p , m .
G
I I I r b
'I ' laun
hed
a
IlIa i
'alta k but th
'rcnch
lin h Id
and
the
;wall I
swung
around to
env lop
lh 'n m
who
weI vinuall wiped
OUI.
nrc t pical, however, w I d va 'talit g Engli h
rheufLucl/lfe raid
aero, s mu,h
I Fran'
. 1 h w r laull h d not ani
lo r
their
illlll1 diat I
ward',
but in th hop f Irawin lhe
French
into lh op n
I
attic
whi h the Fr nch kin
and
hi'
'oll1mand
r
want'd to
a id. In
( lh
French
garri 'OIlS g n rail r j 't 'd English
taun
but
r th
COIl l I l lOII peopll'
tl1
se
rhl Ufl Llchees
remained a lIightmar. song from
the so-
ailed Ba
'ux hallsonnier 'omplain d: flltheDt ell
oj O1 1 /wnd:y
I/Wl I: so Inllrh IJi//age t. I /// wre OJU mnnol have pien/
1
fa God want. that. th.e
coullh:v
o
o/ Irlandy mow
peace
.
The
French
solut ion posit ional
warfare
In Ih ' mi Idle ar.
nfLl
e
14Lll
I IUI
lh
d v I
pm
I1L
r
unpowder
;:Ir ill I had I l o t le t r a h d a . ta c . iving aUlIck r
the
automatic
arlvantag in i g warfar ; and
guns 'oldd
al b m unt rl in
fortified
pia' . ( I turn
th
alla k
r
fir . In r p ns
lO
Englj'h armi .
I
[aliv .
domination
f p 11
1I lei 1I hung
me
Fr
n h kin ord red an
inv IHOI . of all I ortili d pIa s in I and
1367,
tlh b I I m ncl f h al w re
t.I,
onified hurch .. whi h
were
parti '1IIar ' ommon in .ollth rt1 ncl
w'
tern Fran e. ther
clefnLUI wh n a
m tmlll
III I I ng fr m pI
per
a u t a rlill d
hur
h r
hou,
'I I (JIJfJyriuJ1l I ' ing a
habitatj
n in a na urall d
n'ibl
site, a
tu s
or
14th century bombard
L1sleux Castle.
l a1e 14th cen tu ry
with a
separate breech.
In Llsleux
Castle.
in t he
Historical
Museum
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. t
r
n l l
of
tow
1
a
ba ti
in g a n \ illage
or
to
rn term for a don
vilh.g an I a m
important
T he
City Moullns in a mid-
15th
century
manuscript
by
Guillaume
Revel
This Intriguing
illustration of a
medieval
city
as
It really
look d Includes
th e
old
town
within
I ts w al ls
an d
a
ne w
citadel gate,
as w el l a s les s
crowded
suburbs
In
th e
foreground. Armourlal
d Auvergne,
Blbllotheque
Nationale,
Ms . Fr 22297
f.369,
Paris
r wa
d
nd
uch
found
th
writing-
I
hl-i line d
Pi an in
, he
lated that a Tarn
r
20
m
required
rlmlet
ti
til ole mall
r
bow
six
aT Jnlelf?s
L
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A French
tapestry
made
around
1460 Illustrates The
Life
of Sf
Peter
Heavily armoured
Infantrymen sleep In what
may
be a
symbol ic reference to
the
end of the Hundred
Years
War
between
France and
England,
(Musee de Cluny, Paris)
orlml t . Ii
ITor 20 bow , two
or dH
e
psjJ/ingal
:\7 a , s ~ n
d
n
) s b ~
w lolL i, arr
w ,
t 7'..
'P til S, t, 0
li
0 1 1 (\ hich rna htlv h n a form of
IrrfJurhpt) an I , ) f ) l I i l l { / / : ~ p
rhaps
anoth I t I I -
I h r O \ \ ~ n g
machine);
12
rrmllom jJPniPl
_0
li t n
read CI1I (()rth s g-tlllS, 00
tampon
\ ~ t h
m trial
10
m ~ l k 11101'
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Th e
Ch At e au d e Couches. a
smal l Fr e nch castle
typical
of th e
later
years o f t he H un dr ed Years
W r It ha s 13th century walls
to
which a tall 1 5 th c e nt u ry keep
a nd c ha pe l h av e b ee n a dd ed .
Author S photograph)
140f
th
l
impn)V
11
In
gllnpowder
anil
lradiLic nal missil --thr )wing ma hines continue 1 l
be liS
d lhroug-h
Lhe
14th
c>ntu
; a
larg
In4mrhf
J
I
was Lran
I
n
d
all
lh c
wa from
Rcol to alta ngli h-held Rcrgcrac in
1 77. P \
I fill framc-moul
si
gc
n :sbo\\ : \\ ore pI habl
mounl
I nip
f lO\\
rs, rath r t
in, iel
Lh 111,
w p ifieel in II I j
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Ihe
14th CClllt lr)
I \ IC lira y, r lali (,'1 lig-h sion
cannonball
and
Inw
I ll
nl lire Ii I n< l ol f
I
a
vel
.ri u
thr l l
lo n
aj I
How v I , prof-s ional gU1l11
rs
. .-rainl
or skill which nablecl
th m
to ollllll
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A mld- to late 14th century
manuscript i l lustration of a naval
bat tle, During
the Hundred
Years
War
naval
clashes
were
resolved
by
boarding and
hand-to-hand
combat, though this
was
preceded
by an exchange
of
archery,
Effor ts were a lso
made
to disable the enemy s
rigging.
(Chronlques de St enis British
library,
Ms. Roy 20,
C,VIl.
London)
a
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e
o f
th e
ships
Jacques
on carved relle
made
w e en 1 4 43 a nd 1 45 1. It Is
vessel
with an
crew,
tw o
o t w ho m
th e
craw s
n es t w h er e
ar e supplied
with
spears
d Javelins. Hotel o . Jacques
Bourges)
Th
relativel
m h len
hi h id d
v
nd ran
r,
i
n
n o
ag
a
r
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-
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The
glided copper statue of St
Michael on to p of th e steeple
of
th e Stadhuis
In
Brussels is
almost invis ib le f rom
th e
ground,
I t
is , however.
a remarkably
accurate
representation
of
th e
German-style armour
used in
Flanders and northern France in
the mid15th
century. (Stadhuis,
Brusselsl
mm
nl n
nnales de
H1rnicr.
C
La
d re l l s populauc
n,
rural
p ndall l 1(\
gou
1 1 d n
tans
n
b l S
u\prglle ,
i l l Acle: riu
COlI.grps I
a/irmal tips, urieies S r t v { l I L ~ , irf
I I )
-,
.)/'I'lil/ll rI'(/Il'hPnlogip (P lris I.lf6)
1-7-199
j, .
Oil, J (,
I i i),
,/(,(111111
11 1\1 1 ,
tine
p/m lJU ,
ra.07l1wlllml
(I Iris
1982),
in
Illd
oS
vcnll r
ICVCllll
ani
I .
t. I.,
U S oniCi
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King Char les
VII of
France
an
h is e li te Scottish
guard
on a
panel pa in t ing by Jean Fouq
made around 1450. The knee
monarch
is
dressed
fo r riding
while hi s guardsmen
have
fu
armour, relatively
l ight
salets
decorat ive l ivery Jackets.
(Adoration
o f t he Mag i, Muse
Conde,
Paris)
H
nn mal
,.J.B,,' I
n
iliLrbi I
eI
. Lora , .Jmn rll' if'/1Ile. Amiral
rle
Fr{(II(('
I 1 - { Y6 (P lri IH78)
Tuc()()-Chala. P.,
ne band
de
RouLi
rs dan. la
n:gi
>n
I
:asl
ialous
I I.
81-13
3 ,
RP1/uP rte
{
\ I {II/Iois ( 1973) 5-35
Tu l I . r ~ ~
Jo:rorr/1PlI1 S
SO S
Charlps
I I 2 vol
( I I1lbeliard 1 74)
Wolff, p
(. OIl1I1Wrrp,\
1 1 m a 1 l h a n { L ~ dp Tou/rl1lsp
( v n : ~
/3
()-l Im
145U) (Pari 195 )
Wright.
N,.
A 1 I ~ ~ l I l and Pp(/sanls: l7IP Hundred Ypm:
War ill
Ilip
FrfYnrll Counlryside ( uudbridgc
1 ~ ) H )
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PL T S
CAVALRY
1337 136
1: The Dauphin Char les, c.1356
ere the future King Charles V
of
France wears up-to-date
nd fashionable armour. This Includes a houndskull
scinet helmet with visor raised, its mail aventall secured
und the edge by vervelles. Beneath a tight surcoat
isplaying, quarterly, the gold lilies on blue
of
France
cient and a blue dolphin with red
inS
and tall on gold, the
auphin has a coat-of-plates and a mail haubergeon. His
rms are defended by full plate armour; his legs have a more
aborate system of scale-lined fabric
CUISseS
for the thighs,
med poleyns over decoratively cut white leathers, splinted
eaves and laminated sabatons. The prince s horse is also
rotected by a small amount of hardened leather armour.
ain sources:
Romance
o
Alexander
Flemish manuscript,
38-44, Bodleian Library, Ms. 264, OXford;
Lancelot du Lac
rench manuscnpt, mid-14 cent., Bodleian Library, Ms.
773, Oxford)
:
Southern French
squire, c.1340
contrast this southerner has the old-fashioned armour still
orn on both sides of the Pyrenean frontier. It consists of a
reat helm
With
a hinged visor, mail coif, hauberk and
In
addIlion he has a thickly padded surcoat,
dded gauntlets and iron greaves. The surcoat is fringed at
m and upper arm, and bears on upper arms, chest and
hiS
arms
of
small red crosses on gold. His horse wears
caparison over a full mail bard, and a hardened leather
amfron. (Main sources: Effigy
of
a lord
of
Chateau de
amevaque. early 14 cent.,
in situ
Cloisters, Abbey Church
St
Bertrand de Comminges; effigy
of
Bernard Comte
de
inges, early
cent., Musee des Augustins. Toulouse;
o nstan
French wall-palnllngs, mid-14 cent.,
in situ
mpler Chapel. St Floret)
:
Knight
from
th e
Dauphine, c.1350
s knight from south-eastern France uses a style
of
arms
d armour influenced
by
neighbOUring Savoy. His bascinet
s its visor removed and
is
covered with a layer
of
orative cloth
With
a woven thread ornament
at
the apex.
wears a heraldic tabard open down both sides over a
t-of-plates covered with red fabric, and hardened leather
oulder pieces. Apart from hardened leather couters for his
bows and poleyns for his knees he otherwise relies on mail
otection. The heraldic charges on his almost rectangular
ield - note cut-out for lance - are heavily embossed into
e leather covering as well as painted. (Main sources: Effigy
Count Tommaso
II
of
Savoy, mid-14 cent..
in situ
dral, Aosta)
INFANTRY 1337 136
1:
Northern
French
mili t iaman,
c.1340
e bulk
of
infantrymen
In
French armies were probably
ban milil1as. This man is armoured for close combat,
aring a brimmed chapel-de-fer over a small basclnet with
tached avental . His body defences are a coat-of-plates
er a mall hauberk, with hardened leather armour for his
oulders and upper arms, plate rondels strapped to the
bows. and splinted vambraces for his forearms. He is
med with a massive vouge polearm. a sword, a basilard
dagger and a large shield. (Main sources: Statue
of
an armed
guard
of
the Gent militia, Flemish c.1340,
Stonework
Museum, Gent; 19 cent. reproduction
of
lost 14 cent.
wall-paintings from Leugemetefries, Flemish 1346,
Bijlokemuseum, Gent)
B2: Infantry sergean t f rom Champagne, c.1360
Regions close to the border between French and Imperial
territory were Influenced
by
both areas. Hence this profes
sional
loot
soldier s coat-of-plates would
be
typical of the
Rhineland and Flanders, l ike his leg and arm defences. His
long-shafted gisarme polearm, single-edged falchion sword,
simple helmet and large infantry shield could, however, be
found across most of the country. The brass rivets and
washers on the exterior
of
the upper part only
of
his
coat-of
plates show that the skirt section is
of
fabric alone; note the
thong. pin and loop fastening at
the
shoulders, and the white
cross
of
France sti tched to the breast. Beneath it he wears a
mail hauberk and a coif, a padded gambeson, leather rere
braces on the upper arms and chausses on the thighs, plate
poleyns and splinted greaves. He carries one
of
his large
The Knights of Christ on
a painted
alterback
by
Jan
van
Eyck, c .1435. The detail of annour
and horse
harness In this
magnificent example of Flemish early Renaissance art Is
remarkable, whi le the annour
Itself
appears to
b a
mixture
of German and French s ty les. In s tu Churoh of 5 t Bavon,
Gent
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plated leather gauntlets in his simple cervelliere. Main
sources: ivory box. French c.1 340. Hermitage. St Petersburg;
effigy from Pont-aux-Dames. c.1335. Louvre. Paris;
Crucif ixion. Fr anc o-Ge rma n a la ba st er ca rv in g c. 1350,
Metropolitan Museum
of
Arts. New York
83 :
Provenctal mercenary crossbowman,
c.1350
Many crossbowmen were recruited from Provencte - which
lay outside the fronllers of France - and detailed desrlptions
of their equipment survive. Such a soldier has a tall chapel
de-fer forged from one piece; a mail coif worn inside the top
of his haub
rk.
over a thickly quilted aketon;
an
oblong
leather buckler is strapped to his left arm. His weapons are a
sword. a large basilard dagger. and three composite
crossbows carried slung on the pack on his back. The box on
his wheelbarrow probably contains crossbow bolts. Main
sources: Chroniques de France French manuscript. mid-14
cent., British Library. Ms. Roy. C.VII. London; Polyptych of
the Passion by Simone Martini. painted
in
Avignon
c.1
340,
Museum voor Schone Kunsten. Antwerp)
V LRY
136 1415
C1: 8oucicault. c.1400
Jean de Malngre c.1366-1421), called Boucicault . even
tually became Marshal of France like his father before him. A
champion of the tourney and a Crusader against the Turks on
land and sea he was captured at Aglncourt and was one of
the few noblemen whose life was spared: he died
In
Eng
captivity six years later.
In
his younger days he maintaine
rigorous fitness routine Which enabled him to perform st
such as climbing
up
the back
of
a ladder
in
full armour, u
only his hands. Here this enables us to see the b ac k
o
bascinet, aventail, and heraldic coat armour . as well as
typical plate leg armour. Note the strap attaching his ave
through a slit
In the coat armour to the iron cuirass bene
this
is
worn over a mail haubergeon. His belt, with t
gilded plates. su ppor ts a ronde I dagger; the rigid cui
beneath prevents the low-sl ung belt from slipping do
Main sources:
es
Belles Heures
de Duc de Berry.
Fre
manuscript, c.140S, Metropolitan Museum
of
Art, New
Y
Chroniques de St Denis.
French manuscript. late
14
c
British Library. Ms. Roy. 20. CVIII, London; he Apocaly
French tapestry, c.1375. Castle Museum, Angers)
C2:
Guichard Dauphin,
c.1410
Towards the end of the 14th century a bascinet wit
rounded visor came into fashion, as did a rigid iron bevo
protect the throat. Here Guichard Dauphin has a fab
covered brigandine with very large chest plates over a
haubergeon - note the iron lance-rest on the right breast
mail aventall is covered with blue fabric bearing s
heraldic shields - quarterly. blue dolphins
on
gold, and
silver diagonals on a blue ground, with a triple
red
l
overall. His shield is of the oval variety used on foot, w
An i l lustration
from a
primitiv
mid-15th century Flemish
manuscript shows similar
armour, though
In
a
much cru
style.
egendof 1l oy
Blbllotheque
Royale.
Ms .
924
f.63v, Brussels
OPPOSITE Few
pieces of 15th
century clothing survive, but
French
heraldic tabard is one
bears a
white
cross
contre
r t ss
on a
red
ground.
Hermitage
Museum,
St
Petersburg
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bstantial wooden grip and padded leather squab;
he
would
armed with a shortened spear for Infantry combat. Main
urces: late
14
cent. French effigies, in 18th century
ngraving by Gaigniers, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Est
1
Paris; Chronicles of Froissart French manuscript,
arly 15 cent., BibliotMque Municipale, Ms. 865, Besan90n)
: Bertrand
du
Guesclin
Constab le o f
France
Guesclln was a short. muscular man with a battered
rize-fighter s face; see the Illustration on page 17. As
he
would have had the finest equipment available,
ere consisting of a tall baselnet with a very pointed
visor The aventail is attached in the normal
anner and has its own thickly pad ded lining. His th ickly
ted jupon
is
worn over a cuirass. which
is
not visible here.
th plate gauntlets and full leg-harness. Several parts of this
are also gilded. Du Guesclin s arms are displayed as
mall embroidered shields on his jupon and on his horse
arison. The horse s chamfron Is covered with black fabric
ith gold braid decoration. and has fabric sleeves over the
rs. His sword has a hand-and-a-half hilt. Main sources:
Du
esclln Chronicles French m an us cr ip t late 14 cent.,
iotheque Nationale, Paris; St George, Burgundian carving
Jacques de Baerze, late
14
cent.. Muse Historique, Dijon)
INFANTRY
136 1415
1: Crossbowman in the ret inue of
ean de
Hengest
c 1407
addition to carrying a pavise shield with the arms
of
Jean
Hengest, Master
of
the Crossbowmen
of
France, plus
ose of France mod er n , this man has a lead badge in the
rm of a sprig of broom sewn to the left breast of his quilted
ourpoint. Such badges
of poli tic al affiliation were
of
later
14th
century France. The pourpoint is
orn over a brigandlne and a mall haubergeon, and the coif
orn under his kettle-hat is thickly padded; quilted cuisses
overlap the plate lower leg defences; and single iron plates
are strapped to the backs of his mail-faced gauntlets.
He
is
armed with a powerful steel crossbow - note wolfskin
covered quiver
of
bolts, and broad belt with spanning hooks;
a broad thrusting sword obscured here, on his left hip); and
a basilard. Main sources: Livre de Chasse French manu
script, early
15
cent.. Bibllotheque Nationale, Ms. Fr 616,
Paris; sword. mid. 14 cent., Cathedral Museum, Chartres:
pourpoint of Charles de Blois, c.1370. Musee des Tissus.
Lyon)
02:
Milit iaman
from
Rennes c 1370
This urban foot soldier could have found himself fighting for
either side. While his equipment illustrates the fact that arms
and armour travelled over great distances as arms merchants
sought customers wherever there was confl ict. The scale
covered aventail might be English, his Winged mace Italian or
southern French. his hardened leather limb defences
Flemish, his mail haubergeon and chausses from anywhere in
France. Main sources: helmet, Milanese, c.1350-70, Museo
Poldi Pezzoli. no. 2598, Milan; clerestory windows, mld-14
cent..
situ Abbey Church, Tewksbury; funerary plaque
of
Gilles de Hamel. c.1355. in situ church. Heeren-Elderen)
03: Sou thern
French
l ight
infantryman
c 1400
A t first the term
brigand
referred to soldiers or mercenaries
protected only by scale-lined, cloth-covered brigandines as
worn here; note the attached mail cap sleeves. This man also
has a light bascfnet, worn over his fabric hood with a long
liripipe: a mail colliere around his neck and shoulders. and a
mail haubergeon; and would have worn plated gauntlets. He
also carries a small round buckler. His weapons are a slender
thrusting sword and a new style of rondel dagger. Main
sources: Cruci fixion from the
Parement
Narbonne
painted altar hanging, French, c.1375, Louvre Museum,
Paris; Martyrdom
of
St George Italian wall painting, c.1380.
in situ
Oratorio di San Giorgio, Padua)
NAVAL WARFARE 1337 1415
E1:
Jean
de Bethencourt c 1402
Jean de Bet hen cou rt is shown during the complicated
process of putting on full armour, a task which required the
help of another man. He already wears his off-white quilted
arming coat - a garment which would later be further
developed, having small pieces of mail attached at the vul
nerable points armpit. groin, etc) so that the mail
haubergeon which De Bethencourt holds here could be
abandoned. His hose are laced to the arming coat at the
hips; his armour and shield await him - note thickly
embossed blazon on the leather-covered shield. Main
sources: Livre des Nobles Femmes French manuscript late
14 cent.. Bibliotheque Natlonale, Paris; breastplate,
Milanese. late
14
cent
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)
E2: Basque sa ilor c 1360
The costume worn
In
northern Spain and south-western
France differed from that seen further north. This seaman,
helping button the tabs down the front of the knight s arming
coat, wears a round cerveiliere with the decorated rim
favoured in northern Spain, plus a mail c oi f with small eye
holes - another characteristic fashion
of
Ca st il e. Hi s
sleeveless. quilted jerkin may have been more of a Catalan
or
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Aragonese fashion; note the wooden buttons down the front
and coloured woollen fringes at hem and shoulders. A broad
cummerbund , here Interpreted as rawhide, would be worn
by Medlterrean sailors as late as the 18th century. His shirt
sleeves are rolled up; obscured here, he would wear his white
woollen hose rolled down below the knees and secured there
by laces. His weapon is
an
Iron polearm; the purpose
of
the
hooked filment
on
his convex shield Is unknown. Main
sources: heBetrayal Aragonese wall painting, mid-14 cent.,
n
situ church, Urries, Saragossa; Crucifixion painted retable
by Jaime Serra, Catalan, mid-14 cent., Museu Episcopal, Vic;
rrest
of
Jesus
Navarrese carving, mid-14 cent., in
situ
Calhedral, Pamplona)
E3: Castil ian naval
c aptain
Castilian military equipment had various distinctive features
such as a preference for light armour, much
of It of
hardened
leather reflecting a residual Arab-Islamic heritage. Here the
caplaln wears such hardened leather leg armour over mail
chausses, which were probably suited to naval warfare. His
coat-of-plates has a high collar; and a yel low fabric lining
with bra ded edges, ex1ended at the arms and skirt and
Incorporating Internal leather upper arm defences. Main
sources: Crucifixion painted retable by Jaime Serra, Catalan,
mid-14 cent., Museu Episcopal, Vic; rrest of Jesus
Navarrese carving,
mid-14
cent.,
in situ
Cathedral,
Pamplona)
F:
V LRY 4 5 435
F1: Jeanne
d Arc ,
c.1430
Joan
of
Arc was undoubtedly an inspirational leader, though
it was her less inspiring male colleagues who provided the
military know-how. Here Ste Jeanne is shown wearing typical
middle-class women s costume, with her hair loose and
uncovered - this marked the virginal status of The Maid
plus a sword at her side. The banner carried by the Breton
man-at-arms
In
the background is based on a small drawing
of Jeanne made during her lifetime, while her shield is said to
be based on written descriptions. Main source: drawing of
Jeanne d Arc on the Registre d u Conseil du Parlement d e
Paris,
10
Mai 1429, Archives Nationales, Paris)
F2:
French
knight,
c.1440
This rather gorgeously appointed knight - demonstrating his
wealth by his fashionable pearl-strewn fur and velvet hat, and
his courtly accomplishments by his musical ski lls - wears a
tabard bearing the arms
of
Guillaume de Flavy, the Captain
of
Compiegne, w ho fought at Jeanne s side. He also wears a
surcoat wi h puffed sleeves repeating his arms, over his full
plate armour, and his great bascinet stands ready at his feet.
His ballock dagger is visible at his hip; for close foot combat
he
would also
be
armed with his sword and a poleaxe. Main
sources: great bascinet, Burgundian c.1430, Navarre
Museum, Pamplona; Sf Maurice, French statue from the
Tarrasque Alter, c.1460, n situ Cathedral, Aix-en-Proven
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t he e nd
of
t h e H u nd re d
Wa r
f i re a rms b e g in
to
regularly
In
French
art.
mid -15 t h ce n tu ry Flemish
entitled th e pocalyptic
of
erusalem shows a
two
n
team
firing a
handgun.
On e
holds
th e
pole stock
on
of hi s shoulder w it h b ot h
an d
takes aim, while th e
leans
In to
b ri ng t he m a tc h
t h e t ou ch ho le
-
a nd a ls o
to be
bracing
hi s
comrade
m b e hin d g
Inst th e
coming
i l. B o th h av e v is o re d
salets
e xt ra s id e
plates, a nd s ub
shoulder,
upper
a rm an d
a rmo ur . Ca st l e Museum,
He carries
an
arrow bag behind his right hip, and
armed with a heavy falchion. Main sources: Life of St
French tapestry, mid-15 cent., Musee de Cluny, Paris;
ish carvings. mid-15 cent., in situ Hotel de Ville Louvain)
: Insurgent, c.1440
a man
in
peasant costume partly tucked up into his
for ease of movement) is armed with a longbow - a
apon clearly not limited to the English. He also has a
dy dagger, a leather water flask carried in a leather net,
a sheaf of arrows thrust into the back of his sash.
are shown
in
several French manuscripts. Main
Les Belles Heures de Duc de Berry. French manu
ipt, c.1405. Metropolitan Museum o f Art, New York;
es Heures of Anne of BriHany French manuscript, late
cent, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Lat. 9474, Paris)
: Flemish mercenary, c.1430
man
is
traditionally equipped as a heavily armoured
ntryman. He has a massive chapel-de-fer helmet;
an
early
m of scale-l ined. canvas-covered jacque, which laced
wn both sides, worn over a mall haubergeon; and some
te armour for his arms and legs.
In
addition to a round
ckler and relatively short sword
he
carries a langue de-
polearm. Main sources: helmet and langue-de-beouf.
nch 15 cent., Musee de l Armee. Paris; Crucifixion. panel
inting by Jan van Eyck. Flemish c.1425-30, Metropolitan
seum of Art. New York
A.RTlLLERY 1430-1453
: Gunner with
ribaudequin,
c.1435
illery was
an
aspect of 15th century warfare
in
which the
nch outstripped their English opponents. Here a master
er prepares to fire a mulH-barrelled ribaudequin. Despite
y references to such guns
in
the 14th and 15th centuries
y remain something o f a mystery. Originally the term
referred to a light cart,
to
which a number of small gunbarrels
were later added; they were probably fired
in
rapid suc
cession producing a rippling fire, and were clearly
anti-personnel weapons rather than wall-battering pieces.
The gunner himself is heavily armoured with mail and plate
because of his exposed position, valued status and relative
wealth. Main source: he hree Maries
at
the
omb
panel
painting by Hubert van Eyck. c.1430, Boymans-van
Beuningen Museum, Rotterdam)
H2 :
Gunner s assistant, c.1440
The assistant, pull ing the mantlet open
to
allow the gun to
fire, has been given here the costume of a working man since
his task was essentially that of a labourer: a doublet and hose
laced together over a shirt. canvas leggings,
an
apron, and a
substantial belt knife as his only weapon. His visored salet is
his only armour. Main sources: Les Echecs Amoureux
French manuscript,
15
cent., Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms.
Fr
143, Paris; salet, French c.1440, Musee de l Armee, Paris)
H3 : Handgunner,
c.1450
This gunner wears a deep chapel-de-fer with an eye-slit
in
the brim. though it is pushed back here for better visibility.
Substantial pauldrons protect his shoulders and upper arms
while the plackart and fauld from an Italian cuirass cover part
of his brigandine, itself worn over a mail haubergeon. The
quillons of his sword have a ring fitting to pro tect his fore
finger when fencing in the new Italian manner. He is about
to fire his weapon with a length of smouldering slowmatch;
his p owder flask, bullet bag and scouring stick would lie
close by when
in
com bat and would be carried slung when
on the march. Main sources: St Michael, panel painting by
Bernardo Martorell, Gatan c.1440, Museu Diocesa.
Tarragona; Life of St Sirmin on the Tomb of Bishop Ferry de
Beauvolr, French carving, late
15
cent.,
in
situ Cathedral,
Amiens)
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D et ai l f ro m F le mi sh illustration of
soldiers
sacking a
captured
city,
m a de a ro un d 1 46 0. I t n ot o nl y s ho ws their
salets,
brlgandln s a nd m i ni m al
le g
defences,
bu t also that
w hi le s om ar e c le an -s ha ve n others wear mo u st a ch e s a n d
short beards.
Th e
a sso rte d b o o ty
I s b ei ng
carried
off
in
b a ske ts, ch est s, sa cks
an d
bundles; I t I n clu d es ju gs.
bo
an d
co okin g u t en sils.
Note th e
wheelbarrow
In th e
fore
ground.
pushed
with
th e
ai d of
a
shoulder rope
s ee P la
83. Chronlques de France
8ibllotheque Natlonale,
Ms.
2466, Paris
OMP NION S R S FROM OSPREY
CAMPAIGN
C:unliw. aUlhurilalil'C 1 C l l u n l ~
ul
hislflr)':- de i ~ i l c miliUJfY
cncUUlllcrs, Ea h
9 I \ - p a ~ c n O I l ~ cOl1lains
over O illuslratillns
indudinlt m p ~ Imler, or hallie. ,,,llIur pb t ':-. anti
Ihree-dimensinnal hallk maps.
WARRIOR
l>clinilil'e
1 1 I n l y ~ i s IIf
Ihl' ;lPP ~ l r a n l C . lI'e:lpnn:-. equipmenr.
laCIlC:-, haraelcr. ml eundilillns
ur
serl'ice nr Ihe individual
lighling man Ihrolll hllUI
h i ~ U J r y .
1 ~ ; l c h 6 - p a ~ e book i l \ d u d e ~
rull- 'nillur
unirC>ml
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c\ M: derail, ;1I1d seclillnal
,Irtllork
urthe
snldier's I.:quipmcnt.
NEW
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ClIl1lprchemil'e hislllrie:- IIf Ihe design. \ 1 \ 1 m 'nl and
1I1l'rallUl1al U'l' or Inc \lorld armoured eni
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and artillery.
1':.leh 41l-p.lg:e h n n ~ cnnt:lin:- itthl pattes of rull-nraining
sume 50 photOgr, ph. and diagrams and 12 full-colour
plates,
will
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in
Sl:Ope t
I
l:uvcr p'rsonalit; s,
s i ~ l 1 i f i l : a n t military leehniqu
'S,
ami other aspect or
I'h ' hi 'tOry
or
warfare II'hkh demand ccunprchcn 'jve
illuslrnt
'd treatment.
A I RC R AF T O F
THE
ACES
Fueuse 'xdl lsivcly on the elite pilurs
or
major air
campaigns. anti
includ
unique inrer\'icw lI'ith 'ur\'il 'ing
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ulume l:tlllrain' up
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unil lislinb S. nell' scale pl:ln:- :lnd I'he b,,:-t :lJ'(:hil al
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,
COMBAT
AIRCRAFT
Tcehni .1 inforl11;llion rum Ihe IIlIrld's 1 :u.ling ali:lliull
II rilers un thl.: ('('nl
II
ry
1110
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.
ignific
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military aircrall.
Ea h 96-pagc I UlU111C cOl1[:lins up I
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:-pel:ially
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'i(lI1ed arl\\orb,
unil liMing:, new :c,llc plans
and the he:-t archil'al photograph) al'ailahle.
-
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TITLES FROM OSPREY PU LISHIN
Men-a.tArms
23 I: Fr-ench
Medieval
Armie
1000-1300
Text
by David NIColle. colour plates by
Angus McB ide. Despite Its slow start
when compared with neighbours like
England. he kingdom of France
had.
by
the
IJih
century. risen to become the
most powerful state ,n Western Europe.
ISBN
I 8 55 32
127
0
Men-at-Arms III: The Armies
of
Crecy and Pol tiers
Text colour plates by Chlistopher
Rothero. When King Philip de ValOIS of
France. In order
to annoy
hiS nval,
Instructed
hiS
Flemish subjects to
cease
trading with the
English.
he
set In
molion events which would
finally
lead to
an InvaSion
by
English
troops in
1338,
under the command of Edward
III.
eager to
avenge
the unfo'1:otten expulSion
of King
John
from Nonnandy.
ISBN
0
8 50 45 393 3
Men-at-Arms 317: Henry
V
and th e Conquest
of
France
1416-53
Text by Paul Knight. colour plates by
Graham Turner. The battle of Aglncourt In
I t5
was 1 01
the decisive war-winning
battle that Shakespeare s vefSlon suggests.
This book details the
English
army that
Henry V led back Into
France
In 1417 to
conquer Nonnandy and
again lake
the war
to the French
ISBN
I 85532 699 X
Men-at-Arms
99:
Medieval
Heral
Text by Terence Wise.
colour
plates
by Richard Hook. This fasdna Ing wor
explores the ongins and appearance
medieval
heraldIC
devices in
an
engag
readable style accompanied by nume
illustrations mcludlng eight full page
colour plates.
ISBN 0 85045 348 8
Warrior
II :
English
longbowma
1330-1515
Text by Clive Bartlett. colour plates b
Gerry Embleton. The English military
ascendancy which lasted from
the
ml
14th
to
the mid-15th century was fou
upon defensive
tactiCS
based
on
the u
of
the longbow. This account. by
an
e
archer. Investigates both the weapon
the men
who
used
it.
ISBN I
85532
491 I
Campaign
9: Agincourt 1415
Matthew Bennett examines the Agin
campaign from the
siege
of Harlleur
aftermath of the battle a Agincourt i
Ably using ongmal 15th century
eVidence. including the survivmg Frenc
battle plan and the accounts
of
men
present in both armies. Bennett discu
the lead-up
to
the battle,
the
tactical
dispositions of
the two
forces and the
reasons for the ultimate English
succe
ISBN
I
85S32
132 7
COMPLETE
MEDIEVAL
WORLD TITLE
LISTING
0850 155 180
0850 1560 15
0850 156142
0850455 II I
OB5 )ol5S189
0850455700
08S )olSO l
oe50 1SS4
I
MENAT.ARMS (MAA)
08 50 45 24 57 0 50 MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN
ARMI
5
08 50 45 12 56 0 75 THE CRUSADES
0850 153011 085 SAXON. ING NORMAN
0850453062 089 BYlANTIN
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II
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SWISS AT
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0850453488 09 1 MEDIEVAL I (MillRY
0850 I5372U 105 rHE MONGOLS
08500lS3933 II I ARMIES OF C RE CY PO IT IE RS
0850453 NI
113 ARMIES
OF AGINCOURT
0950454484 I
ARMIES or ISLAM
7 11TH CENTURY
085CH54n8 I )6
ITALIAN
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ARMIES
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onOMAN
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SCOTS
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12501100
154 ARTHUR A NG LO S AX ON
ARMIES
155 NIGHTS OF GIRIST
1l>6 MEDIEVAl GERMAN
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13 ) ).ISOO
0850456827
171
SALAlJlN
TH MCENS
0850
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