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FOUR-SEASONS GARDENING:
OPTIONS & ALTERNATIVESTO GROWING FOOD IN ALL
FOUR SEASONS, EVENIN THE c c c c c COLD
EVE SPRINGWOOD MINSONNOFA-NJ and JUST ONE SEED
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HOWD WE GET HERE?
You mean we dont needCalifornia after all?
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ELIOT COLEMANthank you!
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Eliot and Barbara Damrosch
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The MaestroElliot Coleman has been busy
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THE FOUR-SEASONS GROWING MODEL Yes, FOUR GROWING Seasons
even here in the NORTHEAST!
WINTER: Plan field growing; active but slower growth in hoophouses and low tunnels, startearly heated greenhouse production
LATE WINTER/EARLYSPRING: New greens seeding in hoops; heated GH production
LATE SPRING: Transplanting from heated GH; early tomatoes in hoops along with other warmseason crops like cukes, zukes, eggplant.
EARLY SUMMER: hoops for tomatoes and tenders, seed for late summer
LATE SUMMER/EARLY FALL: start transplants for fall hoops
FALL (by October): direct sow hoops for winter production that will last until Feb/March
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THE ANNUAL GROWING SEASON STRUCTURES
UNHEATED HOOPHOUSES Tall and Mid-size
For season extension for warm and cold seasons can operate 365 days Seed starting for cold tolerant plants Drying herbs Curing root crops, garlic, onions
HEATED GREENHOUSE:
Seeding transplants for all seasons Starting microgreens Drying seeds, herbs, garlic Curing crops
COLD FRAMES and Low Hoops:
Small-scale production Holding flats during transition time and season Overwintering roots, greens
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STRUCTURES
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SEASON-EXTENSION TOOLS AND TERMS
COLD FRAME a box, usually sunk into the ground a foot or so, with an angled, transparent
lid that can be opened, closed or propped partly open to vent heat. The bottom can beopen to soil , in-ground plants can be seeded or seedlings hardened off in pots.
CLOCHE an old French market- gardeners term for a bell -shaped glass jar placed overyoung plants in spring. Wall-o-waters and hot caps are the current incarnations.
FLOATING ROW COVER water and air permeable, these synthetic fabrics help hold in theheat when placed close to the ground. The transparent plastic version, placed right over thesoil and held down with stakes or weights, can create a mini-microclimate for seedgermination. Outdoors, the covers can help keep out insect pests.
QUICK HOOPS, LOW HOOPS, LOW TUNNELS slightly higher coverings, stretched across
frames outdoor crops that still provide a single layer of climate extension. They can beadded only to protect from spring and autumn frosts or employed year-round if vented.
HOOP HOUSE, HIGH TUNNEL, COLD HOUSE, COOL HOUSE unheated or minimally heated(to just above freezing) structures, tall enough to stand in, where crops are grown in-
ground; can be movable for seasonal changes and cover crop rotations.
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ELIOT COLEMAN PRODUCTION FIELDS
HEATED GREENHOUSE
MOVEABLE HOOP
LOW HOOPS
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BASIC UNHEATED HOOP HOUSE OR HIGH TUNNEL STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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From MOTHER EARTH NEWS
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HOOPHOUSE PRODUCTION FORFOUR SEASONS GARDENING
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WINTER- there is green
life under the row cover!
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ELIOT COLEMANSOPERATION IN MAINE
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TRANSITION SEASON CHANGING OVER IN TINICUM, PA
Rebecca at JUST ONE SEED
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SMALLER STRUCTURES
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A QUICK HOOP IS a low tunnelthat gives plants extraprotection in cold weather.
Acting as a mini-greenhouse,the inexpensive structureallows you to grow vegetablesyear-round metal or PVC.
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HOOPS CAN BE HELD DOWN WITHPLASTIC ROCK BAGS, ORLANDSCAPE STAPLES WORK
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Various berries, basil for early harvest ,ginger, and culinary herbs
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OR BETTER YET, PARTIES!
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HOOPHOUSE PRODUCTION
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GENERAL BENEFITS OF SOLAR-HEATED COVER IN A HOOPHOUSE:
Low Cost extended cold season of growth and pushing summer crops
earlier with natural ventilation and no electric costs or infrastructure
Can be a quick PAYBACK time due to high value of crop and extra season
or earlier high-value crops like tomatoes, strawberries, basil
Some insect protection and deer protection if sides are rolled down.
Controlling precipitation Intensive cropping environment
Lots of control
Can have higher yields and nicer-looking crops (no wind or hail, etc)
Versatile: livestock cover, run the chickens through end of year, store atractor, throw a party, grow hot and cold season
Not hard to put up or take down and move; no building permits needed
No electric needed, no extra ventilation need with big openings and roll-
up sides so cheap operation
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THE CHALLENGES OF HOOPHOOUSES:
EQUIPMENT. Not easy to use large equipment in unless they are very
large mostly walk-behind rototiller and handtools after first plowing and
tilling. This can be done before hoops go up.
MAKE IT RAIN! Salt buildup will take place over timemake sure you
have some extended overhead watering to leach out salts.
LET IS SNOW, let it snowNOT!! Snow removal is a must! Especially in
anything above 2-4 inches. Be creative with your solutions.
KEEP IT COOL! Temperatures can become VERY hot in high summer
without shade cloth, roll-up sides and proper ventilation. Use both to
your benefit.
FALLOW AND ROTATE LIKE YOUR FIELDS. Temptation to keep cropping
over and over without a fallow period and cover crop
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SITING:
LEVEL site with soils that have good drainage.
Good sunlight a must! Away from trees and shade. Line up with prevailing winds so wind goes through and not dead
on so it will topple the HH. (I always strengthen with rebar and
ropes)
Think of drainage on sides if mucky and fill with vegetation but notweeds. Keep maintained with mower. Watch out for weedwhackers
can slice a hoop fast!!!
Think of permanent raised beds to enhance warming up of soils
Water must be easy to access. Generally easy to get tousually mixed into a complex of
greenhouses and hoophouses easy to access with a tractor for
transplanting, harvesting, etc.
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SHADE CLOTH:
Reduces Temps
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ROW COVER WEIGHTSARE LIGHT TO WINTERHEAVY DUTY
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DIFFERENT END WALL
DESIGNS: the more light andventilation the better!
VENTILATION: Through roll up sides, end walls, and open doors.
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VENTILATION: Through roll up sides, end walls, and open doors.
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PLANNING THE SEASON
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SEEDING SCHEDULES
HOOPHOUSE: Direct Seed, seasonalchange-out, rotation, fallow cover crop
GREENHOUSE: Flats to transplant into
larger pots, Jan to Sept
FIELD: Direct Seed, March to October
FIELD: Transplants, April to October(remember to rotate and cover crop!)
MICRO-GREENS: Seasonal, direct sow
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LATE AUGUST THROUGH OCTOBER
DIRECT SOW FRESH for HARVEST ALL WINTER:
Arugula Cut and come again lettuce and mesclun mix Spinach Asian greens: mizuna, tatsoi, bok choy, mustards, Napa, etc. Peas: snap, shelling and snow peas Cilantro, parsley, water cress, Chinese celery Beets, carrots, turnips Kale, chard, collards Radishes, French Breakfast and Daikon Broccoli grows beautifully in HH but often isnt worth the space, but try
Brocooli Raab or Sprouting Broccoli TRANSPLANTS: Leeks, scallions, cress, garlic for early scapes, Head
lettuce can be started in the greenhouse, or coldframes or the hoop intrays or soil blocks for transplanting into the HH later
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WINTER IN HOOPS: Light changes, things warm up, get going!
KEEP HARVESTING from fall: carrots, beets, turnips, greens, alliums
through mid Spring, replenish nutrients with compost, mineral blend andchicken manure and then prep HH for Spring Warm Season EarlyPlantings
Start HEAD LETTUCE TRANSPLANTS IN GREENHOUSE FORtransplanting outside in late March/early April or HH in late Feb.
APRIL PLANTINGS: early tomatoes, peppers, eggplants - these will lastuntil November and be followed by transplants of select greens for thewinter
MID APRIL: Basil, cucumbers, zukes
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END OF TYPICAL GROWING SEASON
LATE SUMMER: Plant last round of zukes, beans, broccoli, short seasoncabbage (place under row cover to keep alive during earlyfrosts)
THEN,TREAT FALL LIKE SPRING:
short days, longer nights, cool evenings and then eventually cool days
-Varieties: Spinach, scallions, beets, lettuce, turnips, beets, Asian greens:Napa cabbage, Tatsoi, Bok Choy, Mustard Greens, leeks, cilantro, dill,
parsley, peas, arugula, kale, chard, broccoli, broccoli raab, short seasoncabbage
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ADDITIONAL CROPS:
Cilantro: best in cool temps Sweet Peas : Snaps and Podded, Snow Peas
Cold Tolerant not FROST-tolerant EARLY Tomatoes: Sweet 100s,
Siberian, Stupice, Moskvich, Oregon Spring, Earliana, Northern Lights,
Early Girl, Early Wonder, Siberian Red, EARLY Eggplant: Orient express
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Hoophouse Cultivar and Scheduling Examples From the Michigan State University Student Organic Farm
Crop Cultivar* Direct Seed (DS) orTransplant (TP)
Seed Date** Calender Week Scheduled TransplantDate**
Week of the Year
SPRING
Asian Greens*** Various TP 14-Jan 3 11-Feb 7
Baby Salad**** Various-Fast and Slow DS 1-Feb 5 - -
Beets Golden, Ace DS 1-Feb 5 - -
Carrots Sugarsnax, Napoli DS 1-Feb 5 - -
Chard Bright Lights TP 14-Jan 2 11-Feb 6
Cilantro Santo DS 1-Feb 5 - -
Collards Flash TP 14-Jan 2 11-Feb 6
Cucumber Diva TP 27-Mar 12 1-May 17
Eggplant Orient Express, Nadia TP 1-Mar 9 1-May 17
Kale Red Russian, Toscano,Winterbor
TP 14-Jan 2 11-Feb 6
Lettuces Aruba, Ermosa,Various TP 14-Jan 2 11-Feb 6
Pepper Ace, Carmen TP 21-Feb 7 15-Apr 15
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HIGH TUNNEL MANUAL , Produced by Regional Farm and FoodProject and Cornell University
http://www.uvm.edu/sustainableagriculture/Documents/HighTunnels.pdf
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
CORNELL UNIVERSITY
PENN STATE
Books:1. The Hoophouse Handbook, by Lynn Byczinski2. The Winter Harvest Manual, by Eliot Coleman3. Walking to Spring, by Paul & Alison Weidiger4. The Northlands Winter Greenhouse Manual,by Carol Ford & Chuck Waibel
http://www.uvm.edu/sustainableagriculture/Documents/HighTunnels.pdfhttp://www.uvm.edu/sustainableagriculture/Documents/HighTunnels.pdf -
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PENN STATE Publications
High Tunnel Manual
"Production of Vegetables, Strawberries, and Cut Flowers Using Plasticulture NRAES-133"
"Implementation of a BioControl Program for Insect Control in High Tunnels" Cost is $10.00 (includes tax).
Presentations
Green Production in High Tunnels [pdf]
High Tunnel Cut Flowers [pdf]
High Tunnel Construction [pdf] High Tunnel Technology [pdf]
Crop Specific Articles
Production System for Horticultural Crops Grown in the Penn State High Tunnel [ pdf]
High Tunnel Production of Cucumber on Raised Beds
High Tunnel Garlic Variety Study
High Tunnel Production of Lettuce using Paper Mulch, Bare Ground and Earth Boxes
High Tunnel Tomato Variety Trial
http://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-manualhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/production-of-vegetables-strawberries-and-cut-flowers-using-plasticulturehttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/growing-greens-in-high-tunnelshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/growing-greens-in-high-tunnelshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-cut-flower-production-for-local-market-saleshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-constructionhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-technologyhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/production-system-for-horticultural-cropshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/cucumberhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/garlichttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/lettuce/high-tunnel-production-of-lettuce-using-paper-mulch-bare-ground-and-earth-boxeshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/tomato/high-tunnel-tomato-variety-trialhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/tomato/high-tunnel-tomato-variety-trialhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/lettuce/high-tunnel-production-of-lettuce-using-paper-mulch-bare-ground-and-earth-boxeshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/garlichttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/crop-information/cucumberhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/production-system-for-horticultural-cropshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/production-system-for-horticultural-cropshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/production-system-for-horticultural-cropshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-technologyhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-technologyhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-technologyhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-constructionhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-constructionhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-constructionhttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-cut-flower-production-for-local-market-saleshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-cut-flower-production-for-local-market-saleshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/high-tunnel-cut-flower-production-for-local-market-saleshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/growing-greens-in-high-tunnelshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/growing-greens-in-high-tunnelshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/growing-greens-in-high-tunnelshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-publications/growing-greens-in-high-tunnelshttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/production-of-vegetables-strawberries-and-cut-flowers-using-plasticulturehttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/production-of-vegetables-strawberries-and-cut-flowers-using-plasticulturehttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/production-of-vegetables-strawberries-and-cut-flowers-using-plasticulturehttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/production-of-vegetables-strawberries-and-cut-flowers-using-plasticulturehttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/production-of-vegetables-strawberries-and-cut-flowers-using-plasticulturehttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/production-of-vegetables-strawberries-and-cut-flowers-using-plasticulturehttp://extension.psu.edu/plasticulture/technologies/high-tunnels/high-tunnel-manual -
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THANKS FOR COMING!
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HAVE A GREAT SEASON IN YOUR HOOPHOUSE!!