Founding the new nation

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FOUNDING THE NEW NATION c. 33,000 B.C.- A.D.1783

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Transcript of Founding the new nation

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FOUNDING THE NEW NATION

c. 33,000 B.C.- A.D.1783

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I. PEOPLING THE AMERICAS

I. The Land Bridge theory. 1. End of Ice Age diminished glaciers over North

America. 2. Land Bridge emerged linking Asia & NA across

Bering Sea. 3. People walked across the "bridge" before the sea

level rose 4. The Land Bridge occurred around 35,000 years ago.

II. Many peoples A. Groups spread across North, Central, and South

America. B. Tribes emerged with an estimated 2,000

languages. Notably: 1. Incas: Peru, with elaborate network of roads

and bridges linking their empire. 2. Mayas: Yucatan Peninsula, with their step

pyramids. 3. Aztecs: Mexico, with step pyramids and huge

sacrifices of conquered peoples.

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II. EARLIEST AMERICANS

Development of corn or maize around 5,000 B.C. in Mexico was revolutionary in that:

Didn't have to be hunter-gatherers, could settle down and be farmers.

Began to establish permanent settlements

1. No large concentration of pop. Like in SA or Mesoamerica

2. Scattered pop. allowed Europeans to defeat Native Americans easier

Corn arrived in the present day U.S.around 1,200 B.C. from

Mesoamerica

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II. Earliest AmericansNative Americans had different view of things as compared to Europeans. A.Native Americans-no man owned the land, the tribe did. (Europeans- private property) B.Indians- nature was mixed with many spirits. (Europeans-Christian and monotheistic) C.Indians- nature was sacred. (Europeans- nature and land to be subdued and put to use). D.Indians- little or no concept or interest in money. (Europeans- loved money or gold)

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V. Columbus Comes upon a New World

I. The 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway).

1. 1000 AD, the Vikings landed in Newfoundland (L’Anse aux Meadows)

2. No strong nation- state to support other voyages, settlements abandoned

ColumbusI. Convinced King and Queen of Spain to finance expedition to bypass Africa route to AsiaII. 1492 “discovers” AmericaVoyage eventually leads to the beginnings of a global system Europe would provide the market, capital, technology. Africa would provide the labor. The New World would provide the raw

materials (gold, soil, lumber).

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V. Columbus Comes upon a New World I. Causes biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. traded plants, foods, animals, germs

II. Columbian Exchange: From the New World (America) to the Old corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin,

squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis From the Old World to the New cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage,

citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as

Indians had no immunities. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up

over generations. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly

due to disease.

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VII. The Spanish Conquistadores I. Spain secured claim to Americas from Treaty of

Tordesillas (1494)II. 1500’s dominant explorers/ colonizers of AmericasIII. Conquistadores explored and conquered much of

N and S America

I. Led to a flood of silver from SA, Mexico caused inflation in Europe

A. Led to rise of capitalism and commercial banking, paid for international trade

II. Encomienda system established A. Indians "commended“ or given to Spanish landlords B. The idea was that Indians would work and be

converted to Christianity, but it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work.

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IX. The Spread of Spanish America

I. Spain’s empire grew quicklyII. Threats from other European

powers- English, FrenchIII. Spanish set up forts (presidios) to

protect borders- from Florida to California

IV. Rebellions in New Mexico against Spanish (Pope’s Rebellion 1680)

V. Black Legend: The Black Legend was the notion that Spaniards only brought bad things (murder, disease, slavery); though true, they also brought good things such as law systems, architecture, Christianity, language, civilization, so that the Black Legend is partly, but not entirely, accurate.

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French, Spanish and English Settlers Each country had different motives and settlement

patterns French- friendly relations with Indians (comparatively),

tried to convert Natives to Christianity, came in small numbers, extractive economic activity (fur trade), explored deep into continent, Catholic, had economic motives

Spanish- came to conquer (conquistador), looked for and found precious minerals, tried to convert Indians, blended their culture with Native culture, explored deep into continent to look for wealth, Catholic

English- came in larger groups (especially NE), settled and “improved” land, more religiously tolerant, wiped out Indian culture, established their own “footprint”, did not explore deep into continent, mostly Protestant

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France Finds a Foothold in Canada

Latecomer to colonizing New World Louis XIV took interest in colonial

expansion First successful colony Quebec

1609 Samuel de Champlain explore,

solider, leader early French colonial efforts

Colony known as New France Problems with Iroquois hampered

French conquest of Ohio River Valley

French colonies autocratic, no representative assemblies, no right to fair trail

Favored Caribbean colonies because of sugar trade

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New France Fans Out Most valuable resource in New

France- beaver fur Fur trappers (voyageurs)

trapped beaver, recruited Indians into fur business

Traveled deep into wilderness, created ecological disaster by eliminating most of beaver population

French Missionaries attempted to “Christianize” Indians

Voyageurs, missionaries vital role as explorers, geographers

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II. New France Fans Out French try to block British and Spanish

expansion Detroit (1701), keep out British LaSalle claims Mississippi River Valley for

France (Louisiana) French fortify posts along river to keep out

Spanish, protect beaver trade Establish New Orleans (1718) to keep fur

and grain flowing to mother country, keep MS River from Spanish

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PLANTING OF THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA1500-1733

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I. ELIZABETH ENERGIZES ENGLAND

Within 100 years of Columbus landing Americas radically transformed

1600 most of North America unclaimed, unexplored

In the 1500s, Britain failed to effectively colonize due to internal conflicts.

Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became basically Protestant, rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.

Late 1500’s English attack Spanish ships for gold (Sir Francis Drake)

First English attempts at colonization (Newfoundland 1583, Roanoke 1585) failed

1588 English defeat Spanish Armada Allows English to cross North Atlantic Victory gives English reason for

exploration/settlement

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II. England on the Eve of the Empire

Reasons for English colonization of the AmericasA. 1500’s growing populationB. New enclosure laws – less land for poorC. Wool industry collapsedD. Population became mobile (looking for jobs)E. Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits

ALL father’s land. Younger sons tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America.

F. Unity under a popular monarch Early1600s, joint-stock company perfected (investors put money

into the company with hopes for a good return), provided financing for colonization

Joint-stock companies usually did not exist long, stockholders invested to make a profit, then quickly sell for profit a few years later

Charter gave settlers same rights as Englishmen Joint Stock Company (Virginia Company) given charter by King James

I to settle in New World

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III. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling

On May 24, 1607, about 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown. Problems included:

(a) the swampy site of Jamestown, poor drinking water, mosquitoes caused malaria and yellow fever. (b) men wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops), (c) zero women on the initial ship.

1608 Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape, gave order and discipline, highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy. Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, even other people. One fellow wrote of eating “powdered wife.” 1610 a relief party headed by Lord De La Warr arrived to alleviate the suffering. 1625 out of an original overall total of 8,000 would-be settlers, only 1,200 had survived.

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IV. Culture Clash in the New World

At first English seen potential allies, relations grew worse when English began to raid Indian food supplies

De La Warr began “total war” against Indians Early 1600’s clashes decimated Indians pushed them

westward, removed them from ancestral lands European colonization disrupted way of life

Disease took out population Trade intensified competition among tribes Tribes along Atlantic seaboard felt effects the most

When colonists could grow their own food they had little use for Indians, Europeans wanted their land

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V. Virginia Child of Tobacco

Tobacco savior of Virginia Colony cash crop- Jamestown had

found its gold. Tobacco created a greed for

land- heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land.

Representative self-government in Virginia

1619 settlers created the House of Burgesses, a committee to work out local issues. This set America on a pathway to self-rule

1619 first Africans sold as slaves

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VI. Maryland: Catholic Haven

I. 1634 founded by Lord Baltimore as Catholic refuge (from Protestant English)

II. Second plantation colonyIII. Huge estates given to Catholic families,

poorer, Protestants settled there also, created friction between two groups

IV. Tobacco main crop, labor source was indentured servants (slaves came in late 1600’s)

V. Religious toleration A. Permitted freedom of worship to all

ChristiansB. 1649- Act of Toleration, guaranteed

religious toleration to all Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews, atheists, others who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus

C. More Catholics in Maryland than any English speaking colony in the New World

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VII. The West Indies Way Station to Mainland America

I. Decline of Spanish power led British to secure Caribbean Islands II. Sugar main crop

• Labor intensive, capital intensive• Needed to be wealthy to start plantation• Caused large numbers of slaves to be imported

III. Slave Codes established in West Indies• 1700 slaves outnumber settlers 4:1• defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the

masters. They were typically strict and exacted severe punishments for offenders.

IV. Sugar plantation system caused islands to depend on American colonies for food, basic supplies

• Smaller farmers left islands and settled in southern coloniesV. 1670 group arrives in Carolina, brings slaves from Barbados

• Slave codes adopted in Carolina 1696• Slave codes became model for statutes governing slavery

across colonies

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IX. Colonizing the Carolinas

Developed close economic ties with “sugar islands”

Many immigrated from region , brought slave trade with them

Rice major export crop African slaves had knowledge to grow rice Slaves had natural immunity to malaria Ideal laborers for rice plantations

By 1710 majority of people in Carolinas were African slaves Charles Town major seaport

Diverse tolerant community Attracted French Protestant refugees Caused friction with Spain

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IX. Emergence of North Carolina Wild northern expanse of Carolina Settled more slowly because lack of good harbors Attracted outcasts and religious dissenters Raised tobacco and other crops on small farms, little need for slaves (few large plantations) Distinctive traits: irreligious, hospitable to pirates, spirit of resistance to authority, , democratic, independent minded, least aristocratic of 13 colonies 1712 separated from S.C.

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X. Late Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony 1733-Last colony to be

“planted” Savannah major port Founded by prison reform group,

major leader James Oglethorpe Debtors from England sent

there Established as buffer between

English, Spanish Only colony to receive money

from English government Diverse communities Religious toleration for all

except Catholics Least populous colony Restrictive slavery laws

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Plantation Colonies Agriculture export

based economies Slavery in all colonies Small group owned

most of the land Rural population made

it hard to establish towns, schools and churches

Religiously tolerant

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SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES1619-1700

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Overview Established different patterns of

settlement than plantation/southern colonies

Different economies than plantation/southern colonies

Different set of values than plantation/southern colonies

Distinctive regional characteristics began to develop during this time

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II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at Plymouth

Social unrest and rise of Calvinism led to attraction to Puritanism

King James I harassed Puritan separatists, went to Holland

Looked for haven where they could be free to worship and live 1620- Negotiated with Virginia Company, missed destination landed in New England Leader Myles Standish Signed Mayflower Compact- set up crude government, submit to the will of the majority, first step toward self government Male settlers met in open discussion town meetings

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II. Puritans End their Pilgrimage at Plymouth First winter took heavy toll (44

of 102 survived), nobody left colony

Next year bountiful harvests, Pilgrims saw some sign of success

Found economic success in fish, fur, lumber

William Bradford early leader Colony never important

politically or economically Significant for moral and

spiritual qualities, established pattern in New England

1691- Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony

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III. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth

Separatist Puritans wanted “purified” form of Christianity, not welcome in England, still members of Church of England (Pilgrims)

1629 more moderate group secured royal charter, formed Mass. Bay Company

Used charter as a form of constitution, had advantage of being out of the reach of royal authority

Well equipped group settles 1630, larger scale than previous settlements

John Winthrop gov. of Bay colony for 19 years (came because “called by God”)

Important industries fishing, shipbuilding Became biggest, most influential colony in New

England

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III. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth Benefitted from shared sense of purpose, idea of

“covenant” with God “We shall be a city upon a hill” Believed they had a covenant with God, society a model to

humanity

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IV. Building the Bay ColonyCommon convictions shaped life All free adult males, that were members of Puritan

Congregations (Congregational Church) had right to vote, participate in political life

Town governments were more inclusive, all male property holders could participate, all business decided by majority vote

Was not a democracy All people paid taxes Limited endorsement of separation of church and state Clergy could not hold political office Congregations had right to hire, fire ministers Protestant ethic emerges- serious commitment to work, worldly

pursuits Religious leaders had enormous influence, govt. duty to enforce

religious rules For Puritans hellfire was very real, community pressure to act

in accordance with community

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V. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Roger Williams radical separatist, wanted clean break from English church Challenged legality of Bay Colony charter, taking land from Indians Did not want civil government to regulate religion 1635- Banished from colony Williams established religious tolerance in

Rhode Island Most liberal of all colonies Opposed special privilege, provided freedom of opportunity Settlements consisted of exiles and malcontents from Bay Colony Strongly Independent colony Challenge to Puritan orthodoxy from Anne

Hutchinson, holy life no sure way to salvation, why bother with following God’s laws (antinomianism) 1638- Banished from Mass. colony

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VI. New England Spreads Out

1635 Connecticut River Valley settled, largest area of fertile land in New England

1639 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- like a modern constitution, democratic regime controlled by “substantial” citizens

Established unified government in CT First written constitution in America 1662- More religious colony, New

Haven merged with Connecticut colony

1677 Maine- absorbed by Mass. 1679 New Hampshire became a

royal colony New England colonies began

westward expansion during this period

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VII. Puritans vs. Indians Spread of English led to conflict with

Indians Epidemics left them with no position

to resist English 1637 Pequot War – English destroy

Pequot (in CT) led to forty years of uneasy peace

English tried to convert natives, put them in praying towns (early reservations?)

Only hope for resistance was in unity 1675 King Phillip (Metacom) led

series of attacks on English 1676 King Phillips War ended,

slowed westward advance of English settlement, ended Indian resistance in New England

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VIII. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

COLONIES UNDER ROYAL CONTROL1660 Royalists restored (Stuart Restoration) in England, Charles II takes more active role, colonies seen as economic asset1662-Gives Connecticut a sea to sea grant, legitimized squatter settlements1663 Rhode Island receives new charter1684 Bay colony charter revoked, provides more royal control1651-1696 British pass series of Navigation Acts that spell out goods to be sold, and put the British government in charge of tradePolicy known as mercantilism, basically political control of the economy by the stateUnintended consequence smuggling became popularRestrictions on courts, press, mail, town meetings, schools; revoked land titlesTax colonies without consent, enforced Navigation Laws

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VIII. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

1690s Monarchs relax control of colonial trade, begin period of salutary neglect

Residue: more English officials in America, prevented rise of local leaders, beginnings of resentment by colonists

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X. Old Netherlanders at New Netherland

1609 Henry Hudson filed Dutch claim to New York area

1623-1624 New Netherland planted (Dutch West India Company)

New Amsterdam established for fur trade, quick profit for stockholders, not democratic

cosmopolitan population, landed aristocracy

Land granted for people who would settle 50 people on them (patroons)

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XII. Dutch Residues in New York

Regarded by English as intruders, attacked by English navy and surrendered

Became New York English had strategic

harbor in middle of colonies

Autocratic (self- governance) spirit remained, also influences of architecture and place names

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XIII. Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania Quakers, began in England 1600’s

“quaked” with religious conviction Refused to support Church of

England with taxes, serve in military William Penn establishes an asylum

in New World 1681 receives land grant from

crown Welcomed all types of settlers Tolerant of Indians Wanted forward looking

settlers, liberal land policy Attracted many immigrants

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XV. The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies Middle colonies had fertile soil,

known as “bread colonies” Rivers- ease of travel, brought people

to backcountry Landholdings were intermediate in

size Ethnically diverse, religious toleration Economic, social democracy found in

middle colonies

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America 1720 Population growing Permanent

settlements established

Transportation, communication improving

British kept hands off policy

Colonists developed own churches, governments, networks of trade

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AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 17TH CENTURY1607-1692

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II. Tobacco Economy Chesapeake good for growing tobacco exhausted soil, constant movement looking for more fertile land production depressed worldwide prices Needed labor- Indians died too quickly, African slaves too expensive England had surplus of laborers, turned to indentured servitude By 1700 more than 100,000 indentured servants came to the region Eventually prime land became scarce, land owners did not want to give up land Freed workers had to hire out for low wages

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III. Frustrated Freeman and Bacon’s RebellionEarly Colonial Virginia Landless, penniless freemen Single, young No women, money Only land in backcountryBacon’s Rebellion VA Gov. Berkeley- friendly policies

toward Indians, monopoly on fur trade

Did not retaliate after Indian attack 1676 Nathaniel Bacon and

followers, attacked Indians , chased gov. from Jamestown and burned town

Bacon dies from disease, Berkeley captures and hangs 20 rebels

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Results of Bacon’s Rebellion Exposed resentments between

inland frontiersmen/landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. Socio-economic class

differences/clashes between rural/urban communities would continue throughout American history.

Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel- black slaves

Gave right to political participation to more small landowners

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VI. Southern Society Social hierarchy develops by

late 1600’s Plantation owners (“first

families of Virginia) Small farmers largest group Landless whites, many former

indentured servants Oppressed black slaves Few cities, urban professional

class slow to emerge Life revolved around plantation Transportation by rivers, poor

roads

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VII. The New England Family

Climate healthier than south

Migrated to region as families, population grew by natural increase

Family stability, intergenerational continuity (concept of grandparents)

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VIII. Life in New England Towns Tight knit society based on communities Surrounded by other colonial powers,

Puritan unity of purpose Society grew in orderly fashion,

distribution of land by town fathers Towns of more than 50 had to provide

elementary education in Mass. Democracy in church govt, political

govt.

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XI. The Salem Witch Trails

1692 – Salem, MA women accused of bewitching others, 20 put to death

Resulted from social prejudices- Puritan ideas vs. Rising Yankee commercialism (many accused from prosperous part of town), mistrust of outsiders (Quakers, Baptists accused by Puritan settlers)), cultural mistrust of women (most accused were old women)

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XII. New England Way of Life Lack of good farmland led to

frugality of settlers Region less ethnically mixed Diversified industry, experts in ship

building and commerce Slavery not profitable Saw duty to “improve” land,

clearing, planting, building Religion, soil, climate led to

purposefulness, self- reliance, resourcefulness

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COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTIONCHAPTER 5

1700-1775

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I. Conquest by the Cradle 1775- British had 32

colonies in NA 13 original colonies not the

wealthiest Average age 16 Most population east of

Alleghenies, Appalachian Mts.

By 1775 some had moved west

90% lived in rural areas Shifted balance of power

between colonies and British

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II. Mingling of the Races Mostly English Germans Scots- Irish 1764- Paxton Boys protest

Quaker treatment of Indians Other groups- French

Huguenots,, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss, Scots-Highlanders

African slave trade contributed to population diversity

Laid foundations for multi-cultural American national identity

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III. Structure of Colonial Society America land of opportunity No titled nobility Social structure very fluid By mid 1700’s- class differences emerge

small group of aristocrats had most power Wars in 1700’s enriched a few merchants,

made orphans and widows (mostly in NE)

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VIII. Great Awakening Religion lost steam in 1700’s , New ideas challenged

old ways (predestination), new ideas of free will 1730’s and 1740’s -Great Awakening Started in Mass.- Deeply emotional sermons, well reasoned, Message

of human helplessness, divine omnipotence Split congregations, increased number and

competitiveness of religions Direct spirituality undermined older clergy First mass movement of American people Contributed to sense that Americans were common

people united by shared experience

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Effects of the Great Awakening and Enlightenment Ideas of Enlightenment brought over from

Europe, affected American thought challenged government and religious authority

Emphasized power of rational thought to explain world, appealed to urban, merchant class

Led to expansion of education (colleges and universities)

Ideas represented by Ben Franklin In the South Great Awakening appealed to

landless whites and African Americans, questioned authority of Anglican Church and powerful economic interests

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XI. American Colonies in 1775 By 1775 America more democratic than

Europe Basically English in language and

custom Protestant religion Democratic ideas of tolerance,

educational advantages, equality of economic opportunity, freedom of speech, assembly and representative government emerged in this period