found at Scirus.commeet the people whose work is found at scirus.com

found at Scirus.com

“Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it.”1

– samuel johnson (1709-1784), british author, lexicographer

found at Scirus.come d i to r a n d co p y

Nanci Tangeman

e d i to r i a l co n t r i b u t i o n

Marc Krellenstein,5

Chief Technology Officer, Elsevier

David Marques,6

Director e-Learning,Elsevier

co n c e p t a n d d e s i g n

Artmiks [image builders]7 www.artmiks.nl

p r oj e ct co o r d i n ato r s

Jacqueline Oldenburg Susan Vugts

s p e c i a l t h a n k s

To all the people who contributed their photos.

o n t h e cov e r

Marco Caceci, Dr. rer. nat 2

owner, principal,lqc s.l.3 (the hague, nl)

published works include: ‘Environmental Chemistry of the Actinide Elements’ 4

found at Scirus.com

“Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it.”1

– samuel johnson (1709-1784), british author, lexicographer

Community. The cornerstone of research. at its essence, research is nothing more and nothing less than building on the accomplishments of a community. When we gather information about what’s new or what’s novel in our field of study, we are building on the foundations of other people’s work. scientists do not work in a vacuum; we do not reinvent research. First and foremost, we are part of a community.

and in that community it is important to share infor mation. that’s how our ideas begin and how they flourish.

scientists have always relied on communities. We each have a circle of colleagues close to us – in our school, in our field and in our institute – with whom we share information. We meet; we talk to each other;

we exchange emails. We share ideas and knowledge through these personal contacts – at our home institute and through conferences. We supplement this personal contact with databases, books and other printed materials.

over the past decade or so there’s been an astonishing explosion in scientific knowledge – and with it an expansion of our communities. at the center is the World Wide Web.

today a targeted search on the Web can connect a scientist in toronto, struggling with a new lab method, with a like-minded scientist in singapore who might have different insights into the same problem. the toronto scientist can ask, “What were the effects of variation? What worked? What didn’t work?” and get an answer. a colleague’s lab is no longer down the hall or in the next building – collaborations are global.

found at Scirus.com

the Web allows a scientist to easily follow a thread of interest – to follow a hunch. it allows us to cast a wide net and haul in a bounty of general information. this is not always the most pertinent information or even the best information – but it’s a lot of information.

this brings about a new challenge: how do scientists, researchers and students find the highest value infor mation? how do we distinguish “good” information from “bad,” the relevant from the irrelevant?

each community adopts its own set of tools to distil this information such as specialized search engines or data mining tools. still, nothing can replace scientists interacting with each other. no web of information, search engine or data mining tool can replace the spark that happens when a group of well-informed people get together and discuss their work – to defend ideas and share theories.

Whether that discussion takes place around a table – or online, around the world – in the end, it always comes back to community.

although these international alliances are nothing new in the research world, the speed with which we share information and results via the Web is. For communi-cating information quickly, there is no substitute.

information that would formerly fill hundreds of university libraries is just a few keystrokes or mouse clicks away. that scientist in toronto can go to the Web to refresh herself about a note or comment in her lab notebook, something she noted months ago – journal articles, conference papers and other information are easily accessible.

the Web has changed the way we do our work – we’ve become more self-reliant. Where we used to go immediately to the library to begin our research, the newest generation usually starts a search with a few hours on the Web, in the comfort of his or her dorm room. Where we used to struggle to keep up with weekly listings of newly published papers, combing through booklet after booklet of titles, we can now go online once a week or so to search the latest releases in our field. We can even track the standard setters in our area of study automatically, and with access to their university Web pages and links to their published works, we can know more about them than ever before. after all, science is still a people business.

Science is a people business. People whose business is science, can be found at Scirus.com.researchers, faculty members, scientists and students not only find the information they need using scirus, but they can be found at scirus, themselves. Meet some of the faces you’ll find in the hundreds of millions of pages searchable with scirus.

Achim Knappik, PhD8

senior director, research and development, antibodies by design,9 a division of morphosys ag10 (martinsried/planegg, de)

patents include: Protein/(poly)peptide libraries (United States Patent No. 6,706,484)11

found at Scirus.com

James Odeck, PhD12

professor, molde university college,13 institute of economics 14 (molde, no)

published works include: ‘Assessing the Relative Efficiency and Productivity Growth of Vehicle Inspection Services: An application of DEA and Malmquist Indices’ 15

found at Scirus.com

Alison Curnow, BSc (Hons), PhD, PGCE16

lecturer in cell and molecular biology,17 peninsula medical school18 (truro, uk)

published works include: ‘The Use of Comet Assay Data with a Simple Reaction Mechanism to Evaluate the Relative Effectiveness of Free Radical Scavenging by Quercetin, Epigallocatechin Gallate and N-acetylcysteine in UV-irradiated MRC5 Lung Fibroblasts’ 19

found at Scirus.com

Patrizia Albanese, PhD20

assistant professor, department of sociology, 21 ryerson university 22 (toronto, ca)

published works include: ‘Abortion and Reproductive Rights Under Nationalist Regimes in Twentieth Century Europe’ 23

found at Scirus.com

Ian D. Civil, MBE, OStJ, ED, FRACS, FACS24

director of trauma services, general, vascular and trauma surgeon,25 auckland city hospital 26 (auckland, nz)

published works include: ‘Lumbar Transverse Process Fractures: A Sentinel Marker of Abdominal Organ Injuries’ 27

Patrizia Albanese, PhD20

assistant professor, department of sociology, 21 ryerson university 22 (toronto, ca)

published works include: ‘Abortion and Reproductive Rights Under Nationalist Regimes in Twentieth Century Europe’ 23

found at Scirus.com

Fang Yang, PhD28

research fellow, nus nanoscience and nanotechnology initiative,29 national university of singapore30 (singapore)

published works include: ‘Fabrication of Nano-structured Porous PLLA Scaffold Intended for Nerve Tissue Engineering.’ 31

found at Scirus.com

found at Scirus.com

Wolfgang Dahmen, Dr. rer. nat32

professor, institut für geometrie und praktische mathematik, 33 rheinisch-westfälische technische hochschule aachen34

(aachen, de)

published works include: ‘Wavelet and Multiscale Methods for Operator Equations’ 35

found at Scirus.com

found at Scirus.com

M. James C. Crabbe, MA, BSc, MSc, PhD, DSc, CChem, FRSC, CBiol, FIBiol, FRSA, FRGS36

professor of protein biochemistry and head of school of animal and microbial sciences, 37 university of reading 38 (reading, uk)

published works include: ‘Efficient and Cost-effective Experimental Determination of Kinetic Constants and Data: The Success of a Bayesian Systematic Approach to Drug Transport, Receptor Binding, Continuous Culture and Cell Transport Kinetics’ 39

found at Scirus.com

Sudeep Dasgupta, PhD40

assistant professor, department of media and culture,41 graduate school for humanities,42 university of amsterdam 43 (amsterdam, nl)

published works include: ‘Transnational Culture and the Politics of Identity’ 44

found at Scirus.com

found at Scirus.com

1 found at Scirus.com 2 found at Scirus.com 3 found at Scirus.com 4 found at Scirus.com

also found at Scirus.com in related areas: Berkelium, the eighth member of the actinide transition series, was discovered in December 1949 by Thompson, Ghiorso and Seaborg and was the fifth transuranium element synthesized. It was produced by cyclotron bombardment of milligram amounts of 241Am with helium ions at Berkeley, California. The first isotope produced had a mass of 243 and decayed with a half-life of 4.5 hours. Ten isotopes are now known and have been synthesized. The evidence of 249Bk, with a half-life of 314 days, makes it feasible to isolate berkelium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. One of the first visible amounts of a pure berkelium compound, berkelium chloride, was produced in 1962. It weighed 1 billionth of a gram. As with other actinide elements, berkelium tends to accumulate in the skeletal system. Because of its rarity, berkelium presently has no commercial or technological use.

5 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com: Marc Krellenstein, PhD joined Elsevier in 2002 and is now Chief Technology Officer. Before joining Elsevier, Krellenstein was Chief Technology Officer and Sr. Vice President of Engineering as founding Technologist of Northern Light Technology Corp. In his 25 years of experience in software engineering and technology, Krellenstein has worked for noteworthy companies such as Hewlett-Packard, IDC, CompuServe, Faxon and Ziff-Davis.

6 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com: David Marques received his PhD in Psychobiology from the University of Michigan. His career change to the publishing

industry came after 4 years in neuroscience and 15 years in technology. Marques has been with Elsevier since 1999. His current title is Director e-Learning with responsibilities for new business development in the area of electronic learning.

7 found at Scirus.com 8 found at Scirus.com 9 found at Scirus.com 10 found at Scirus.com 11 found at Scirus.com

also found at Scirus.com: together with Liming Ge, Simon Moroney, Peter Pack and Andreas Pluckthun.

also found at Scirus.com: Protein/(poly)peptide libraries (United States Patent No. 6,706,484). The present invention relates to synthetic DNA sequences which encode one or more collections of homologous proteins/(poly)peptides and methods for generating and applying libraries of these DNA sequences. In particular, the invention relates to the preparation of a library of human-derived antibody genes by the use of synthetic consensus sequences, which cover the structural repertoire of antibodies encoded in the human genome. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of a single consensus antibody gene as a universal framework for highly diverse antibody libraries.

12 found at Scirus.com 13 found at Scirus.com 14 found at Scirus.com 15 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com in related areas: Over

the last two decades, there has been a substantial investment in adding high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to urban freeways. But for the most part, they have done little to encourage more carpooling and many are greatly underused compared with parallel, unrestricted lanes, on the same freeway. Converting HOV lanes into HOT (high occupancy toll) lanes by

References

found at Scirus.com

allowing single occupant vehicles to use them in exchange for a fee, while excluding high occupancy vehicles from the charge, would benefit many road users. Those who value the travel time savings enough to pay the fee are better off, while those who continue to use unpriced lanes may benefit from reduced congestion as some drivers switch from them to the premium lane.

16 found at Scirus.com 17 found at Scirus.com 18 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com: Founded on a unique

partnership between the University of Exeter, the University of Plymouth and the NHS within Devon and Cornwall, the Peninsula Medical School is a regional center of medical excellence, which provides undergraduate, postgraduate taught and research opportunities. The Peninsula Medical School aims to develop a new approach to undergraduate medical education that nurtures the skills and abilities required by doctors of the future. Tomorrow's doctors must be caring and compassionate and understand the social context of the medical practice.

19 found at Scirus.com 20 found at Scirus.com 21 found at Scirus.com 22 found at Scirus.com 23 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com in related areas: Trends

in adolescent morbidity and mortality have shifted over the past decade from predominately infectious to social etiologies. Currently, unintentional injury is the leading killer of young people in nearly every region of the world, with homicide, war and interpersonal violence following closely behind.

24 found at Scirus.com 25 found at Scirus.com 26 found at Scirus.com 27 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com: together with P. Blyth and

C. Miller. also found at Scirus.com in related areas:

Driver sleepiness is a major cause of serious road crashes. Coffee is often used as an effective countermeasure to driver sleepiness. However, the caffeine levels in coffee are variable, whereas certain proprietary functional energy drinks (FEDs) contain known levels of caffeine (and other ingredients). We investigated the effectiveness of a well-known FED in reducing sleepiness in drivers. Twelve healthy

young adults drove an instrumented car simulator. Lane drifting, subjective sleepiness and the electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored throughout. Compared with the control, the FED significantly reduced sleep-related driving incidents and subjective sleepiness for the first 90 min of the drive. There was a trend for the EEG to reflect less sleepiness during this period. It was concluded that the FED is beneficial in reducing sleepiness and sleep-related driving incidents under conditions of afternoon monotonous driving following sleep restriction the night before.

28 found at Scirus.com 29 found at Scirus.com 30 found at Scirus.com 31 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com in related areas: Atrophy

of brain or spinal cord tissue may be brought about by injuries that directly affect a localized area or that interfere with the blood supply to an area. When peripheral nerves are severed, degenerative and eventually atrophic changes ensue in the part beyond the injury. This type of atrophy is known as Wallerian degeneration.

32 found at Scirus.com 33 found at Scirus.com 34 found at Scirus.com 35 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com, other publications by

Dr. Dahmen: W. Dahmen, A. Cohen, I. Daubechies and R. DeVore. “Tree Approximation and Optimal Encoding.” Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis. Volume 11 (2001): pp. 192-226. W. Dahmen, A. Cohen and R. DeVore. “Adaptive Wavelet Schemes for Nonlinear Variational Problems.” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis. Volume 5. Issue 41 (2003): pp. 1785-1823.

36 found at Scirus.com 37 found at Scirus.com 38 found at Scirus.com 39 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com related to Dr. Crabbe’s

research: Jamaica is biologically one of the richest islands in all the Indies and presents a relaxed introduction to the diverse natural and cultural history of the Indies. In addition to rainforest walks and visits to colonial towns, visitors may snorkel over corals and laze on the beach. In recent years, with the aid of international conservation groups, Jamaica has expanded her preserves, especially the

found at Scirus.com

Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park, a key area for wintering North American migrant birds and for Jamaica's hundreds of endemic plants and animals. The area also provides drinking water to most Jamaicans and is famous for its fine coffee. The Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory is one of the major world centers for marine biology field research. It is located on the north coast of Jamaica between Montego Bay and Ocho Rios.

40 found at Scirus.com 41 found at Scirus.com 42 found at Scirus.com 43 found at Scirus.com 44 found at Scirus.com also found at Scirus.com: together with Murat

Aydemir, Inge Boer, Yasco Horsman, Isabel Hoving and Saskia Lourens, eds.

also found at Scirus.com in related areas: Clinical neuropsychology has frequently considered visuospatial and non-verbal tests to be culturally and educationally fair or at least fairer than verbal tests. This paper reviews the cross-cultural differences in performance on visuoperceptual and visuoconstructional ability tasks and analyzes the impact of education and culture on non-verbal neuropsychological

measurements. Several studies have demon strated a strong association between educational level and performance on common non-verbal neuropsychological tests. When neuropsychological test performance in different cultural groups is compared, significant differences are evident. Performance on non-verbal tests such as copying figures, drawing maps or listening to tones can be significantly influenced by the individual’s culture. Arguments against the use of some current neuropsychological non-verbal instruments, procedures and norms in the assessment of diverse educational and cultural groups are discussed and possible solutions to this problem are presented.