Fossils: evidence of past lifeevidence of past lifebrownk/ES105/ES105.2011.0223.GeolTime.f.pdf ·...
Transcript of Fossils: evidence of past lifeevidence of past lifebrownk/ES105/ES105.2011.0223.GeolTime.f.pdf ·...
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Fossils:Fossils: evidence of past lifeevidence of past life
Remains or traces of prehistoric life
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PetrifiedPetrified
Cavities and pores are filled with precipitated mineral matterp p
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PetrifiedPetrified
Formed by replacementCell material is removed and replaced withCell material is removed and replaced with
mineral matter
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MoldMold
Shell or other structure is buried and then
dissolved by underground waterunderground water
http://www ammonoid com/Manning html
Shape is preserved in the surrounding
http://www.ammonoid.com/Manning.html
the surrounding sediment
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CastCast Hollow space of a mold is filled with mineral matter
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CarbonizationCarbonizationOrganic matter becomes a thin residue of carbon. This is a ‘compression’ of the original organism
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ImpressionImpressionReplica of the fossil's surface preserved in fine-grained sediment
http://www.lfbuffalo.org/exhibitions/map/t/
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Preservation in amberPreservation in amberHardened resin of ancientHardened resin of ancient
trees surrounds an organism
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Indirect Evidence Includes
• Tracks• Burrows
C lit• Coprolites – fossil dung and stomach contentsg
• Gastroliths stomach stones used to grind food by some– stomach stones used to grind food by some extinct reptiles
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TracksTracksDinosaur footprint in fine-grained limestone near Tuba City, Arizona.
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Types of fossils
• Petrified • Carbonization • Formed by
l t• Impression
replacement • Mold
• Preservation in amberMold
• Castamber
• Indirect evidence
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Conditions favoring preservation
• Rapid burialRapid burial• Possession of hard parts
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Fossils and correlation
P i i l f f l i• Principle of faunal succession• Index fossils
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Principle of faunal successionPrinciple of faunal succession• Proposed by William Smith p y
– late 1700s• Fossil organisms succeed• Fossil organisms succeed
one another in a definite and determinable orderand determinable order, therefore any geologic time interval can betime interval can be recognized by its fossil contentcontent
http://www.lfbuffalo.org/exhibitions/map/a/
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Archean through DevonianArchean through Devonian
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_1b.html
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Carboniferous through QuaternaryCarboniferous through Quaternary
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_1b.html
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Cambrian Marine LifeCambrian Marine Life
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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TrilobiteTrilobite
http://www.ststephens.it/biology/fossils.html
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Ordovician InvertebratesOrdovician Invertebrates
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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Crinoid 380 maCrinoid—380 ma
http://www.lsa.umich.edu/exhibitmuseum/exhibits/temporary_exhibits/
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Ordovician sea floorOrdovician sea floor
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/Geol106/CLASS6/MAIN%20PAGE.htm
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Silurian reefSilurian reef
• Silurian Reefhttp://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/camex/1rpaleoreef.html
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Silurian LandscapeSilurian Landscape
http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/earth_worldbook.html
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Devonian SeaDevonian Sea
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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Mid PaleozoicMid Paleozoic
http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/cosmic_evolution/docs/text/text_bio_4.html
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Late PaleozoicLate Paleozoic
http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/cosmic_evolution/docs/text/text_bio_4.html
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Carboniferous Fern ForestsCarboniferous Fern Forests
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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Permian SeaPermian Sea
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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Permian ReptilesPermian Reptiles
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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Permian ExtinctionPermian Extinction
• Link to hypotheses of the Permian Extinction http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian extinction
• 80-95% of marine species died out70% f t t i l t b t
p p g _
• 70%+ of terrestrial vertebrates• Largest extinction episode in geologic a gest e t ct o ep sode geo og c
record
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Geologic time scaleGeologic time scale• Divides geologic history into units• Divides geologic history into units• Originally created using changes in
organisms representing that time intervalinterval
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SubdivisionsSubdivisionsE• Eons–ErasEras
• Periods–Epochs
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EonEonGreatest expanse of time: 4 eonsGreatest expanse of time: 4 eons• Phanerozoic ("visible life") – the a e o o c ( s b e e ) e
most recent eon: started 543 Ma• Proterozoic: 2500 – 543 Ma
A h 3800 2500 M• Archean: 3800 – 2500 Ma• Hadean oldest eon 4500 3800 Ma• Hadean – oldest eon 4500–3800 Ma
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Eras of the Phanerozoic eonEras of the Phanerozoic eon
• Cenozoic ("recent life"): 65 Ma – now ( )• Mesozoic ("middle life"): 248 – 65 Ma• Paleozoic ("ancient life"): 543 – 248 Ma
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Geologic Time ScaleGeologic Time Scale
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MesozoicMesozoic
http://geography.berkeley.edu/ProgramCourses/CoursePagesFA2002/Geog40/Geog40.Week7.html
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MesozoicMesozoic
http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/earthhistory/dinosaur.html
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MesozoicMesozoic
http://geography.berkeley.edu/ProgramCourses/CoursePagesFA2002/Geog40/Geog40.Week7.html
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Mesozoic
http://www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/cosmic_evolution/docs/text/text_bio_4.html
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A h tArcheopteryx
http://www.researchcasting.ca/sculpt%20miami.htm
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Mesozoic MammalMesozoic Mammal
• Eomaia
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs/diorama/
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Mesozoic MammalMesozoic Mammal
• Repenomamushttp://www.amnh.org/science/papers/mesozoic_mammal.php
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JurassicJurassic
http://www.worldbook.com/features/dinosaurs/html/world_mesozoic.html
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CretaceousCretaceous
http://www.worldbook.com/features/dinosaurs/html/world_mesozoic.html
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Mesozoic SeaMesozoic Sea
http://geography.berkeley.edu/ProgramCourses/CoursePagesFA2002/Geog40/Geog40.Week7.html
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Mesozoic seaMesozoic sea
http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/webdogs/time/mesozoic/mesozoic.htm
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Cretaceous ExtinctionCretaceous Extinction
• Perhaps 60% of species died• Result of radical change in environmentResult of radical change in environment• Perhaps Earth encountered a large
t itmeteorite—– 10 km in diameter– 90,000 km/hr
Equivalent to 100 megatons of TNT exploding– Equivalent to 100 megatons of TNT exploding
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Cenozoic mammalsCenozoic mammals
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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CenozoicCenozoic
http://www.handprint.com/PS/GEO/geoevo.html
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CenozoicCenozoic
http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/webdogs/time/cenozoic/cenozoic.htm
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CenozoicCenozoic
http://www.copyrightexpired.com/Heinrich_Harder/cenozoic.html
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Relative datingRelative dating Pl i k d t iPlacing rocks and events in proper
sequence of formationDeciphering Earth’s history from clues in
the rocksthe rocks
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Lateral ContinuityLateral Continuity
http://cse.cosm.sc.edu/hses/RelatDat/pages/lateral.htm
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Principle of Original Horizontality
• Sediment is deposited phorizontally
http://faculty.icc.edu/easc111lab/labs/labf/orig_horizontality.jpg
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P i i l f S itiPrinciple of Superposition• Oldest rock A• YoungerYounger
rocks aboveE i th• E is the youngest
http://cse.cosm.sc.edu/hses/RelatDat/pages/superpos.htm
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Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
• Younger feature cuts through an older feature – Something must exist first to be cut by
another thinganother thing• The ‘things’ cutting may be ‘things’, such
i i t ias igneous intrusions• Or they may be events, like fault breaks, y y , ,
folding, or erosion periods
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Cross-cutting relationshipsg
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Folding occurred after depositionFolding occurred after deposition
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_6.html
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UnconformitiesUnconformities
A break in the rock record • Three types of unconformities• Three types of unconformities
• Angular unconformity –• Disconformity – strata on either side are
parallelparallel • Nonconformity
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Angular UnconformityAngular Unconformity• Tilted rocks are overlain by flat-lying
rocksrocks• Remember the principle of original
horizontality?
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Formation of an
ang larangular unconformityunconformity
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Simple angular unconformitySimple angular unconformity
http://www.grisda.org/colorado/index.htm
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Folding erosion deposition foldingFolding, erosion, deposition, folding
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_6.html
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NonconformityNonconformity• Metamorphic or igneous rocksMetamorphic or igneous rocks
below • Younger sedimentary rocks above
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NonconformityNonconformity
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DisconformityDisconformity• Gap in sedimentation that may have
erosion alsoerosion also• Represents an interval in geologic
time without rock depositedMost difficult of the three• Most difficult of the three unconformities to detect
• Strata on either side are parallel
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Several unconformities are present in the Grand Canyon
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Principles of Relative DatingPrinciples of Relative Dating
• Original Horizontality and Lateral Continuity• Superposition of sedimentary layersSuperposition of sedimentary layers• Faunal Sucession• Inclusions• Crosscutting Relationships• Crosscutting Relationships• Unconformities
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Leaves of Historyy
http://www.city.tottori.lg.jp/geopark/en/geopark/index.html
The strata of the Grand Canyon has unconformity (missing interval), which is the age of the strata of the N th P i f E l d
http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/usa/nevada/las-vegas/tourism/grand-
Northern Pennines of England: determined by faunal correlation
zone/usa/nevada/las vegas/tourism/grandcanyon-tour-company/
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Absolute Geologic TimeAbsolute Geologic Time
• Radiometric Dating• Igneous rocks contain potassium uraniumIgneous rocks contain potassium, uranium
thorium and rubidium that are radioactiveC f l t f ti f th• Careful measurement of ratios of these and their daughter products, or of the isotopes of them that are not radioactive can be used to calculate absolute agescan be used to calculate absolute ages
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Absolute AgesAbsolute Ages
• Only possible for igneous rocks• Need to have crosscutting relationshipsNeed to have crosscutting relationships• Can bracket age of sediments, geologic
t lik f lti f ldi ievents like faulting, folding, erosion
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Importance of radiometric datingImportance of radiometric dating
• Confirms the idea that geologic time• Confirms the idea that geologic time is immense
• Rocks from several localities have been dated at more than 3 billionbeen dated at more than 3 billion yearsR di t i d ti i l• Radiometric dating is a complex procedure that requires precise measurement