SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

FOUR IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BINDINGBy OSCAR KNELERR RICE, University of North Carolina. 485 pages, 6 x 9. $5.00

This book is essentially a discussion of the chemical bond as exemplified in inorganic compounds.Its purpose is twofold: (1) to lay a foundation in atomic physics of the depth and scope likely tobe most useful for chemists in general, and capable of being used as an introduction by thosewho expect to specialize more particularly in the field; and (2) to classify, on the basis of thisfoundation, the chemical compounds, and to discuss numerous problems in chemistry having todo especially with the nature of chemical binding.

PRINCIPLES OF TELEVISION ENGINEERINGBy DONALD G. FINK, Managing Editor, Electronics. 528 pages, 6 x 9. $5.00

The author of this new book presents a thorough, comprehensive treatment of modern cathode-ray television. Covering the television system from camera in the studio to viewing screen atthe receiver, the book not only discusses fundamental processes of television reception andtransmission, but also supplies design data and descriptions of modern equipment.

WRITING THE TECHNICAL REPORTBy J. RALEIGH NELSON, University of Michigan. 384 pages, 6 x 9. $2.50

The purpose of this book is to inspire in the student a keener and more intelligent interest in re-port writing and to give him a better understanding of the preparation of a well-organized report.Stress is laid upon the organization of subject matter independently, without guidance and with-out the use of blank or standard forms.

MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERINGBy THEODORE V. KIRMAN, California Institute of Technology, and MAURICE A. BIOT, ColumbiaUniversity. 483 pages, 6 x 9. $4.00

In this introduction to the mathematical treatment of engineering problems the authors presentmathematical methods in connection with their practical applications in the fields of civil, me-chanical, aeronautical, and electrical engineering. The simultaneous treatment of mathematicsand engineering problems constitutes a new approach. Special attention is given to recentprogress in applied mathematics.

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SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT VoL. 91, No. 2351

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washing'ton, D. C.

THE PERKIN MEDAL OF THE AMERICANSOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

(Copyright, 1940, by Science Service)DR. C. M. A. STINE, vice-president in charge of research

of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, of Wilming-ton, Del., the chemist who initiated the research of makingbig molecules out of little ones that led to the discoveryof nylon, the remarkable organic material out of whichchemistry can make anything from sheer silk-like stock-ings to toothbrush bristles and fishline leaders, was pre-sented, on January 12, with the Perkin Medal of theAmerican Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.In his address following the presentation, Dr. Stine

traced the rise of America's great organic chemical in-dustry of to-day from its virtual birth at the time of theWorld War in 1914.

Directly or indirectly from the results of intensive re-

search in organic chemicals have come the following ad-vances: Modern plastics, motion picture film usingsynthetic camphor, medicinal chemicals like sulfanilamideand sulfapyridine, superior dyes, improved cheap and saferefrigerant fluids like Freon, a vast improvement in thewear of automobile tires, the development of syntheticrubber, safety glass, tougher and more oily oils and lubri-cants for motor cars, superior gasolines and fuels, betterand safer explosives, synthetic urea for fertilizer for agri-culture and the new plant hormones and vitamins.

Dr. Stine stated that contrary to popular belief, Amer-ican chemical industry was large prior to the war, butmainly in the inorganic chemical field. As early as 1865its products had a valuation of some $60,000,000. In1910 the United States produced three times as muchsulfuric acid as Germany and twice the amount of alkaliesmade in England.

In organic chemicals, however, the United States was

sadly lacking at the start of the war. The great industrywhich has been created since that time, in this field, repre-sents an enormous investment of American money andAmerican brains in research. Dr. Stine pointed out thatin the case of the du Pont concern alone, $40,000,000 was

invested in research before a cent of profit was realized.Dr. Stine challenged those who maintain that present

national and international ills are the result of too muchscientific development. These people overlook, he said,"the horrible wars that have been waged all down theyears when there was no science as we know it to-day.They overlook or wilfully ignore the well-recognized factthat the lust for power by one man, or a small group ofmen, leads all too frequently to that great social and eco-nomic disaster called war. Until indoctrinated race an-

tipathies and hatreds, envy and greed for power areeliminated from human nature through spiritual regenera-tion, we shall have no solution of this fatal disease whichafflicts humanity. Science, though it is able to conferthe richest blessings upon mankind, is not able to changethe heart of man and insure that the great increases inscientific knowledge will be beneficently applied. But

while this is unquestionably true, I nevertheless hold thatthe great contribution which the development of the or-

ganic chemical industry has made to the self-sufficiency ofthis country is a definite contribution toward the main-tenance of peace. "

THE MESON PARTICLES OF COSMIC RAYS(Copyright, 1940, by Science Service)

A NEW kind of atomic particle that would make "trip-lets" out of the "twin" meson particles found in cosmicrays is suggested by Professor Hans A. Bethe, of Cor-nell University, who worked out the theory of how the sun

keeps shining.Professor Bethe has been applying his skill in mathe-

matical physics to calculations on how meson particles-having 200 times the mass of ordinary charges of elec-tricity, the electrons-can be used to explain nuclearforces. These attractive forces within the nucleus helphold all atoms, and hence all matter, together and forma sort of "cement" that binds together the atomic build-ing blocks of the physical world.

That meson particles might exist and have the role oftransferring energy between nuclear particles was firstsuggested in 1935 by the young Japanese physicistYukawa. This was before the particles were actuallyfound in cosmic radiation.

Professor Bethe 's calculations show that for an atom toliberate a meson particle would require from 80,000,000to 100,000,000 electron volts of energy. This is far be-yond any energies yet available in the laboratory throughbombardment by giant machines for smashing the atom.The new triplet kind of meson, yet unfound but needed

to explain more fully nuclear forces, would be withoutan electrical charge, according to Professor Bethe.Mesons with positive and negative electrical charges-thetwins- are already known to exist.

SYNTHETIC HORMONESLEAVES, roots and other parts of a plant live under a

democratic regime, as contrasted with the totalitarian stateof an animal's body, wherein all parts are kept in strictsubjugation and control by the central nervous system.This contrast was presented by Professor F. W. Went, ofthe California Institute of Technology, at Lehigh Univer-sity, in a lecture on January 15 under the auspices of theSociety of the Sigma Xi.Although an all-powerful central control is lacking in

plants, they do not live in a state of anarchy, ProfessorWent pointed out. The democratic system of checks andbalances, the pride of American constitutional develop-ment, is paralleled in plants by a system of internal secre-tions or hormones, whereby growth and other processesin one part are stimulated yet kept in control from otherparts of the plant body. Thus, the auxins that promoteroot growth are manufactured in the tips of the growingshoots. Mature leaves make hormones that influence thegrowth of younger leaves, and also other hormones thatdetermine the formation and blossoming of flowers.

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JANUARY 19, 1940 SCIENCE-ABDVERTISEMENTS 9

41-",wts

10 SCIENCE-S1

It has been possible to isolate and analyze a few planthormones and by testing similar synthetic compounds ofincreasing chemical complexity it has been learned whatmolecular groupings are effective in stimulating plantlife processes. Professor Went likened this process to a

close mechanical analysis of a key, to determine just whichwards tumble given pins in a lock.

This analysis of plant hormones has made possible theartificial synthesis of growth-promoting substances likethe now famous indole acetic acid, which enable.man tocontrol growth processes to his own liking and advantageinstead of letting plants grow in their own naturally pro-portioned, internally controlled way. Thus far only a

beginning has been made, in such relatively simple opera-tions as inducing root formation on otherwise obstinatelynon-rooting cuttings, spraying trees to prevent abnormaldropping of immature fruits, and so on. But the possi-bilities for future development along this line appear to bepractically without limit.

THE BUHL PLANETARIUMBY patiently running the Buhl Planetarium machine

back through 5,200 years of sky history, until it flashedon the ceiling the star-picture seen by Egyptians the nightof June 18, 3251 B.c., Dr. Jotham Johnson, the Universityof Pittsburgh archeologist, claims that he has found theexact date when Egypt's famous calendar started.

Egyptians had no Leap Year provision, which explainswhy their calendar got out of step with the sun, and whichalso has given historians a clue to the date when their365-day calendar must have been invented. "Lacking a

Leap Year, the Egyptian calendar fell back one day everyfour years," explains Dr. Johnson. "And in 1,456 years,their calendar slipped back an entire year. That 1,456years of slipping back is called the Sothic Cycle. Weknow, by authenticated written records, that a Sothic Cycleended in 139 A.D. '

Counting back, historians have speculated that theEgyptian calendar might have started 4229 B.C. or 2773 B.C.

Dr. Johnson considered one of these dates too early, be-cause Egypt was too primitive then, and the other date toolate in Egypt's civilization. He pinned his theory to 3251B.C. and seized an opportunity to check it when the BuhlPlanetarium machine could be run backward for ten hoursto reach such ancient sky patterns.

Historians, he says, are certain that Egyptians startedtheir calendar when Sirius, the Dog Star, brightest starin the sky, appeared over the eastern horizon just beforethe sun came up. The natural time of year for theEgyptians to start their calendar, he adds, was when theNile flood began, soon after the middle of June. Dr.Johnson sought, therefore, for Sirius to appear just be-fore dawn in the mid-June sky picture of 3251 B.C., and

. to his delight the planetarium confirmed his theory.Additional evidence for his theory, he reports, is find-

ing that a thin new moon appeared that night in the westjust after sunset. Since the earlier Egyptian calendarhad been a primitive one based on the moon, it would benatural, he explains, for them to want to change smoothlyto a sun calendar, and this would mean choosing some

night when a new-moon month was beginning.

PPLEMENT VOL. 91, No. 2351

ELECTRIC SHOCK TREATMENT FORMENTAL PATIENTS

USE of electric shock treatment for mentally sick pa-tients is announced by Dr. Lothar Kalinowsky, of Rome,in a report to Lancet.

The treatment is like the now widely used insulin andmetrazol shock treatments. Instead of injecting either ofthese shock-inducing drugs, an electric current is passedthrough the patient's head to induce the fits, or convul-sions, which restore the patient to sanity, for a time atleast. Treatment is said to be much easier on the patient,and also on the nurses and attendants, than the metrazolor cardiazol shock treatments. Nor is there any dangerfrom the amount of current used to induce the fits.

Dr. Kalinowsky states that "Several thousand fitshave been produced on some hundred patients, partlytreated in the Rome clinic and partly reported from otherinstitutions, without any accident whatever." The num-ber of patients treated is still too small and the time sincetreatment is too short to allow definite conclusions as tothe curative value of this method. According to informa-tion given by several institutions it can only be said thatthe number of recovered and improved cases of schizo-phrenia corresponds at least to that of the remissions ofcases which, in the same clinics, were treated with cardiazol(metrazol).All the disagreeable sensations patients complain of

with metrazol treatment are said to be missing with theelectric shock method. The patient always loses conscious-ness and awakens slowly, with no memory of the experi-ence. No fractures, dislocations or ruptured muscles havebeen seen, though Dr. Kalinowsky admits that they couldoccur.

Electrodes are put on both sides of the patient's fore-head, animal studies having shown that the temples arethe best place for the treatment. Currents of 70 to 110volts and 300 to 600 milliamperes are generally needed toproduce fits. The shock is given for one tenth of a second.

REFLECTION FROM THE EYES OFANIMALS

ANIMAL'S eyes don't shine in the dark; they must haveat least a little light to produce that often startling gleam,for they shine only by reflected light. Such are the indi-cations of a study made on hundreds of specimens in theNational Zoological Park in Washington by Ernest P.Walker, assistant director, and reported in the new year-book of the Smithsonian Institution.

Eyes of different species reflect light in widely differingways. The eyes of alligators and crocodiles " give one theimpression that he is looking into a brilliantly glowingpinkish opening in a dull-surfaced bed of coal." Somesmaller rodents have eyes that shine "like an illuminatedpiece of amber."

Apes' and monkeys' eyes do not reflect light at all,Mr. Walker found, and he got only a faint reflection fromthe eyes of the ring-tailed lemur, one of the more primi-tive members of the ape-monkey family, the primates.Studies by other investigators have shown that only therarest exceptions among human eyes have reflecting power.

In making his studies, Mr. Walker went about the Zoo

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SCIENCE--S

at night, with a small flashlight lamp in a reflector on hisforehead, using a three-cell battery in his pocket as cur-

rent source. He tried varying the color of his light, butobtained nothing particularly striking in this way.

Previous studies on the eyes of animals at night havebeen conducted only in the field, so that it has not alwaysbeen certain what animals were seen, and it has never

been possible to go back and check up a second time on

the same individual. By working in the Zoological ParkMr. Walker has been able to obtain more numerous andmore carefully verified records.

SAFETY FUELS FOR AIRPLANES(Copyright, 1940, by Science Service)

A NEW type of safety gasoline for aviation that wouldwould be more volatile than kerosene and hence lesshazardous from the explosion standpoint, was describedat the meeting in Detroit of the Society of AutomotiveEngineers by Robert E. Ellis and William J. Sweeney, ofthe Standard Oil Development Company.

Back in the days when the U. S. Navy had the Akron,Macon and other great airships, safety fuels were seriouslyconsidered. These airships were inflated with helium todecrease their fire risk and a gasoline was sought whichwould vaporize only a little and could be used to cut thekill hazard from fuel still further.

The disasters to Naval airships and the urge for su-

perior high-octane gasolines for airplanes were twinreasons why interest in safety fuels diminished after 1932,although in that year the capacity for the production ofsuch safety fuels reached tank car lots. New advancesin petroleum refining since 1932 have, however, made itpossible to produce safety fuels with very high octane(anti-knock) rating up to 100 octane number. Thesesafety fuels have a flash point, the temperature at whichtheir vapors will ignite, of 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Incontrast, the flash point of many gasolines is below room

temperature and, in some cases, is as low as minus 30degrees Fahrenheit.

In their analysis of crude petroleum sources suitable formaking safety gasolines, Messrs. Ellis and Sweeney findthat if the proper equipment were installed, a productionof 10,000,000 barrels of such fuels could be produced eachyear, an amount sufficient for the needs of aviation formany years to come.

Stopping point for the immediate introduction of thesenew safety gasolines is that they can not be burned in an

ordinary type of engine using a carburetor. It is neces-

sary to supply the fuel to the engine by injection methods.

ITEMSINFLUENZA is continuing its disturbing rise, suggestive

of a coming epidemic, according to reports made to theU. S. Public Health Service. For the week ending Janu-ary 6, the latest on which reports are available for theentire nation, there were 9,630 cases. This is an increaseof more than 2,500 cases during the. week. South Caro-lina, North Carolina and Georgia were particularly hardhit, South Carolina reporting 3,154 of the nation's totalnumber of 'flu cases.

WIDE-SPREAD rain over most of the Ohio Valley, with

IPPLEMENT 11

mostly non-freezing temperatures, is expected to washaway a great part of the snow that now blankets theregion, and may give that river a start toward one of itswinter floods. The crucial hours will come when colderweather moves in from the northwest. If the new lowtemperatures come soon enough and are sharp enough, thepartly melted snow will be stopped on thousands of hill-sides before it has a chance to slip into the creeks andthence into the larger streams.

THE USSR is now the world's third cotton-producingcountry, with 600,000 bales out of last year's world totalof 3,250,000, and ranking just behind the United Statesand India, according to the German journal, Die Umschau.Russia's new and vast cotton plantations are in southernSiberia, south of the line between the Caspian Sea andLake Balkhash. Railways are available for bringing thecrop into European Russia.

HEMP without marihuana is sought by plant breedersof the U. S. Department of Agriculture as basis for a new

all-American cordage industry. New grasses to hold soilagainst rising up into dust-storm clouds are another goalof government research. So also are early, hardy toma-toes suitable for cultivation in the Great Plains area.

These are samples of the practical researches reported inthe recently issued annual report of the chief of theBureau of Plant Industry to Secretary Wallace. Morethan a hundred scientific investigation projects are dis-cussed.

THE belief that onions will check the growth of food-spoiling germs, especially in pickles and relishes, gotscientific confirmation and esthetic condemnation in re-

search was reported by Professor James E. Fuller, of theMassachusetts State College, Amherst, at the recent meet-ing of the Society of American Bacteriologists. Onionjuice sterilized by filtration (not by heat) can preventthe growth of certain bacteria that commonly contami-nate food, including food-poisoning bacteria. However,the required concentration of juice is so great that itssterilizing value is of little, if any, practical value.

SYNTHETIC vitamin E-so-called reproductive vitaminbecause it aids fertility in rats-is entering clinical testson human beings, according to Professor Lee Irvin Smith,of the University of Minnesota, who synthesized it. "Itwould be quite premature to say that vitamin E is a cure

for any kind of sterility," Professor Smith said. Defi-nite statements regarding vitamin E therapy must awaitextensive clinical results. "The clinical side of vitaminE research has just begun. With a plentiful supply of thesynthetic vitamin available, representing a standardpreparation of known and uniform potency, it is to behoped that the clinical work will proceed rapidly so thatthe usefulness, as well as the limits, of vitamin E therapymay soon be known. It must be remembered that mostof the biological data in connection with vitamin E havebeen obtained by using rats as test animals, and state-ments regarding what the vitamin will do in the treatmentof human diseases or diseases of animals other than rats,are founded on very few examples plus the assumptionthat other animals will respond as rats do."

JANUARY 19, 1940

12 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

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JANUARY 19, 1940 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 13

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14 SCIENCE-ABDVERTISEM2IENT S~ VOL. 91, No. 2351