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Transcript of Freedom of Information Act Exemptions · PDF file4 Freedom of Information Act Exemptions ....
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Freedom of Information Act
Exemptions
1
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 1
Protects properly classified information
2
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Exemption 1
Classification is governed by the
President through Executive
Orders.
The current Executive Order is
13526.
3
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 1
Exemption 1 protects national security
information that is properly classified
under the procedural and substantive
requirements of the current Executive
Order on classification.
Proper classification markings are:
Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret 4
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 1
The “Glomar Response” –
neither confirm nor deny
5
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 2
Protects records that are “related solely
to the internal personnel rules and
practices of an agency.”
The recent Supreme Court Decision, Milner v. Dep’t of the Navy, has fundamentally changed the way that agencies interpret Exemption 2 of the FOIA. 6
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 3
Protects information that has been
“specifically exempted from
disclosure by statute.”
7
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 3
Two subparts: A and B
• Subpart A statutes – Absolute
prohibition on disclosure -- no
agency discretion
8
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 3
• Subpart B statutes – Limited
prohibition on disclosure
a) statue defines particular matters to
be withheld; or
b) statute provides specific criteria for
withholding 9
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 4
Protects trade secrets or commercial or financial information obtained
from a person that is privileged or confidential.
10
The Freedom of Information Act
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Exemption 4
Trade Secrets
Narrowly defined
11
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 4
Commercial or financial information
obtained from a person privileged or
confidential.
12
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 4
Threshold
• Commercial or financial
• Obtained from a person
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 4
“Confidential” information
1. voluntary submissions:
“customary treatment” test
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 4
2. Required submissions:
a) impairment
b) substantial competitive harm
c) other government interests
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Exemption 4
Reverse FOIA lawsuits
Submitter notice – Executive
Order No. 12,600
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 5
Protects “inter-agency or intra-
agency memorandums or letters
which would not be available by law
to a party other than an agency in
litigation with the agency.”
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 5
Records covered by Exemption 5
are good candidates for
discretionary release.
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 5
Threshold: inter-agency or intra-agency
memoranda or letters
• Within or between agencies
• Consultants
19
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 5
The Deliberative Process Privilege
a) predecisional
b) deliberative
c) facts generally not protected
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 5
Attorney Work-Product Privilege
a) prepared by an attorney or under
his/her direction
b) in anticipation of litigation
c) no temporal limit
d) facts protected 21
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 5
Attorney-Client Privilege
a) communication from client to
attorney
b) communication confidential
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 6
Protects information in personnel and medical files and similar files
when disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy.
23
Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 6
Threshold: personnel and medical files and similar files
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 6
Privacy interest: Living individuals have a privacy interest in not having agencies disseminate personal information about them.
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 6
Public interest: serves FOIA “core purpose” of shedding light on agency’s operations or activities.
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 6
Balancing: In order to withhold information, the privacy interest must outweigh the public interest.
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 7
Protects six different types of law enforcement information
• On-going proceedings • Personal Privacy • Confidential sources • Techniques and procedures
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Exemption 7
Threshold: Records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes.
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(A) -- information that would
interfere with a pending law
enforcement matter
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(B) -- disclosure of information
would deprive a person of the right to
a fair trial
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(C) -- disclosure could reasonably be
expected to cause an unwarranted
invasion of personal privacy
1) privacy interests
2) public interest
3) balancing test
4) “Glomar” response
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(D) -- protects confidential sources
1) identities of confidential sources
2) all information provided by
confidential sources if compiled
during criminal or national
security investigation.
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(D) -- determine whether source is
confidential
a) express confidentiality
b) implied confidentiality
• nature of crime
• source’s relation to crime
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(E) -- disclosure would reveal
investigative techniques and procedures
or guidelines for law enforcement
investigations or prosecutions if
disclosure could risk circumvention
of the law
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(E) -- techniques generally unknown
to the public and guidelines or
manuals
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 7
7(F) -- disclosure would endanger the life
or physical safety of individuals
• undercover agents
• witnesses subject to violent reprisal
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 8
Protects matters contained in or related
to examination, operating, or condition
reports prepared by or for regulators or
supervisors of financial institutions.
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Freedom of Information Act Exemptions
Exemption 9
Protects geological information and
data, including maps, concerning wells.
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Statutory Exclusions
In certain extraordinary criminal law
enforcement contexts, the FOIA
excludes the records from the
requirement of the FOIA.
Agencies should first consult with OIP
before using a record exclusion.