fotografi individual.pdf

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VTMA 101 TECHNOLOGY PHOTOGRAPHY (A)

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

NAME : NAURAH BAITI BINTI AHMAD ISA

MATRIC NUMBER : 225801

LECTURER NAME : ENCIK MUHAMMAD SHAMSUL SHAFIE


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VTMA101 PHOTOGRAPHY EQUIPMENT

Naurah Baiti Binti Ahmad Isa |225801 2

DEFINITION

A digital single-lens reflex camera (also called a digital SLR or DSLR) is adigital

camera combining the optics and the mechanisms of asingle-lens reflex camera with adigital

imaging sensor,as opposed tophotographic film.The reflex design scheme is the primary

difference between a DSLR and other digital cameras. In the reflex design, light travels

through the lens, then to a mirror that alternates to send the image to either theviewfinderor

the image sensor. The alternative would be to have a viewfinder with its own lens, hence the

term "single lens" for this design. By using only one lens, theviewfinderpresents an image

that will not perceptibly differ from what is captured by thecamera's sensor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewfinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewfinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewfinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewfinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera


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Zoom lenses

Lens or lenses are often referred to as a tool to gather or disseminate light, usually formedfrom a piece of shaped glass. A tool used with other types of electromagnetic radiation are

also called lenses, for instance, a microwave lens can be made from "paraffin waxes".

Focal length and crop factors

Key points:

1: The focal length (coupled with the size of your camera's sensor) defines how much you'll

fit in a photo.

2: The focal length of a lens is measured in millimeters, such as 50mm.

3: Shorter focal lengths are known as wide angle and squeeze more into a photo.

4: Longer focal lengths, often known as telephotos, magnifiy a smaller area.

5: Cameras with smaller sensors crop and effectively magnify the middle of the view.

Special-purposeperspective control lensfor architectural photographs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkor_perspective_control_lenseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:28mm-PC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikkor_28-200_zoom.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkor_perspective_control_lenses


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Electronics of a Canon EF-S lens The electronic contacts (gold-plated) of

an EF mount lens.

A MinoltaMaxxum AF 50mm f/1.7 prime lens with type A bayonet mount with the

aperture all the way closed at F22.

The same Minolta AF 50mm f/1.7prime lens with the aperture all the way open atF1.7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxxumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_lenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_lenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxxum


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Rear view of Minolta Maxxum/Dynaxlens showing the port for the external autofocus drive

Crdt to ; (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenses_for_SLR_and_DSLR_cameras)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenses_for_SLR_and_DSLR_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenses_for_SLR_and_DSLR_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynax


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Speed Light/Flash

A flash is a device used inphotographyproducing a flash ofartificial light (typically 1/1000to 1/200 of a second) at acolor temperature of about 5500 K to help illuminate a scene. A

major purpose of a flash is to illuminate a dark scene. Other uses are capturing quickly

moving objects or changing the quality of light. Flashrefers either to the flash of light itself

or to the electronic flash unit discharging the light. Most current flash units are electronic,

having evolved from single-use flashbulbs and flammable powders. Moderncameras often

activate flash units automatically.

Back

Front

Nikon Speedlight SB-600

Shoe Contacts shown on a Nikon SB-800
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikon_SB-800_Flash_Shoe_Macro.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikon_SB-800_Flash_Shoe_Macro.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikon-sb-600-front.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikon-sb-600-back.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography


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The furious wing action of aHummingbird Hawk-moth is frozen by flash. The flash has given

the foreground more illumination than the background

Image exposed without additional lighting (left) and with fill flash (right)

Flash No flash

Left: the distance limitation as seen when taking picture of the wooden floor. Right: the same

picture taken with incandescent ambient light, using a longer exposure and a higher ISO

speed setting. The distance is no longer restricted, but the colors are unnatural because of a

lack of color temperature compensation, and the picture may suffer from more grain or noise.

Crdt to :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglossum_stellatarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parket_noflash.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parket_flash.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroglossum_stellatarum


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Filter

Inphotography andvideography,a filteris acamera accessory consisting of anoptical

filter that can be inserted in the optical path. The filter can be a square or oblong shape

mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk with a metal or

plastic ring frame, which can be screwed in front of or clipped onto thelens.

Filters modify the images recorded. Sometimes they are used to make only subtle changes to

images; other times the image would simply not be possible without them. Inmonochrome

photography coloured filters affect the relative brightness of different colours; red lipstick

may be rendered as anything from almost white to almost black with different filters. Others

change thecolour balance of images, so that photographs under incandescent lighting show

colours as they are perceived, rather than with a reddish tinge. There are filters that distort the

image in a desired way, diffusing an otherwise sharp image, adding a starry effect, etc.

Supplementaryclose-up lenses may be classified as filters. Linear and circular polarising

filters reduce oblique reflections from non-metallic surfaces.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-up_lenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-up_lenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography


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Crdt to : (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter


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Tripod

Inphotography,a tripodis used to stabilize and elevate acamera,aflash unit, or otherphotographic equipment. All photographic tripods have three legs and a mounting head to

couple with a camera. The mounting head usually includes athumbscrew that mates to a

female threaded receptacle on the camera, as well as a mechanism to be able to rotate and tilt

the camera when it is mounted on the tripod. Tripod legs are usually made totelescope,in

order to save space when not in use. Tripods are usually made fromaluminum,carbon fiber,

steel, wood or plastic.

A camera mounted on an aluminum tripod

Photographers with heavy telephoto lens attachments use a tripod to stabilize their camera to

get sharp images
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Thumbscrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoping_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescoping_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Thumbscrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography


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A tripod with flexible legs permitting it to grip to some objects.

Camera and telephoto lens mounted on monopod

Crdt to : (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography))
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography))http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography))http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography))


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Umbrella

An umbrella will almost certainly be your first light mod. (It is included in the jump starter

kit, if you presently have one on the way to you.) Think of your flash as a very brief-but-

powerful flashlight. And like a flashlight the business end of your flash is only about two

square inches in area. Thus, while it gives out a lot of light instantaneously, that light is very

harsh. To some degree, that may be why you previously have been unhappy with your flash

photos.

Umbrellas with a reflective inside are used by photographers as a diffusion device when

employing artificial lighting, and as a glare shield and shade, most often in portrait

situations. Some umbrellas are shoot-through umbrellas, meaning the light goes through the

umbrella and is diffused, rather than reflecting off the inside of the umbrella.Photographicumbrellas, like all umbrellas, tend to catch the wind, so any umbrella on a lightstand has to be

well secured, especially when used outdoors, lest a breeze topple it, possibly destroying the

umbrella and/or other equipment on the lightstand.


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Battery Grip

A battery packis an accessory for anSLR/DSLR (and occasionally othercameras), which

allows the camera to hold multiple batteries to extend the battery life of the camera, and adds

a vertical grip with an extra shutter release (and other controls), facilitating the shooting

ofportrait photography.

It usually attaches to the camera body through the camera's own battery compartment and

provides a cassette to hold additionalbatteries to increase the battery life for the camera.

Most battery grips also come with a second cassette allowing the photographer to shoot usingmultiple AA batteries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Lens_Reflexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Lens_Reflex


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