“The finest thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the

fundamental emotion which stands at the

cradle of true art and true science. He who does not know it and can no longer wonder,

no longer feel amazement, is as good as dead, a snuffed-out

candle”

© Albert Einstein

Historical retrospectiveFounded in 1906 by Nahum Kolmanok;

1913 – merging with bulb factory “Light”. As a result, “Russian electric lamp” manufacture was established;

1921 – the year of foundation of the Moscow Association of Electro-Lamp Factories;

July 27, 1931 – Bernard Shaw visits MELZ;

1930s – MELZ masters production of tantalum;

1940 – MELZ exports 5 million bulbs to England;

1942 – MELZ starts manufacturing cathode-ray tubes for radio-locators;

1946 – establishment of special design bureau (OKB MELZ);

1955 – development of production line for luminescence lamps;

1969 – association is being officially named MELZ;

1974 – MELZ starts manufacturing missile guidance systems;

1977 – MELZ initiates production process for electro-vacuum devices: image intensifier tubes and photo-multiplier tubes;

1979 – launching pilot production of optical masers.

By 1980, MELZ products had already been exported to more than thirty countries and its association included more than 10 industrial factories.

MELZ today…

PRODUCT LINE

IMAGE INTENSIFIER

TUBES

NIGHT VISION DEVICES

IIT of 2 generation (25 mm photocathode diameter)IIT of 2+ generation (18 mm photocathode diameter)Ultraviolet image intensifierBlack&white image intensifiers (2 and 2+)Digital IITs

binoculars

monoculars

goggles

scopes

PHOTO-MULTIPLIER

TUBES

High-temeperature PMT

Ultraviolet PMT

Spectral photomultipliers for

photon scaling

Microchannel PMT

Supershort photomultipliers with

special protection from external

magnetic fields

Image Intensifier Tubes

Night Vision Devices

Photomultiplier tubesAREAS OF APPLICATION

medical diagnostics

photon detectors

high-energy physics

cosmic ray physics

astrophysics

geophysical and nuclear research

photo- and radiospectroscopy

Basing diagram

FEU 85BH as a result of import substitution program

Comparative analysis ofFEU 85BH and R6094 –

intrinsic noise and interference Oscillogram of intrinsic noise and

interference on the output photodetector FPU110, with installed photomultiplier

R6094, serial number RJ3423.The amplitude of the output voltage of the

1st channel is Vout = 12 ± 1 mV.

Oscillogram of intrinsic noise and interference on the output photodetector

FPU110, with installed photomultiplier FEU 85BH, serial number 6BH.

The amplitude of the output voltage of the 1st channel is Vout = 12 ± 1 mV.

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 100

Uфэу, В.

Ам

пл

иту

да

сигн

ала*

, В

.

ФЭУ-85-БХ 6бх

ФЭУ-85-БХ 7бх

ФЭУ-85-БХ 8бх

ФЭУ-85-БХ 9бх

ФЭУ-85-БХ 10бх

среднестатистический ФЭУ R6094

среднестатистический ФЭУ-85-БХ

* в случае насыщения 1го канала (20 В и более ), отсчет значений продолжается по 2му.

насыщение 2го канала______________________

насыщение 1го канала__________________

Рис. 17. Зависимость амплитуды выходного сигнала от напряжения питания ФЭУ-85-БХ. Логарифмический масштаб.

FEU 85BH: dependence of amplitude of the output signal on supply voltage

on a logarithmic scale

Dependence of signal-to-noise ratio on supply voltage

on a logarithmic scale

Signal of FEU 85BH at 500 V, serial

number 5B. Signal-to noise ratio = 2,6

Signal of PMT R60942 at 500 V.

Signal-to noise ratio = 3

Signal of FEU 85BH at 600 V, serial

number 5B. Signal-to noise ratio = 2,3

Signal of PMT R60942 at 600 V.

Signal-to noise ratio = 2,1

PMT R6094: dependence of signal-to-noise ratio on the output of the amplifier

on supply voltage of photomultiplier

Рис. 18. Зависимость отношения сигнал/шум, на выходе усилителя, от напряжения питания ФЭУ R6094.

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000Uфэу, В

сигн

ал/ш

ум,

раз

R6094 RJ3423

R6094 RJ3425

R6094 RJ3430

R6094 RJ3442

R6094 RJ4296

среднестатистический R6094

FEU 85BH: dependence of signal-to-noise ratio on the output of the amplifier

on supply voltage of photomultiplier

Рис. 19. Зависимость отношения сигнал/шум, на выходе усилителя, от напряжения питания ФЭУ-85-БХ.

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000Uфэу, В

сигн

ал/ш

ум,

раз

ФЭУ-85-БХ 6бхФЭУ-85-БХ 7бхФЭУ-85-БХ 8бхФЭУ-85-БХ 9бхФЭУ-85-БХ 10бхсреднестатистический R6094среднестатистический ФЭУ-85-БХ

Average PMT: dependence of signal-to-noise ratio on the output of the amplifier

on supply voltage of photomultiplier

Рис. 20. Зависимость отношения сигнал/шум, на выходе усилителя, от напряжения питания среднестатистических ФЭУ.

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000Uфэу, В

сигн

ал/ш

ум,

раз

среднестатистический R6094

среднестатистический ФЭУ-85-БХ

FINDINGS:Manufacturing technology of FEU 85BH was designed

taking into account operating voltages of photodetectors in the range of 550-750V. For the photodetectors with operating voltages, exceeding maximum value of specified range, we use different technology, that is applied in manufacturing process of FEU 85-4 and FEU 115M series, which will be mentioned later on.

As regards to FEU 85BH, the above comparisons, particularly dark characteristics, gain, signal-to-noise ratio, give us an opportunity to claim that FEU 85BH does not differ from R6094 in essence and is constructively interchangeable for it, and those slight discrepancies are not to be taken into account.

This is clearly shown by signal-to-noise ratio comparisons: at 550V FEU 85BH has higher value of this parameter than R6094, while at 750V it’s signal-to-noise ratio figure is lower by a proportional amount. On average, over the full range of measurements the difference in SNR values is less than 18%.

Tube diameter 52 mmTube length 105 mmPhotocathode sizes Ø3 inch (spherical form)Photocathode type K2CsSbSpectral response 350 – 600 nmSpectral sensitivity, up to 130 mА/Вт405 nmDynode type trough-shapedNumber of dynodes 10Multiplication at maximum ≥ 5×106

voltage (1500 V)Single photoelectron pulse ≤ 5 ns width at 10% level Single photoelectron time jitter 3,5 ns (FWHM)

Photomultiplier

for KM3NET

FEU-86U

PMT’s with cylindrical photocathodes of Ø40×200mm2 and Ø60×200mm2 sizes

Photo of PMT (PMT KF) with sizes of photocathode

Ø40×200mm2 , evaporated aluminum

corbels are intended for leveling electric potential along the photocathode.

Photo of scintillator of 50×200×1000 mm3

with the PMT KF introduced inside the scintillator body.

Conclusion

Currently, we’re working on developing and manufacturing of photomultipliers based on FEU 85 and FEU 115M with flat-concave input window. They will be produced with bialkali photocathode with different number of gain stages and corresponding connection leads which fully correspond to both Russian and international standards (like FEU 85BH). That will allow us to realize import substitution program to the full extent.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again that scintillation photomultipliers of MELZ production used in high energy physics, astrophysics, medical diagnostics, as well as in many other areas of science and industry are able to meet wide range of needs depending on individual preferences of each customer.