-

MIES VAN DER ROHE A Critical Biography

FRANZ SCHULZE in association with the Mies van der Rohe Archive of the Museum of Modern Art

The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London

Contents

List of Illustrations vii

Acknowledgments xiii

fu~ ~

List of Buildings arid Projects xvii

1 Aachen: Youth in Imperial Germany, 1886-1905 3

2 Berlin: Problems of a New Century, 1905-18 20

3 Europe out of the Ashes: Response to the Modernist Challenge, 1919-25 83

4 Weimar at the Flood, 1925-29 131

5 Depression, Collectivization, and the Crisis of Art, 1929-36 174

6 Departure and Flight, 1936-38 205

7 Revival: Modernism without Utopia, 1938-49 218

8 America: The Triumph of Steel and Glass, 1949-58 239

9 Recessional, 1958-69 284

Notes 327

Selected Bibliography 345

Index 349

349

Index

Aachen, 3, 5-11; Cathedral of, 5-6 Abstraction, 226, 227 Adam Building project, 146, 147, 243 Adler, Mortimer, 228, 239 Afrikanischestrasse Apartment Building,

122-23 Albers, Josef, 174, 182, 185 Alexanderplatz project, 146-51, 195 Alfonso XIII, 152 Alien, George, 320 Allgemeine Elektricitatsgesellschaft

(AEG), 35-36 Alschuler, Alfred, 221 Alumni Memorial Hall, 224-25 Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 13, 93-94, 138,

193, 214; Summa Theologica, 172-73

Architectural styles. See Influences; names of individual styles

Armour Institute of Technology, 205-6, 210, 213-16, 219-20

Arp, Hans, 89, iOl Art Deco, 197 Arts and Crafts, 20, 37 Artists' Colony (Darmstadt), 31-32 Arts Club of Chicago, 270 Ashcraft, E. M., 232, 233 Augustine, Saint, 13, 68, 322

Baader, Johannes, 84 Bacardi Office Building project, 301-2 Barcelona Chair, 159-60, 169-70 Barcelona Pavilion, 48, 116, 152-60,

182, 190, 337 n. 28 Barr, Alfred, H., Jr., 180, 183, 206, 209 Bartning, Otto, 132 Bartsch, Helmut, 233 Bauhaus: in Berlin, 177, 185-87; at

Dessau, 174-77, 185; dispute over title, 235; at Weimar, 87, 105, 117

Bauhiitte, 262-63 Bayer, Herbert, 174 Beckmann, Max, 84, 204, 235 Behne, Adolf, 96 Behrens, Peter, 65, 67, 93, 94, 109,

195, 209; and AEG, 35-36, 39; early career of, 31-35; and Mies, 31, 38, 40-42, 57-61, 129-30; and Schinkel, 42-45, 53. Works: Cuno House, 39, 53; German Embassy, 57-58; German Shipbuilding Exhibition, 35-36; Kroller-Muller House project, 58-61; Oldenburg Exhibition, 35; Schroeder House, 39, 53; Turbine Factory, 36; Wiegand House, 53, 55, 73

Benjamin, Walter, 89 Berg, Max, 96-99, 109 Berger, Otti, 176 Berlage, H. P., 32, 60-61, 90, 93, 113,

123, 132; Amsterdam Stock Exchange, 65, 108; Kroller-Muller House project, 63-64; theory of architecture, 65-68

Berlin, 3, 42-48, 306, 311 Berlin Building Exposition House, 181-

83, 190 Berlin National Gallery, 306-11 Bestelmeyer, German, 52 Beuth, P. C. W, 44 Biedermeier style, 22,27, 56 Bier, Justus, 170 Bismarck monument project, 49-53 Black, Gilmer, 209, 211 Blake, Peter, 13 Blees, Johann Josef, 19 Bohrer, Randolph, 258 Bonatz, Paul, 132, 134, 143, 195 Bonnet, Felix, 252, 285 Bosch, Jose M., 301 Bossier and Knorr, 17 Bourgeois, Victor, 135 Braque, Georges, 313 Bremmer, H. P., 58, 61, 63 Brenner, Daniel, 230, 252, 284 Breton, Andre, 227 Breuer, Marcel, 174; 182, 205; Wassily

Chair, 140, 336 n. 17 Brick, use of, 125-27, 144 Brick Country House, 110, 113-16, 141,

145, 146, 157, 158, 182, 183 Brno Chair, 169-70 Bronfman, Samuel, 270, 281 Brownson, Jacques, 252, 284-85 Briicke, Die, 56 Bruckmann, Peter, 120, 132 Bruhn, Ada. See Mies, Ada Bruhn, Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav and

Frau, 70, 83-84 Brussels Pavilion project, 199-200, 230 Bund deutscher Architekten (BdA), 118,

119 Bunshaft, Gordon, 286-87; Lever

House, 245 Burnham, Daniel, 218, 321 Buttlar, Freiherr von, 319

Cage, John, 248 Caldwell, Alfred, 252, 258, 285, 287 Callahan, Harry, 235 Callery, Mary, 239, 342 n. 1 Carolingian Renaissance, 5

350

Carpenter, Marian, 253, 288 Carter, Peter, 247 Castro, Fidel, 303 Chang, Pao-Chi, 266 Charlemagne, chapel of, 5-6 Chermayeff, Serge, 235 Chicago, 218-19 Chicago Federal Center, 296-98 Choriner Kreis, 36 Classicism, 39, 42-43, 51, 53, 54 Columns, use of, 158, 162-63, 192 Commonwealth Promenade Apartments,

247 Concert Hall project, 231-32, 342 n. 1 Conchoidal Chair, 236 Concrete Country House, 110-13,

116 Concrete Office Building, 106-9, 147 Congres Internationaux d'Architecture

Moderne, 188 Conrad, Michael Georg, 32 Constructivism, 88, 90, 93, 94, 104-6 Conterato, Bruno, 318 Convention Hall project, 266-69 Corti, Mario, 252 Coue, Emile, 128, 129 Crous apartment, 178 Crown Hall, 261-64 Cubism, 111 Cunningham, James D., 210, 219

Dadaism, 84, 88 Dance, George, the Elder, 317 Danforth, George, 230, 232, 252, 284 Darmstadt, 31-32 Dawes Plan, 118 Dearstyne, Howard, 176 Dessoir, Max, 52 De Stijl, 88, 90-91, 93, 106, 111, 117;

influence of, 113-14, 123, 157, 164, 243, 269

Deutsche Gartenstadtgesellschaft, 36 Deutscher Werkbund, 36-37, 118-20,

131-32, 139, 153 Deutsches Volk/Deutsche Arbeit

Exposition, 200-201 Dexel, Waiter, 122 Dix, Otto, 84, 88 Doblin, Jay, 235 Docker, Richard, 132, 134, 135 Dornbusch, Charles, 233 Dornbusch, Margrette, 233 Drexler, Arthur, 91 Duckett, Edward, 252, 284 Duncan, Isadora, 95 Dunlap, William, 252, 284, 285 Diisseldorf, 34, 175

Eames, Charles, 236 Eddington, Arthur, 316 Eggeling, Viking, 89, 105 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 104 Eichstaedt House, 121 Emmerich, Paul, 152 Engemann, Friedrich, 185 Ernst, Max, 227 Esplanade Apartments, 247 Esters House, 144-45

Index

Eugenia Victoria, 152 Expressionism, 37-38, 85-88, 96

Fahrenkamp, Karl, 128, 129, 184 Farenholtz, G. w., 130 Farnsworth, Edith, 252-53, 258-59 Farnsworth House, 46, 252-57 Feldmann House, 121 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 33, 193 50 by 50 House, 259-61 Finsterlin, Hermann, 101 Fischer, Max, 15 Fischer, Theodor, 52 Florence, 30 Form., Die, 137-38 Frank, Josef, 132, 135 Freud, Sigmund, 315 Freund, Karl, 254 Friedrichstrasse Office Building Iproject

1, 96-100, 136, 146 Friedrichstrasse Office Building project

2, 146, 151-52 Friedrich Wilhelm IV, 47 Frilhlicht, 100 Fuchs, Eduard, 124-25, 161 Fuchs-Perls House, 125, 335 n. 60 Fujikawa, Joseph, 252, 284, 285, 318 Fuller, R. Buckminster, 235 Functionalism, 45, 108, 111-12, 122-

23, 132-33, 137, 138 Furniture, design of, 140-44, 159-60,

168-70, 183

G (journal), 91, 105-8, 117 Gabo, Naum, 89, 235 Gaul, August, 52 Gellhorn, Alfred, 132 Generality. See Universality Genzmer, WaIter, 154 Gericke House project, .189, 192, 194 Gilly, Friedrich, 51 Glass, use of, 100-103, 108, 140-41,

145, 146, 166, 189, 192, 220 Glass House on a Hillside project, 203 Glass Room, 141-42, 145, 146 Glass Skyscraper project, 100-103, 146,

333 n. 28 GoebbeIs (architect, first name

unknown), 17 Goebbels, Josef, 199 Goering, Hermann, 187, 204 GoJdberg, Bertrand, 209-11 Goldsmith, Myron, 252, 258, 284-85 Goodwin, Philip, 210 Gordon, Elizabeth, 259 Graeff, Werner, 106, 135 Gravenkamp, Curt, 147 Greenwald, Herbert, 239, 244-45, 247,

284, 285, 292 Griffith, Gerry, 284 Gropius, Waiter, 38-39, 135, 136, 182,

183, 195, 320; and Bauhaus, 87, 149, 174, 263; Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition, 69; Faguswerk, 38-39, 69; and Mies, 129-30, 177, 207, 338 n. 9; and Nazism, 200, 205, 339 n. 45, 340 nn. 52, 19; in U.S., 209, 210

j

351

Gropius, Walther, 38 Gropius, Martin, 38 Grosz, George, 84, 88 Guardini, Romano, 316

Haesler, Otto, 131, 182, 195 Hahn, Hermann, 52 Haid, David, 285 Hannaford, Ogden, 285 Harden, Maximilian, 17 Hiiring, Hugo, 94, 103, 109, 131, 132,

182 Harrison and Abramovitz, 245, 272 "Haus K.," 120-21, 334 n. 54 Hausrnann, Raoul, 84, 89, 104 Heald, Henry T., 210, 213, 215-16,

219-21,286 Heerstrasse House, 331 n. 17 Heisenberg, Werner, 313 Henke House, 178 Henning, Paul, 119-20 Herre, Richard, 132 Herterich, Fritz, 249 Hess apartment, 178 Hesse, Fritz, 175, 185 Heuss, Theodor, 36 Hilbers.eimer, .Ludwig, 89, 131, 132,

135, 149-51, 182, 215, 232, 293-96; Architecture of the Metropolis, 149; and Bauhaus, 174, 176, 185, 187; and liT, 252, 285, 287

Hirche, Herbert, 204, 216, 217 Hirz, Friedrich, 204 Historicism, 33, 40. See also Classicism Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 183;

International Style, 223; Modern Architecture, 178

Hitler, Adolf, 186-88, 200; Mein Kampf, 143

Hoch, Hannah, 104 Hoffmann, Josef, 139 Hoffrnann, Erna (Prinzhorn), 71, 128 Hoffrnann, Ludwig, 118-19 Hogg, Emil, 143 Holabird, John A., 205, 209, 210, 218 Holabird and Roche, 218, 247 Hood, Raymond, 183 Hotchkiss, Willard E., 205-6, 209, 216 House for the Architect project, 76-77 House on a Terrace proje,ct, 203 House with Curved Wall 'Elements

project, 192 House with Three Courts project, 190-

92, 194 Houston Museum of Fine Arts, 300-301 Howe and Lescaze, 183, 272 Hubbe House project, 193-94 Hudnut, Joseph, 206-8 Huelsenbeck, Richard, 84 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 33, 45 Hutchins, Robert Maynard, 228, 239 Huxley, Julian, 316

Illinois Institute of Technology (liT) campus, 221-22, 224-25, 228-30, 261-64, 286-87

Industry, and architecture, 35-36 Influences: Aquinas, 93-94, 138, 228;

Index

Behrens, 53, 55, 61, 73-74, 93; Berlage, 65-68, 93, 108, 113; classicism, 28, 30, 51, 56, 79, 108, 197, 278, 302; constructivism, 113-14, 123, 133, 142, 277; de Stijl, 113-14, 123, 157, 164, 243, 269; expressionism, 100, 142; high-rise building, 245; Hilberseimer, 149; industrial building, 222-23; Kahn, 231; Le Corbusier, 137, 149, 157; Muthesius, 26; Paul, 24-28; rationalism, 89-90, 100; Schinkel, 42-53, 55-56, 61, 62, 73-74, 76-77, 79, 108, 120, 121, 157-58, 256, 264, 277; Spengler, 91-94, 116; Taut, 245; Wright, 65, 68, 108, 111, 113, 114, 142, 157

International Style, 135, 183, 259/ Itten, Johannes, 105, 174

Jahn, Helmut, 305 Jaques-Dalcroze, Emile, 70 Jaumann, Anton, 40 Jeanneret, Charles (Le Corbusier.), 41,

88, 104, 109, 135, 136, 183, 210, 320; influence of, 137, 149, l57, 293; Ronchamp chapel, 264; Vers une architecture, 105, 137; Ville Radieuse, 215

Jeanneret, Pierre, 136 Jenkin, Patrick, 318 Joachim, Harold, 288 John, Hermann, 203 Johnson, Gerald, 318 Johnson, Lyndon B., 313 Johnson, Philip Cortelyou, 183, 197-98,

209, 219, 236, 271-72, 278-79, 288; International Style, 223; Johnson House, 281; and Mies, 178-81, 281-83

Johnson apartment, 178 Jugendstil, 8, 21, 22, 31-32, 40

Kahn, Albert, Martin Bomber Plant, 231

Kanazawa, Henry, 266 Kandinsky, Wassily, 140, 174-76, 182,

185, 187, 313 Kant, Immanuel, 324 Kempner House, 120, 121 Kennedy, John F., 312-13 Keuerleber, Hugo, 132 Kiesler, Frederick, 89 Klee, Paul, 174, 175, 218, 313 Knupfer, EIsa, 128 Knoll Company, 284 Koch, Alexander, 32 Kohler, Mathilde, 129 Kolbe, Georg, 156, 182, 337 n. 28 Korn, Arthur, 132 Kornacker, Frank, 266, 285 Kramer, Ferdinand, 132 Kriimer, Jean, 60 Krefeld Golf Club project, 178, 189 Kreis, Wilhelm, 53, 195 Kroller, A. G., 41, 58-59, 63 Kroller-Muller, Helene E. L. J., 58-64 Kroller-Muller House project, 61-65,

I i.

352

Kroller-Muller House project (cont.) 76-77, 330 n. 58

Kuh, Katharine, 233 Kunstwollen, 34-35, 65, 93

Lafayette Park, 292-96 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, 241-45,

247,248 Lambert, Phyllis Bronfman, 271-73,

275,313 Lange House, Hermann, 144-45, 183 Lange House, Ulrich, 194-95 Lauweriks, J. L. M., 32 Le Corbusier. See Jeanneret, Charles Lehmbruck, Manfred, 81 Lehmbruck, Wilhelm, 80-82, 84, 142,

165 Lemke House, 188 Lenne, P. J., 47 Lessing House, 122 Liebknecht, Kar\, 125, 127, 311 Liebknecht-Luxemburg Monument, 125-

28, 335 nn. 65, 66 Lippold, Richard, 283 Lissitzky, El, 89-91, 104-6, 117;

Proun Space, 110-11 Lohan, Dirk, 216, 249, 251, 303-5,

313, 318, 319, 321; interviews by, 3-5, 12-13, 14-18, 30, 67, 282-83

Lohan, Wolf gang, 203, 250 London, 317 Long, Huey, 236 Loos, Adolf, 132 Luckhardt, Wassily, 132, 149, 182 Ludwig, Eduard, 319 Lugano,202 Lutyens, Edwin, 317 Luxemburg, Rosa, 125, 128, 311

Macke, August, 72 Mackintosh, Charles, 140 Magdeburg, 130 Malcolmson, Reginald, 252 Malevich, Kazimir, 149, 281 Man Ray. See Ray, Man Mannheim National Theater project,

264-66 Mansion House Square project, 317 Margold, Josef Emanuel, 205 Maritain, Jacques, 228 Martens, Wilhelm, 18, 20 Marx, Lora, 129, 233-36, 289, 290,

304, 313, 320, 321 Marx, Samuel, 233, 289 Masson, Andre, 227 May, Ernst, 119, 131 McCormick, Edith Rockefeller, 235 McKim, Mead and White, 275 Mebes, Paul, 152 Meier-Graefe, Julius, 62-63 Mendelsohn, Erich, 119, 130, 132, 151-

52,205,223 Meng, Heinrich, 128-29 Meng, Mathilde. See Kohler, Mathilde Merrill, Theodor, 223 Messel, Alfred, 30 Messerschmitt, Albert, 170 Meyer, Adolf, 38, 105

Index

Meyer, Hannes, 149, 174-77, 187 Mies, Ada (wife), 54, 70, 139, 216;

children of, 76, 80-82, 95, 128, 184; illnesses of, 82, 128-29, 184, 248-50; married life of, 71, 75-76, 94-95

Mies, Amalie (mother), 9-10, 18-19 Mies, Anna Marie Elisabeth (sister), 10,

19, 292 Mies, Carl (uncle), 9-12 Mies, Carl Michael (brother), 10 Mies, Dorothea (Georgia, daughter),

14, 76, 95, 128, 139, 184-85, 216, 249-51, 321; documentary film by, 299; interview by, 17-18

Mies, Ewald Philipp (brother), 10, 12, 13, 16-18, 51, 248, 290, 292

Mies, Jakob (grandfather), 9-12 Mies, Ludwig Maria Michael. Sde Mies

van der Rohe Mies, Maria Johanna Sophie (sister), 10,

19, 292 Mies, Marianne (daughter), 80, 82, 95,

139, 184-85, 216, 249-51, 313, 320-21

Mies, Michael (father), 5-19, 18 Mies van der Rohe: in Aachen, 5-19;

and Armour Institute, 205-6, 210, 213-16, 219-20; articles by, 91, 100, 101, 105-8, 117, 132, 137-38; and Bauhaus, 173, 175-77, 185-87; and Behrens, 31, 38, 40-42, 57-61; daughters of, 76, 80-82, 248-51, 332 n., 78; education and early training of, 13-17, 327 n. 10; family of, 3, 9-13; and Farnsworth, 252-53, 258-59; and Gropius, 39, 117, 129-30, 177; honors of, 290-91, 312-13, 344 n. 25; and lIT, 251-52, 285-87; illnesses of, 284, 304, 307, 319-21; in Italy, 30, 328 n. 8; later years of, 312-16; marriage of, 70-71, 75-76, 89, 94-95; and Lora Marx, 233-36, 289, 320; military career of, 20-21, 80-82; name of, 71, 104; and Nazism, 185-88, 195-204, 216-17; and Paul, 22; in postwar Europe, 251, 290-92, 306-7, 309-11, 317; and Lilly Reich, 138-40, 232-33, 248-49; in U.S., 209-20, 341 n. 29; and Wright, 210-11, 219, 236-38, 259

Mies, van der Rohe, Waltraut (daughter), 81-82, 139, 184, 216, 250, 251, 292

Minerals and Metal Research Building, 223

Miwa, Yujiro, 266 Modernism, 68-69, 88, 89, 90, 105,

131, 135, 137, 296; and Nazism, 185-88, 195-99, 216-17; opposition to, 118-20, 134, 143, 298-99, 322-23; and politics, 83, 84, 226-28

Moholy-Nagy, Uszlo, 104-5, 174, 235, 263, 342 n. 12

Mondrian, Piet, 227 Morris, William, 21 Mosler House, 121

353

Mountain House for the Architect project, 203

MR Chair, 140-41, 143, 169 Munch, Edvard, 30, 313 Munich, 21, 30 Murphy, C. F. and Associates, 269 Museum for a Small City project, 230-

31 Museum of Modern Art (New York):

Mies retrospective at, 236; Mies van der Rohe Archive of, 319; Modern Architecture Exhibition at, 180-81, 183

Muthesius, Hermann, 32, 52; Das englische Haus, 26

Nagel, Otto, 319 National Socialism. See Nazism Naumann, Friedrich, 36 Nazism, 143, 185-88, 195-205, 216-

17, 339 n. 45, 340 nn. 19, 52 Neo-biedermeier. See Biedermeier style Neoclassicism. See Classicism Neue Wache remodelling project (war

memorial), 178, 338 n. 11 Neutra, Richard, 183, 205, 235 Newman, Barnett, 227 New York, 270 Nichols, Marie, 283 Nierendorf, Karl, 218 Nietzscheanism, 85 Nolde, Emil, 71, 177 Nolde House project, 177, 178, 183,

190 Nonn, Konrad, 143 Novembergruppe, 104, 333 n. 29

Odo of Metz, 5 Olbrich, Josef, 32 Olencki, Edward, 252 Orlik, Emil, 23 Osborn, Max, 33 Osthaus, Karl Ernst, 38 Otto, Karl, 217 Oud, J. J. P., 132, 135, 178, 183, 194

Palladio, Andrea, 30 Palumbo, Peter, 256, 317, 318 Paul, Bruno, 21-22, 31, 131; in

Dresden Exhibition, 22, 26-28; House of Dr. B., 24; Westend House, 24

Pechstein, Max, 56-57 Pei, I. M., 272 Perls, Hugo, 53-54, 56-57, 120, 127,

128 Perls House, 54-57, 72, 73, 124, 329

n. 41, 330 n. 42 Perls tombstone, 120 Peschken, Goerd, 46 Peterhans, Walter, 174, 185, 215, 232,

235,252 Petermann House, 122 Petras, Renate, 77 Pevsner, Antoine, 89, 235 Picasso, Pablo, 88, 313 Pieck, Wilhelm, 125, 128 Plato, 103

Index

Platz, Gustav: Baukunst tier neuesten Zeit, 178

Poelzig, Hans, 132, 135 Politics: and architecture, 7, 33-37,

48-49, 172, 173, 187, 192-93, 215; and art, 83-85, 227; and modernism, 83, 84, 226-28; in Weimar Republic, 85, 117-18, 143, 152; see also Nazism

Pollock, Jackson, 227 Popp, Joseph, 23, 30, 290 Priestley, William, 207, 209-11, 233 Prinzhorn, Hans, 71, 128, 129 Promontory Apartments, 239-41 Protomodernism, 20, 22, 36, 39-40, 42 Prussian Academy of Arts, 188, 341 n.

32 Puig y Cadafalch, Josep, 154

Rading, Adolf, 131, 135 Rathenau, Emil, 35 Rathenau, Waiter, 35, 52, 96 Rathenow, 203, 249 Rationalism, 32, 39, 89-90, 227-28,

243-44, 269-70 Ray, Man, 89 Regis, Caroline, 321 Reich, Lilly, 143-44, 153, 157, 158,

176, 182, 185, 194, 202, 216, 319; and Mies, 138-40, 232-33, 248-51

Reichsbank project, 195-98 Reinhardt and Si:issenguth, 18 Resor House, 203, 209-13 Rettaliata,. John, 286, 287 Richardson, H. H.: Glessner House,

215 Richter, Hans, 89, 91, 105, 106, 234 Riefenstahl, Leni: Triumph of the Will,

187 Riegl, Alois, 34-35 Riehl, Alois and Frau, 23-24, 29-30,

54, 70, 77, 91 . Riehl House, 23-29, 40, 56, 123, 328

n.7 Riemerschmid, Richard, 30 Rietveld, Gerrit, 140; Schroeder House,

112 Ring, the, 118-19 Rocah, Louis, 285 Rockefeller, Mrs. John D., Jr., 180 Rockwell, Deever, 284 Rodchenko, Alexander, 90 Rodgers, John Barney, 207, 209, 213,

215, 219, 232 Roesch, Peter, 235 Rohe, Amalie. See Mies, Amalie Romanticism, 45-48, 51 Rome, 30 Root, John, 285 Rosenberg, Alfred, 186, 199 Rosenberg, Leonce, 116 Rothko, Mark, 227 Rudelt, Alcar, 185 Ruegenberg, Sergius, 200-201, 204 Ruskin, John, 21 Ryder House, 122

Saarinen, Eero, 272

354

Sachlichkeit, 22, 32, 44-45, 65, 134, 137, 149, 199, 214, 223; and modernism, 88-91, 94, 96, 105, 108

Sagebiel, Ernst, 204 Schaefer, Heidemane, 303 Schaefer Museum project, 303-4 Scharoun, Hans, 132, 135 Scheler, Max, 173 Scheper, Hirmerk, 185 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, 33-35, 44-

46, 54, 108, 113; Altes Monument, 43-44, 264, 277; Bauakademie, 45; Kaufhaus, 45; Royal Guard House, 42; Schauspielhaus, 42-43; Schloss Charlottenburg, 45, 55; Schloss Charlottenhof, 47-48, 62, 77, 157; Schloss Glienicke, 46-47; Schloss Orianda, 51; Schloss Tegel, 45, 79

Schlemmer, Oskar, 174 Schmitthermer, Paul, 134, 197 Schmitz, Bruno, 53 Schneck, Adolf, 132, 135 Schneider, Albert, 17 Schniewind, Carl 0., 214, 263 Schnitzler, Georg von, 152 Schnitzler, Lilly von, 248 SchOnberg, Arnold, 88 Schrodinger, Erwin, 313 Schultze-Naumburg, Paul, 143, 185,

197, 198 Schupp, Fritz, 223 Schwarz, Rudolf, 316 Schwitters, Kurt, 30, 104, 313 Seagram Building, 43, 272-83 Seeger, Mia, 135, 139 Selmanagic, Selman, 175, 177 Semper, Gottfried, 67 Severain, Gerhard, 158 Severain House, 188 Shaw, Alfred and Rue, 234, 289 Silk and Velvet Cafe, 143-44 Simplidssimus, 21, 22 Siskind, Aaron, 235 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, 245,

284-87 Society of Friends of the New Russia,

124 Soupault, Phillippe, 89 Space, 141-42, 166-67, 182-83, 189-

92, 212-13, 220, 257, 263-64; generalization of, 108-9, 114-16, 136-37, 231-32, 261, 267-68; and natural environment, 110-12;

Speer, Albert, 195 Spengler, Oswald, 149, 173; The

Decline of the West, 91-94, 116 Spirit: in architecture, 137-38, 170-73,

214, 220, 243-44 Stam, Mart, 132, 135, 140 Steel, use of, 220, 224-26, 254-56,

308 Stephany, Erich, 13 Still, Clyfford, 227 Stone, Edward Durell, 183 Stotz, Gustav, 131-33 Stravinsky, Igor, 88 Stresemarm, Gustav, 117, 143 Structure: revelation of, 226, 229-30,

Index

247-48, 261-62, 265 Stuttgart, 131 Stuttgart Bank project, 146, 147 Sullivan, Louis, 99, 218, 219, 252, 321 Summers, Gene, 269, 285, 301, 304-6,

313 Sweeney, James Johnson, 239, 321-22 Symbolism, 32, 34-35

Takeuvchi, Arthur, 285 Taut, Bruno, 100, 105, 119, 129, 131,

132, 135, 245; Alpine Architecture, 85, 87; House of Glass, 69, 87; Stadtkrone, 133

Taut, Max, 135 Tegethoff, Wolf, 112 Tessenow, Heinrich, 70, 132 Thalmarm, Ernst, 128 Thiersch, Paul, 31 Thompson, D'Arcy, 228 Toronto Dominion Center, 296-98 Troost, Paul Erwin, 197 Tugendhat, Fritz and Grete, 161-63,

170-71 Tugendhat Chair, 169 Tugendhat House, 48, 161-71, 182, 183,

189, 337 n. 37 Tzara, Tristan, 89

Universality, 91, 116, 133, 147, 221, 243, 261, 265, 268-69, 296, 299. See also Space

Urbig House, 73, 77-79, 121, 331 n. 75

Valentin, Curt, 234 Van Beuren, Michael, 207-8 Van der Rohe, Georgia. See Mies,

Dorothea Van Deventer, Salomon, 41, 59, 63 Van Doesburg, Theo, 132, 157, 235;

and Bauhaus, 105, 174; and Mies, 89-91, 94, 117,130; Rhythm of a Russian Dance, 113-14

Van Gogh, Vincent, 58 Vanbrugh, John, 317 Velde, Henri van de, 132; Leuring

House, 64 Venturi, Robert: Complexity and

Contradiction in Architecture, 298 Verseidag Administration Building

project, 216 Verseidag factory, 216, 222 Vicenza,30 Volksgeist, 65

Wachsmarm, Konrad, 235 Wagner, Martin, 119, 131 War memorial. See Neue Wache

remodelling project Weber, Hugo, 235 Weese, John, 252 Weimar Republic: architecture in, 85,

117-18, 143, 152; art in, 83-85 Weissenhofsiedlung Housing Colony,

123, 131-38 Weizsacker, Karl von, 316 Werner House, 71-75 Westmount Square, 296-98

355

Whyte, lain Boyd, 37-38 Wiegand, Theodor, 53 Wigman, Mary, 70-71, 75, 185 Wilhelmine style, 7, 8 William of Orange, 209 Wingler, Hans Maria, 319 W6lffiin, Heinrich, 71 Wolf House, 123, 124, 144 Wong, Y. C., 285 Wren, Christopher, 317 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 140, 158, 183,

Index

210-11, 219, 236-38, 259, 320; Kaufmann House, 127; Larkin Building, 108; influence of, 65, 68, 108, 111, 113, 114, 142, 157

X-table, 170

Yamasaki, Minoru, 272

Zeitgeist, 34, 220, 227, 243